JAMB UTME - History - 2019

All but one of the following triggered the Mahdiyya Movement in Sudan

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Unpleasant immigration policy of the foreign government is the correct answer. For reasons of heavy taxation which led to famine, depopulation etc, the foreign government's increased reliance on European Christians including its fight against slave trade, among related other reasons, led tp the Madhiyya revolution.

The division of the Sokoto Caliphate into Emirates was largely due to

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The division of the Sokoto Caliphate into Emirates was largely due to the geographical reasons of the vastness of the territory under the Caliphate's control. The Sokoto Caliphate was a vast Islamic empire that covered a large area of present-day Northern Nigeria and some parts of Niger, Benin, and Cameroon. The administration of such a vast territory was challenging, and it became necessary to break it down into smaller administrative units for effective governance. To achieve this, the Caliphate was divided into Emirates, with each being headed by an Emir who was responsible for the administration of his Emirates. This administrative structure made it easier to control the territory and provided an opportunity for the decentralization of power. While there may have been some rivalry between the Hausa Jihadists and the Fulani scholars, and some economic factors may have influenced the decision to create the Emirates, the primary reason was the need for a more efficient administrative structure due to the geographical vastness of the Sokoto Caliphate.

The major administrative change made immediately after the 1914 Amalgamation was the?

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The major administrative change made immediately after the 1914 Amalgamation was the division of Nigeria into provinces. After the amalgamation of the Northern and Southern protectorates to form the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria in 1914, the British colonial government introduced a new administrative structure for the country. This involved dividing Nigeria into four provinces: the Northern Province, the Eastern Province, the Western Province, and the Lagos Colony. Each province was headed by a high commissioner who was responsible for overseeing the affairs of the province. The provinces were further divided into districts, each headed by a district officer, who was responsible for collecting taxes, maintaining law and order, and reporting to the high commissioner. The division of Nigeria into provinces was a significant change from the previous administrative structure, which had been organized along the lines of the Northern and Southern protectorates. The introduction of the province system was designed to make it easier for the colonial government to control and administer the newly amalgamated territory. Overall, the division of Nigeria into provinces was a major administrative change that marked the beginning of a new era in the governance of the country under British colonial rule.

Increase in the number of people living below the poverty line in Africa is particularly because

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It is largely and logically smart to trace Africa's poverty increase to the widespread unemployment rate of the youth - the largest proportion of the African population. N.B: as much as almost all of the options are right, the emphasis in the question is on 'particularly'.

The system of imperial military rule had its deepest roots in ...

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The system of imperial military rule had its deepest roots in Egypt. Imperial military rule refers to the political system in which an imperial power, such as a European country, governs a foreign territory through the use of military force. This system had its deepest roots in Egypt, which was a colony of the British Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Under imperial military rule, the imperial power has almost complete control over the foreign territory, and often uses military force to maintain order and suppress dissent. In Egypt, the British relied heavily on the use of military force to control the local population, and established a complex system of military and civilian administration to govern the colony. The roots of this system in Egypt can be traced back to the country's occupation by the French under Napoleon in 1798, and the subsequent intervention of the British to expel the French in 1801. This intervention established a precedent for foreign military control over Egypt, which would continue for more than a century. Overall, the system of imperial military rule had its deepest roots in Egypt, where the British Empire established a complex system of military and civilian administration to govern the colony and maintain control over the local population.

The most immediate reason for the declaration, by Ojukwu, of Eastern Nigeria as an independent State of Biafra was that

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Ojukwu, being Governor of the Eastern Region, immediately declared it an independence State of Biafra seeing as Gowon created twelve states in May 1976 without consultation. This, Ojukwu considered as the last straw.

The Nigerian Civil war ...

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The Nigerian Civil War which lasted from 6th July, 1967 - 12th January, 1970 was fought as a result of the Gowon-Government's efforts to counter the struggle by the Igbos from breaking away from Nigeria. A reason for reintegration and reunification of Nigeria.

The First and Second World Wars were between ... respectively

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The First and Second World Wars were between 1914-1918 and 1939-1945 respectively. The First World War, also known as World War I, was a global conflict that lasted from 1914 to 1918. It involved the majority of the world's great powers, including Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and the British Empire, and it resulted in the deaths of millions of people and the reshaping of the political and social landscape of Europe. The Second World War, also known as World War II, was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the majority of the world's nations, including all of the great powers, and it resulted in even greater loss of life and the rise of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers. These two wars had a profound and lasting impact on the world and continue to shape the global political and economic landscape to this day.

An inquiry into the need for a People-led and informed Constitution was central to ... regime

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Arthur Richard had as his main priority a need to promote unity in Nigeria and ensure greater participation of the people in their own affairs. This was as a matter of fact, the surrounding essence of his 1946 Constitution.

All but one of the following played vital roles in the expansion of the missionary movements into Africa

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The prevalence of western education is the correct answer. The European interest in expanding missionary works into Africa are as a result of the need to introduce legitimate commerce i.e putting an end to slave trade, eliminating superstitious beliefs and practices through Christianity and civilization, etc. Western education only came as a consequence of the missionary activities.

One of the following persons was not arrested over the May Day riots

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Arisekola Alao is the correct answer. On May 13, 1998 under the Abacha's regime, Comrade Ola Oni, a legendary radical lecturer and activist, Chief Bola Ige, Lam Adesina were notable persons arrested over the May Day riots in Ibadan. They were arraigned before the Chief Magistrate's Court, Iyaganku, Ibadan.

Khedive Ismail appointed British officers in Sudan in order to

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Khedive Ismail appointed British officers in Sudan in order to fight against the lucrative slave trade. Khedive Ismail was the ruler of Egypt and Sudan in the late 19th century. During his reign, he sought to modernize and expand his territories, and he recognized that he needed the help of European powers to achieve his goals. In particular, he saw the need to control the slave trade in Sudan, which was a major source of income for local rulers and traders but was also a source of instability and violence. To address this problem, Khedive Ismail turned to the British, who had already established a presence in East Africa and were opposed to the slave trade. He appointed British officers to serve in the Sudanese government and military, hoping that their expertise and influence would help him to combat the trade and bring stability to the region. Under the leadership of these British officers, the Sudanese government launched a series of military campaigns against slave traders and rebellious tribes. These campaigns were often brutal and controversial, but they succeeded in suppressing the slave trade and consolidating the power of the Sudanese government. In summary, Khedive Ismail appointed British officers in Sudan in order to fight against the lucrative slave trade, which was a major source of instability in the region. By working with the British, he hoped to bring stability and order to the Sudanese territories and to modernize his government.

One of the following is not credited with the General Obasanjo's military regime

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The Structural Adjustment programme is the correct answer. It was a Programme inaugurated during the Ibrahim Babangida's regime.

One critical factor that led to the Mfecane was the

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The Mfecane was a period of widespread chaos and warfare that occurred in Southern Africa during the early 19th century. One critical factor that led to the Mfecane was war-created refugee problems. As various Nguni groups migrated and settled in new territories, they often came into conflict with the existing populations. These conflicts frequently escalated into full-scale wars that resulted in large numbers of refugees fleeing the fighting. These refugees often joined other groups, causing displacement and upheaval throughout the region. The violence and instability of the Mfecane had significant and lasting impacts on the social, economic, and political structures of Southern Africa.

Under the chairmanship of ... the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) was formed

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None of the listed individuals served as the chairman during the formation of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). ECOWAS was formed on May 28, 1975, in Lagos, Nigeria, with the aim of promoting economic cooperation and integration among its member states in West Africa. However, the individual who played a pivotal role in its formation was General Yakubu Gowon, who was Nigeria's military head of state at the time.

Regionalism notable with ... may be said to have laid the foundational basis for the latter state creation in Nigeria

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Regionalism notable with Arthur Richards may be said to have laid the foundational basis for the later state creation in Nigeria. Arthur Richards was a colonial administrator who served as the Governor of Nigeria's three regions (North, West, and East) between 1943 and 1948. He was a proponent of regionalism, which involved devolving significant powers and resources to the regions, while maintaining a federal government at the center. Under Richards' administration, each of the three regions had its own legislature, which was responsible for making laws and managing local affairs. The regional governments were also responsible for raising revenue and developing infrastructure in their respective regions. Richards' approach to governance was based on the idea that the regions were culturally and economically distinct, and that they would be better able to address the needs of their people if they were given a greater degree of autonomy. His policies were seen as a significant departure from the more centralized approach to governance that had characterized British rule in Nigeria up to that point. The regionalism that Richards initiated in Nigeria set the stage for the later creation of states in the country. In 1960, Nigeria became an independent country with a federal system of government, and in 1963, the country was divided into 12 states. Today, Nigeria has 36 states and a federal capital territory. Overall, Arthur Richards' regionalism approach is seen as having played a significant role in shaping Nigeria's federal system of government and in promoting regional development in the country.

The Vice President of Nigeria during the 2nd Republic was ... under the platform of the

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The Vice President of Nigeria during the 2nd Republic was Alex Ekwueme, under the platform of the National Party of Nigeria (NPN). The 2nd Republic was a short-lived civilian government in Nigeria from 1979 to 1983, and Alex Ekwueme served as Vice President under President Shehu Shagari, who was elected on the platform of the NPN. Ekwueme was a prominent architect, politician, and statesman who played a significant role in the political and economic development of Nigeria during the 2nd Republic.

Oba Ewuare of Benin Kingdom is credited with having

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Oba Ewuare of Benin Kingdom is credited with transforming Benin city into a city-state. Oba Ewuare was a powerful and visionary ruler who ruled the Kingdom of Benin in the 15th century. He is known for his reforms and innovations, which helped to transform the city of Benin into a thriving metropolis. Under his rule, the city was transformed into a city-state with a complex and sophisticated system of governance, a thriving economy, and a rich cultural heritage. Oba Ewuare also helped to strengthen the kingdom's political and military power, making it one of the most powerful and influential states in West Africa at the time. His legacy continues to influence the people of Benin and to shape the cultural identity of the region to this day.

In Sierra Leone, the ... was the first established Christian Church for British freed slaves among others

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The Church Missionary Society (CMS) was the first established Christian Church in Sierra Leone for British freed slaves and others. The CMS was founded in 1799 by a group of Anglican clergymen and laymen in England, with the aim of spreading Christianity and combating the slave trade in Africa. The society established several mission stations in Sierra Leone, including Regent and Hastings, and played a key role in the education and evangelization of the people. The CMS was also instrumental in the founding of Fourah Bay College, the first western-style university in West Africa.

The ... headed under the Chairmanship Muhammadu Buhari was the governing body in Nigeria

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The governing body in Nigeria that was headed under the Chairmanship of Muhammadu Buhari was the Supreme Military Council. This was a military government in Nigeria that was in power from 1983 to 1985. The Supreme Military Council was the highest decision-making body in the military government, and it was chaired by the head of state, which at the time was Muhammadu Buhari. The council was made up of the top military officers in the country, and it was responsible for making all major decisions regarding the governance of Nigeria.

Which one of the following is incorrect?

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The Alkali Courts were headed by the Alkali judges in the Hausa/Fulani Empire not the Hakimis, who were actually the head of districts.

The Lyttleton Constitution is often remarkable for all the following reasons except

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The establishment of a public service commission is the correct answer. This was a distinct achievement of the John Macpherson's 1951 Constitution.

The Centenary Anniversary of Nigeria was done to commemorate Nigeria's

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The Centenary Anniversary of Nigeria was a celebration to commemorate a hundred years since the Amalgamation of Nigeria on January 1st, 1914. The Amalgamation was a historic event that brought together the northern and southern protectorates of Nigeria to form a single entity, which was the foundation of the modern state of Nigeria. The celebration was a way to reflect on Nigeria's history, achievements, challenges, and aspirations as a nation. Although the Centenary Anniversary celebrated the Amalgamation, it also recognized other significant events in Nigeria's history, such as the country's independence on October 1st, 1960, and the transition to a democratic government on May 29th, 1999. In summary, the Centenary Anniversary of Nigeria was a celebration of a hundred years since the Amalgamation of Nigeria on January 1st, 1914, which was a significant event that brought together the northern and southern protectorates to form a single entity. While the celebration also recognized other significant events in Nigeria's history, such as the country's independence and transition to democracy, the main focus was to reflect on Nigeria's past, present, and future as a nation.

Traditionally, the Efik people have accounts of their migration from the territory

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Ibibio and Igbo is the correct answer. Although the actual origins of the Efik people are unknown. However, historical oral traditions provide accounts of their migration from Igbo and Ibibio territory (to the North-west of Calabar) to their present location.

The Mahdiyya Movement in Sudan overthrew the ...

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The Mahdiyya Movement in Sudan overthrew the "Ottoman-Egyptian Regime in the early 1880s." The Mahdiyya Movement was a religious and political movement that emerged in Sudan in the late 19th century. It was led by Muhammad Ahmad, who proclaimed himself the Mahdi or "guided one" and sought to overthrow the Ottoman-Egyptian regime that was ruling over Sudan at the time. In 1881, the Mahdiyya Movement launched a successful uprising against the Ottoman-Egyptian forces, and in 1885, Muhammad Ahmad's forces captured and destroyed the city of Khartoum, killing its governor, British General Charles Gordon. The Mahdiyya Movement then established a theocratic state in Sudan, which lasted until 1898 when it was defeated by British forces in the Battle of Omdurman. Therefore, out of the given options, the correct answer is "Ottoman-Egyptian Regime in the early 1880s," as it was the regime that was overthrown by the Mahdiyya Movement in Sudan.

The London Constitutional Conference of 1957 was targeted at

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The London Constitutional Conference of 1957 was aimed at preparing the groundwork for the self-governance and inclusive development of Nigeria. The conference was held in London, UK, between May and June 1957, and was attended by Nigerian political leaders and representatives from the British government. At the conference, the Nigerian leaders discussed various issues related to the country's political future, including the formation of a federal system of government, the powers of the central and regional governments, and the establishment of a constitution for an independent Nigeria. The conference was an important step towards Nigeria's eventual independence in 1960, as it helped to establish the framework for a democratic, federal system of government that would allow for greater participation and representation of Nigeria's diverse regions and ethnic groups.

In 17th Century, the Dutch settlers largely relied on ... to build up South Africa

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In the 17th century, Dutch settlers largely relied on black South African slaves to build up South Africa. The Dutch East India Company, which controlled the Cape Colony, needed a large workforce to establish a settlement and grow crops to supply their ships. To meet this demand, they imported slaves from Angola, Mozambique, and other parts of Africa to work on farms and in households. Over time, the slave population grew and became an essential part of the economy. They were used for a variety of tasks, such as farming, construction, and domestic work. Despite the harsh conditions and treatment, the slave population also contributed to the cultural diversity of the region. It's worth noting that while natural resources, government proceeds, and basic social infrastructure were also important factors in building up South Africa, in the 17th century, it was the labor of black South African slaves that played a crucial role in the development of the region.

Baptists, Methodists and the ... were among the first to engage in the Liberiian Christian Mission

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Episcopal Church is the correct answer. The Baptists, Methodists and Episcopalians were among the first to engage in Liberian Mission as a result of the missionary fervour that gripped Western Europe and America in the 19th Century.

All the following except one are the communes of the colony of Senegal where the Policy of Assimilation was applied

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Out of the given options, all are communes of the colony of Senegal where the Policy of Assimilation was applied except "Kaolack." The Policy of Assimilation was a French colonial policy that aimed to assimilate the indigenous populations of their colonies into French culture and society. The policy was implemented in different ways in different colonies, but in Senegal, it was implemented through a system of communes. Under the system of communes, certain cities were designated as communes and were given a greater degree of autonomy and self-government. These communes were also opened up to non-French citizens, including the indigenous population, who could become full French citizens by adopting French culture and values. The four communes mentioned in the question, Saint Louis, Rufisque, Goree, and Kaolack, were all part of the colony of Senegal, but only the first three were the communes where the Policy of Assimilation was applied. Kaolack was not designated as a commune until 1914, which was after the implementation of the Policy of Assimilation. Therefore, the correct answer is "Kaolack," as it is the commune that was not part of the Policy of Assimilation in the colony of Senegal.

One critical factor which spurred the abrupt termination of the Nigerian fledging democracy in the First Republic was the

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The correct answer is the nationwide corruption by the politicians. This gave the military coup plotters the leverage to overthrow the ruling government. N.B: The question tests your knowledge on what most importantly inspired the military disruption of the Nigerian growing democracy in the 1st Republic.

All except one of the following motivated the scramble for Africa

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The imperialists were for every other reasons interested in Africa, except that they thought of it as an avenue to smoothen foreign relations with African States.

Unarguably, the abolition of the slave trade in Britain directly stimulated the

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Penetration of European merchants capital into Nigeria is the correct answer. As slave trade was abolished, legitimate trade started and this encouraged the European merchants agenda for imperialism (i.e to establish industries, extract and trade natural resources) to smoothly penetrate Nigeria.

Decree ... was the Unitarism Policy of the Major General Aguiyi Ironsi

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Decree No. 34 of 1966 was the Unitarism Policy of Major General Aguiyi Ironsi. After taking over the government in a military coup in 1966, Major General Johnson Aguiyi Ironsi introduced several policies aimed at consolidating his grip on power and addressing the country's political and administrative challenges. One of the most significant of these policies was the Unitarism Policy, which was introduced through Decree No. 34 of 1966. The Unitarism Policy was designed to replace the existing federal system of government with a centralized unitary system. This involved abolishing the regions and replacing them with a system of 12 states, each headed by a military governor appointed by Ironsi. The policy was also intended to reduce the influence of regional and ethnic interests in national affairs and strengthen the central government's control over the country. However, the Unitarism Policy was highly controversial and unpopular, especially in the North, where many felt it would give undue advantage to the South. The policy was one of the factors that led to Ironsi's overthrow and assassination in a counter-coup in July 1966. Overall, Decree No. 34 of 1966 was a major policy initiative of Major General Aguiyi Ironsi's administration that aimed to centralize power in the hands of the federal government through the establishment of a unitary system of government in Nigeria.

... has primarily led to the growth of Islamic reform movements in many sub-Saharan African countries

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The crisis of modernization of the 20th Century has primarily led to the growth of Islamic reform movements in many sub-Saharan African countries. As Africa began to modernize in the 20th century, many people began to feel that traditional forms of Islam were inadequate for addressing the challenges of modern life. Islamic reform movements emerged as a response to this crisis, seeking to modernize and adapt Islamic teachings to the needs of the modern world. These movements emphasized education, social justice, and the importance of Islamic values in everyday life. The crisis of modernization included the introduction of new technologies, colonialism, urbanization, and globalization, which all contributed to the need for a new approach to Islamic thought and practice.

All the following except one led to the re-emergence of old trade patterns under Omani rule

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All the following except one led to the re-emergence of old trade patterns under Omani rule: attack on the Portuguese in the 1640s. The re-emergence of old trade patterns under Omani rule was due to a number of factors, including the availability of capital from India, the increased demand for slaves, and the willingness of Africans in the interior to take slaves to the coast. These factors created a favorable environment for the revival of trade, which had declined under previous rule. The Omani empire took advantage of this situation and established itself as a major player in the trade of goods and slaves along the East African coast. The attack on the Portuguese in the 1640s, on the other hand, had little to do with the revival of trade patterns and was more related to the competition for control over the region and its resources.

Igbo's active resistance to the British Colonial rule is particularly because of the

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The Igbos challenged the British imperial rule as the system of governance did not sit well with the egalitarian nature of their society where no one is designated out-rightly as a political leader.

The Ife Civilization is most remarkable for its

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The Ife Civilization is most remarkable for its use of terra cotta and bronze heads. The Ife people were known for their impressive artistic skills and their use of natural resources to create beautiful objects of art. Among the most notable of their creations were the terra cotta and bronze heads, which are believed to have been used for both religious and ceremonial purposes. These heads were created with such skill and detail that they have become some of the most recognizable artifacts of African art. The Ife Civilization is therefore regarded as one of the most advanced and sophisticated civilizations in pre-colonial Africa.

The colonial investments in extractive industries invariably led to the

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The colonialists invested in raw materials and industries for their extraction employed both skilled and unskilled labour. All of these activities led to the urbanization of the vicinities around these industries.

Historically, the Yorubas came into prominence as a result of

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The Yorubas who originated from Ile-Ife, arose and became quite popular and remarkable by their trading with the Portugese, which gave them a large supply of guns.

Colonialism is often regarded as a double-edged sword particularly because

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Although colonial rule contributed to social development as investments and infrastructures were built, however, 'the infrastructure built from West African forced labour was also designed to exploit natural resources. A double-edged sword situation.