WAEC SSCE - Agricultural Science - 2000

Maintenance of osmotic balance in body cells of animals is regulated by

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The maintenance of osmotic balance in the body cells of animals is regulated by sodium and potassium. Osmotic balance refers to the balance of water and electrolytes (ions) inside and outside the cell. Sodium and potassium are both electrolytes that play vital roles in the body's fluid balance. Sodium ions are mainly found outside the cell while potassium ions are mainly found inside the cell. The concentration of these ions is regulated by specific transporters called ion channels and pumps, which help to maintain the balance between the inside and outside of the cell. This is important for many biological processes, including nerve and muscle function, and the regulation of blood pressure and volume.

Which of the following parasites of livestock is an hermaphrodite?

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Liver fluke is the only hermaphrodite parasite of livestock in the given options. Hermaphrodite refers to an organism that has both male and female reproductive organs. Therefore, the correct answer is liver fluke.

Which of the following soil characteristics is constant?

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The land use Decree of 1978 vested lands in each state of the country on the

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The Land Use Decree of 1978 vested lands in each state of Nigeria on the State Governors. The decree, also known as Decree No. 6 of 1978, made all lands in Nigeria to be owned by the government, with the state governors as trustees of the land on behalf of the people. The decree was a major land reform that aimed to make land more accessible and available for agricultural and other developmental purposes. With the decree, the state governors became responsible for the allocation and management of land within their respective states.

When sugarcane is allowed to flower before harvesting, the

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When sugarcane is allowed to flower before harvesting, the sucrose content is reduced. This is because when the sugarcane plant starts to flower, it begins to divert its energy and resources towards the development of seeds instead of the accumulation of sucrose in the stalks. As a result, the sucrose content of the stalks decreases, and the sugar yield from the crop is reduced. Therefore, sugarcane farmers usually try to prevent flowering and seed formation in the crop by using various cultural practices and chemical treatments to maximize the sucrose content in the harvested crop.

The most important factor that determines the rate of agricultural development is

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The most important factor that determines the rate of agricultural development is the adoption of viable agricultural research findings. This means that for agriculture to develop at a significant rate, research must be carried out to find out new ways to improve agricultural practices, and the results of such research must be made available and adopted by farmers. This includes improved crop varieties, better pest and disease management strategies, and new farming techniques that can increase productivity and efficiency. The quantity of herbicides used, number of machinery available, and number of people involved in agriculture can all play a role in agricultural development, but they are not as important as the adoption of viable research findings.

Which of the following is the correct trend in the historical development of power on the farm?

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The most important farm input contributed by the peasant farmer's family is

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The most important farm input contributed by the peasant farmer's family is labor. Peasant farmers usually rely on family labor for planting, weeding, harvesting, and other farm activities. Family labor is an important input because it is readily available, affordable and ensures the smooth running of farm activities. Peasant farmers often lack the financial resources to hire labor, so they rely on their family members for farm work. Moreover, family labor can be trusted and is often willing to work harder and longer hours to ensure that the farm tasks are completed on time. Therefore, labor is the most important farm input contributed by the peasant farmer's family.

The practice of cutting only matured forest trees and allowing other young ones to grow is known as

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The correct answer is "selective exploitation". Selective exploitation is a forestry management technique where only matured trees are cut down for timber or other uses while leaving the younger trees to continue growing. This technique helps to ensure the sustainability of the forest by maintaining a healthy balance between the amount of wood harvested and the growth of new trees. It is often practiced in natural forests where trees grow naturally without human intervention, and it is an alternative to clear-cutting which involves cutting down all trees in an area.

Disease causing organisms are referred to as

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Disease causing organisms are referred to as pathogens. Pathogens are microorganisms that cause diseases in plants, animals, and humans. Examples of pathogens include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. These microorganisms invade the host organism and cause damage to its cells and tissues, leading to illness or death. Pathogens can be spread through various means, such as through the air, contaminated water, contact with infected individuals, or through vectors like mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas.

A tractor costing N80,000.00 was sold for N20,000.00 after it has been used for 10 years. what is the salvage value of the tractor?

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The salvage value of an asset is the estimated resale value of the asset at the end of its useful life. In this case, the tractor was sold for N20,000.00 after 10 years of use, which means that its salvage value is N20,000.00. Therefore, the correct answer is N20,000.00.

Wood ash and oil palm bunches are rich sources of

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Wood ash and oil palm bunches are rich sources of potassium. Potassium is an essential macronutrient required by plants for their growth and development. It plays a vital role in regulating water balance, strengthening plant cells, and improving resistance to diseases and stress. Wood ash is a byproduct of burning wood, while oil palm bunches are a residue of the oil extraction process from the fruit of the oil palm tree. Both of them are commonly used as organic fertilizers in agriculture due to their high potassium content.

Which of the following is not an example of metamorphic rock?

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Granite is not an example of metamorphic rock. Granite is an igneous rock that forms from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. In contrast, metamorphic rocks are formed from existing rocks that have been altered by heat, pressure, and/or chemical processes. Gneiss, schist, and quartzite are all examples of metamorphic rocks.

Agricultural uses of land include

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Which of the following statement is not correct about agricultural regulations within a country? They are

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The statement that "they are different from one geographical location to another" is not correct about agricultural regulations within a country. Agricultural regulations within a country are based on the conditions prevailing in that particular country and are aimed at maintaining good quality farm produce as well as increasing agricultural production. However, regulations may differ in different countries based on their specific needs and conditions.

Capital in agriculture includes the following item except

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The item that is not considered as capital in agriculture is labor. Capital refers to the various resources that are used in agriculture to produce goods and services. It includes long-term investments such as land, machinery, and livestock. Tree crops, which are a type of long-term investment, can also be considered as capital. Labor, on the other hand, refers to the work or human effort that is involved in the production process, and is considered a variable cost rather than a fixed asset.

The quantity of rice that a consumer is willing and able to buy during a given period is simply the consumer's

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The correct answer is: demand for rice. The quantity of rice that a consumer is willing and able to buy during a given period is known as the consumer's demand for rice. Demand is a fundamental concept in economics, and it refers to the amount of a product or service that consumers are willing and able to purchase at a given price and within a specific period. It is affected by various factors such as consumer income, the price of the product, the availability of substitute products, and consumer preferences. When the price of rice goes up, the quantity of rice that consumers are willing and able to buy decreases, and when the price goes down, the quantity of rice that consumers are willing and able to buy increases. This relationship is known as the law of demand, which states that there is an inverse relationship between the price of a product and the quantity of the product that consumers are willing and able to buy.

Government agricultural policies include the following except

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The question is asking which of the following options is NOT included in government agricultural policies. The answer is "increasing the number of peasant farmers." This means that the government does not have a policy of increasing the number of peasant farmers. The other options listed are policies that governments may have to promote agriculture and related industries.

The most important factor affecting the rate of erosion is the

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The primary role of agriculture is the provision of

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The primary role of agriculture is the provision of food for man and his animals. Agriculture is the cultivation of crops and the rearing of animals for food, and it is the foundation of food production. Agriculture plays a crucial role in feeding the world's population by producing a variety of crops, such as grains, fruits, vegetables, and livestock, which provide essential nutrients for human survival. Agriculture also provides raw materials for the food processing industries, which produce a variety of food products for consumption. Moreover, agriculture creates employment opportunities and generates income for farmers, contributing to the economic development of rural areas.

If 200kg of NPK fertilizer is required for an hectare of maize farm, calculate the amount of the fertilizer required for 15 hectares of maize farm.

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To calculate the amount of NPK fertilizer required for 15 hectares of maize farm, we need to find the total amount of fertilizer required for one hectare and then multiply it by the number of hectares. Given that 200kg of NPK fertilizer is required for one hectare of maize farm, the amount required for 15 hectares will be: 200 kg/ha x 15 ha = 3000 kg Therefore, the answer is 3,000 kg of NPK fertilizer required for 15 hectares of maize farm. Option (C) is the correct answer.

Parturition in the doe (rabbit) is referred to as

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Parturition in the doe (rabbit) is referred to as "kindling". This term is specific to rabbits and refers to the process of giving birth to young rabbits, also known as kits. During kindling, the doe typically gives birth to multiple kits in a single litter, with litters ranging in size from 1-14 kits. The term "kidding" is used for goats, "lambing" for sheep, and "farrowing" for pigs.

The major advantage of human power over all other sources of power is man's

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The major advantage of human power over all other sources of power is man's intelligence to control work. Human power is the energy that a person produces using their own body, and it can be harnessed in many ways, such as manual labor or pedaling a bicycle. Unlike other sources of power, such as machines or animals, humans have the ability to control their work and adjust their output to match the task at hand. This allows for greater precision and flexibility in a wide range of activities, from farming to manufacturing to transportation. While human power does have limitations in terms of strength and endurance, it remains a valuable source of energy due to the unique advantages of human intelligence and adaptability.

Which of the following groups of organisms cause the greatest damage to stored grains?

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The group of organisms that cause the greatest damage to stored grains are insects. Insects such as weevils, beetles and moths are known to infest stored grains and cause damage by consuming the grains or laying eggs within them, leading to contamination and spoilage. They can also lead to the growth of fungi, which can further damage the grains. Therefore, it is important to properly store and protect grains to prevent insect infestations and subsequent damage.

The types of ponds in a fresh water fish should include the following except

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The question is asking to identify the type of pond that should NOT be included in a fresh water fish production system. A "storage pond" is not a common type of pond in a freshwater fish production system, as it is not used for the primary purpose of growing fish. Instead, it may be used for temporarily holding fish before processing or sale, or for storing water for use in the production ponds. Therefore, the answer is "storage pond".

The recommended agricultural practice in farm settlement scheme is

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The recommended agricultural practice in a farm settlement scheme is mixed farming. Mixed farming involves the practice of growing crops and raising animals on the same farm. This type of farming has a lot of benefits, including reduced risks associated with single-crop farming, improved soil fertility through the use of animal manure, and a diversified income stream. Additionally, mixed farming provides food security and reduces the cost of production by using animal manure for fertilizer and reducing the need for external inputs. Therefore, mixed farming is the recommended agricultural practice in a farm settlement scheme.

Which of the following are the cheapest methods of preserving fish?

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Salting and sun drying are the cheapest methods of preserving fish. Salting removes water from the fish, making it inhospitable to bacteria and other spoilage organisms. Sun drying involves exposing the salted fish to direct sunlight for several days to dry out the remaining moisture. This process helps to further inhibit bacterial growth and extend the shelf life of the fish. Both methods are inexpensive and can be done with minimal equipment, making them popular choices for small-scale fish processors and subsistence fishermen.

Which of the following is not a viral disease of crops?

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Banana blight is not a viral disease of crops. Banana blight is caused by a bacterium called Xanthomonas campestris. The disease affects banana plants and causes wilting and rotting of the plant's pseudostem and leaves.

The deficiency symptom peculiar to vitamin B in livestock is

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The deficiency symptom peculiar to vitamin B in livestock is the loss of appetite and weight. Vitamin B plays an important role in metabolism and digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in livestock. A deficiency in vitamin B can result in a reduced appetite, weight loss, and stunted growth. Other symptoms may include muscle weakness, nervous disorders, and decreased milk production.

In the nitrogen cycle,nitrosomonas and nitrobacter are responsible for

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Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter are responsible for nitrification in the nitrogen cycle. Nitrification is the process by which ammonium is converted to nitrite and then to nitrate by these bacteria. Nitrosomonas convert ammonium to nitrite while Nitrobacter convert nitrite to nitrate. This is an important step in the nitrogen cycle as it converts ammonia, which is toxic to most plants, to a form that is easily absorbed and used by plants.

A disease that causes abortion in cattle at the later stage of pregnancy is

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The disease that causes abortion in cattle at the later stage of pregnancy is brucellosis.

Which of the following groups of items will appreciate in value on the farm?

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Seedlings, calves, and chicks will appreciate in value on the farm. This is because they are living assets that grow and increase in value as they mature. Seedlings will grow into mature plants, calves will grow into adult cows or bulls, and chicks will grow into adult chickens that can be used for meat or egg production. Equipment, buildings, and machinery may hold their value, but they typically do not appreciate over time. Piglets and lambs may grow and gain weight, but they will eventually be sold for slaughter, meaning their value is not likely to increase over time.

The factor determining the success of the production process in a farm enterprise is

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Management is the factor determining the success of the production process in a farm enterprise. Good management practices can ensure efficient use of resources, maximize productivity and minimize wastage, leading to better profitability. Land, fixed assets and labor are important inputs, but it is the effective management of these resources that can lead to the successful production of crops or livestock.

The mosaic appearance on cassava leaves is caused by

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The mosaic appearance on cassava leaves is caused by a virus. The virus responsible for this is called the Cassava Mosaic Virus (CMV). It is spread by whiteflies and affects the growth and development of the cassava plant, leading to a reduction in yield. The virus infects the leaves of the cassava plant, causing them to develop a mosaic pattern of light and dark green patches, and may also cause the leaves to curl and become distorted.

The main aim of establishing game reserves is to

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The main aim of establishing game reserves is to prevent rare species of wild animals from extinction. Game reserves are established to protect wildlife and their natural habitats from destruction, hunting, and other human activities that could lead to their extinction. Game reserves are protected areas where wildlife is conserved for future generations, and they play an essential role in maintaining biodiversity and ecological balance. These reserves provide a safe haven for endangered species and help to preserve their genetic diversity. Through the protection of these species and their habitats, game reserves also contribute to the overall health of the ecosystem, which benefits both humans and wildlife.

Which of the following is not an objective of pasture management? To obtain

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The option that is not an objective of pasture management is "the lowest possible dry matter yield of pasture." Pasture management involves the manipulation of grazing and forage resources to achieve certain goals. The other options are common objectives of pasture management. For example, having the most palatable mixture of pasture crops will encourage grazing animals to consume more and make efficient use of the available pasture. High leaf-stem ratio is also important as it is an indicator of forage quality, while achieving the best possible nutritive value of pasture ensures that the animals receive adequate nutrition for growth, reproduction, and maintenance. However, obtaining the lowest possible dry matter yield of pasture is counterproductive, as it will reduce the amount of forage available for animals to graze on, leading to lower productivity and potential negative impacts on the environment.

Which of the following materials is not allowed in the harvesting of fish?

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Chemicals are not allowed in the harvesting of fish. Using chemicals can contaminate the water and the fish, making it unsafe for human consumption. The other options (nets, baskets, and traps) are commonly used in fish harvesting and do not pose a threat to the safety of the fish or consumers.

An area of land where fruit trees are grown is commonly called a/an

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An area of land where fruit trees are grown is commonly called an orchard.

Legumes that produce edible seeds are called

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Legumes that produce edible seeds are called pulses. Pulses are a type of edible seed that comes from a legume plant such as lentils, chickpeas, beans, and peas. Pulses are high in protein, fiber, and various nutrients, making them a healthy food choice. They are also a staple food in many cultures around the world, and are used in a variety of dishes, including soups, stews, salads, and curries.

Smut diseases are often found on

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Smut diseases are often found on maize. Smut diseases are fungal infections that affect various crops. However, maize is particularly susceptible to smut diseases caused by the fungus Ustilago maydis. The fungus attacks the kernels, causing them to become large, dark, and powdery. Smut-infected maize is often stunted and produces fewer kernels, which can lead to significant yield losses for farmers. Infected plants can also serve as a source of fungal spores that can spread the disease to neighboring fields.

Which of the following is a function of the hopper of a grain sheller?

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The hopper of a grain sheller is a part of the machine that receives maize cobs to be shelled. It is usually located at the top of the sheller and serves as a funnel-like structure that channels the cobs into the shelling unit. The hopper is designed to accommodate different sizes of maize cobs and prevent them from bouncing out during the shelling process. Therefore, the correct answer to this question is "receiving maize cobs to be shelled."

The amount of planting material needed for a given area of land is known as

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The amount of planting material needed for a given area of land is known as seed rate. It is the amount or weight of seeds required to plant a specific area of land. The seed rate varies depending on factors such as the type of crop, soil type, climate, and planting method. The seed rate is an important factor in determining crop yield and ensuring uniform plant spacing. A high seed rate may result in overcrowding and competition for nutrients, while a low seed rate may result in poor yield due to underutilization of the available resources.

The intermediate host of liverfluke is

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The intermediate host of liver fluke is a snail. When the eggs of liver fluke are passed out in the feces of infected animals, they hatch and release a free-swimming larval form known as miracidium. The miracidium then penetrates the snail's soft tissue and undergoes several developmental stages before being released as free-swimming cercariae. The cercariae, in turn, attach to grass or other vegetation, where they are ingested by grazing animals. The cercariae then move from the intestine to the liver and bile ducts of the animal, where they mature into adult flukes and begin producing eggs, thus completing the life cycle.

Which of the following refers to a farm accounting entry?

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A farmer who applies gypsum on his farmland intends to

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A farmer who applies gypsum on his farmland intends to decrease soil acidity. Gypsum is a mineral that contains calcium and sulfur. When applied to soil, it reacts with soil particles and releases calcium ions, which replace the acidity-inducing hydrogen ions. As a result, the soil pH is increased, making the soil less acidic. This process is also known as liming, which is often used to improve soil fertility, increase crop yield and control soil-borne diseases.

In subsistence agriculture,

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Subsistence agriculture is a type of farming in which farmers produce only enough food to feed their families and themselves. The main goal is to produce enough food to survive, rather than to make a profit. Therefore, the surplus produced is usually small or nonexistent, and savings are also limited. As a result, farm sizes are typically small, and yields are not usually high.

The secretion of reproductive and growth hormone in animals is controlled by the

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The secretion of reproductive and growth hormone in animals is controlled by the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain and is often referred to as the "master gland" because it controls the release of hormones from other endocrine glands in the body. It produces and releases several hormones that are important for growth, reproduction, and overall hormonal regulation in animals. The secretion of these hormones is regulated by signals from the brain and feedback mechanisms in the body to ensure proper hormonal balance.

During the process of egg formation, albumen deposition begins in the

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During the process of egg formation, albumen deposition begins in the magnum. The magnum is the second section of the hen's oviduct where the egg white or albumen is secreted. The albumen is produced by the magnum over a period of approximately 3 hours, during which the egg rotates to form its final shape. After the albumen is deposited, the egg then moves into the isthmus section of the oviduct, where the shell membranes are formed around it. Finally, the egg enters the uterus where it is coated with the shell and laid.

Detailed survey for the site of a fish pond is necessary for the following except

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Which of the following agricultural programmes covers risk and uncertainties in agricultural business?

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The agricultural programme that covers risk and uncertainties in agricultural business is the agricultural insurance scheme. This is because the agricultural insurance scheme is designed to protect farmers from financial losses due to various risks such as natural disasters, crop failure, and pest infestations. The scheme provides a form of indemnity to farmers who have suffered losses due to an insured peril. The indemnity helps to reduce the financial burden of the losses and enables farmers to recover from the impact of the loss. The other agricultural programmes such as the agricultural development project, river basin development authority, and farm settlement scheme do not provide risk and uncertainties coverage.

Cotton can thrive well in the mangrove areas if

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Cotton can thrive well in the mangrove areas if the land is sufficiently drained. Mangrove areas are characterized by their saline and waterlogged soil which makes it difficult for most crops to grow, including cotton. However, cotton can tolerate a certain level of salinity if the soil is well-drained. This allows for proper aeration of the roots and prevents waterlogging which can lead to root rot. Additionally, proper drainage helps to reduce the concentration of salt in the soil, making it more conducive for cotton growth. The other options, such as applying appropriate fertilizer, lower intensity of sunshine, or controlling white flies, do not necessarily address the issue of soil drainage and may not guarantee cotton growth in mangrove areas.

Methods of rangeland improvement which ensure continuous herbage growth during the dry season are

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The equatorial rain forest belt is not usually used for cattle production because of the

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The correct option is "incidence of tse-tse flies". The equatorial rainforest belt is located in areas with a high prevalence of tse-tse flies, which are known to transmit diseases like trypanosomiasis (also known as sleeping sickness) to cattle. This makes it unsuitable for cattle production, as it poses a health risk to the animals. Additionally, the dense vegetative growth in the equatorial rainforest makes it difficult for cattle to graze, which further contributes to the unsuitability of this region for cattle production.

Progesterone is secreted by the

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Progesterone is secreted by the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum is a temporary endocrine gland that is formed in the ovary after ovulation. It is responsible for the production and secretion of progesterone, which is a hormone that plays a crucial role in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.

The hormone responsible for milk let-down in cows is

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The hormone responsible for milk let-down in cows is oxytocin. Oxytocin is produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary gland. When a cow is stimulated by the presence of her calf or milking machine, oxytocin is released into her bloodstream. Oxytocin causes the muscles around the alveoli (tiny sacs within the mammary gland) to contract, pushing milk into the larger ducts and out of the teat. This process is known as milk let-down or milk ejection. Oxytocin is also known as the "cuddle hormone" because it is released during social bonding activities, such as hugging or touching, in humans and other mammals.

pennisetum purpureum is the botanical name for

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Pennisetum purpureum is the botanical name for Elephant Grass. This is a tall perennial grass species native to Africa that is widely cultivated for forage and pasture purposes. It can grow up to 4 meters tall and has broad leaves that are popular as a feed for cattle, goats, and sheep. It is also used for erosion control, as a biofuel, and for landscaping purposes. The grass is known for its high yield and nutrient content, making it a popular choice among farmers and ranchers.

In a laboratory analysis of maize grains, the following results were obtained:I. the dry matter content of 80 percent made up of 30.0 parts carbohydrate,3.3 parts ash, 13.8 parts fibre and 1.7 parts protein. II. the remainder of the dry matter is oil. What is the percentage of oil in the dry matter?

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TEST OF PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE QUESTION

(a) Identify specimens A, B and C

Specimen A;            Specimen B;      Specimen C;

(b) Give one function of each of Specimen A, B and C

(c) State two ways of maintaining each of specimen A and B

(d) Name three other farm implements that perform the same function as specimen B

(e) Mention two precautions to be observed when using specimen B

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None

(a) In a tabular form, briefly discuss the following plant nutrients: (i) Potassium; (ii) Phosphorus; (iii) Calcium. Under the following headings: (i) form in which it is absorbed; (ii) three functions; (iii) one deficiency symptom.

(b) Give two examples of nitrogenous fertilizers. 

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None

TEST OF PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE QUESTION

(a) ldentify specimens L, M and N.

Specimen L;          Specimen M;              Specimen N;

(b) ldentify specimens O and P, using specimen N

(c) In which of specimens O and P will specimen M survive better?

(d) What is the relevance of specimen L in the production of specimen M?

(e) State two pond management practices to improve specimen O for the production of specimen M.

(f) List three ways by which the loss of specimen M can be controlled in a farm.

(g) State one method each of (i) partial harvesting. (ii) complete harvesting of specimen M.

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None

(a) State four ways in which ornamental plants are important. [4 marks]

(b) Give two examples each of (i) ornamental trees, (ii) ornamental shrubs. (c) Explain the following: (i) pasture, (ii) forage. (d) State four roles of legumes in agriculture. 

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None

TEST OF PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE QUESTION

(a) To what type of rock do each of specimens D, E, and F belong?

(b) State the types of weathering caused by each of specimens G, H, and l

(c) Give two ways by which weathering causes each of specimens G, H, and I.

(o) State three ways in which specimen D is important to agriculture

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None

(a) State the law of diminishing returns as it applies to agricultural production. [2 marks] Study the table below and use it to answer questions (b) and (c).

(b) Complete the table above. (c) Draw a graph from the provided data and use it to explain the law of diminishing returns

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None

(a) Describe briefly the Gunters' chain.

(b) A farmer surveyed his triangular farmland with a base length of 2 km and a perpendicular length of 1200m. Calculate the area of the farm.

(c) State four necessary precautions that should be taken in order to eliminate errors when chaining a farmland.

(d) List four factors required in choosing a site for a new school garden.

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None

An agricultural research organisation categorised farmers in village X according to the rate of adoption of new ideas and came up with the following: Innovators 10, Early adopters 15, Late adopters 70, Never adopters 25

(a) Calculate the percentage of early adopters and state the implication of this percentage on the extension system.

(b) Suggest four ways of encouraging the innovators.

(c) State four possible reasons for the high number of late adopters.

(d) State two merits of the print media as a channel for agricultural extension. 

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None

(a) Name six Government and four Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) that are involved in the improvement of agricultural production in West Africa.

(b) Mention five ways in which Non-Governmental Organisations contribute to agricultural productivity in West Africa.

(c) Explain briefly six ways by which the application of science and technology last helped to boost crop production in your country.

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None

(a) Discuss seven economic importance of insect pests in crop production.

(b) Name two hosts of cotton stainer.

(c) List two soil-dwelling insect pests of crops and state five general control measures of insect pests of crops.

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None