JAMB UTME - History - 2022

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Herbert Macaulay is widely regarded as the father of nationalism in Nigeria. He was a political activist and one of the founding fathers of Nigerian nationalism, who played a key role in the struggle for Nigeria's independence from British colonial rule. Macaulay was a strong advocate for self-rule and a believer in the idea that Nigeria should be governed by Nigerians. He founded the Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP) in 1923, which became the first political party in Nigeria. The party's aim was to promote the interest of the Nigerian people and to agitate for self-rule. Macaulay was also a prolific writer and used his newspaper, the Lagos Daily News, as a platform to advocate for Nigerian self-rule. He was imprisoned several times for his political activities and suffered various forms of persecution at the hands of the colonial authorities. Macaulay's tireless efforts paved the way for subsequent nationalists such as Nnamdi Azikiwe and Obafemi Awolowo, who continued the struggle for Nigeria's independence. Thus, while others also played important roles in Nigeria's nationalist movement, it is generally agreed that Herbert Macaulay was the pioneer and father of Nigerian nationalism.

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The head of the Zulus at the time of the Mfecane war was Shaka. Shaka was a powerful leader who rose to power in the early 19th century and established the Zulu kingdom in southern Africa. He was known for his military tactics, which were innovative for the time and allowed him to conquer many neighboring tribes and establish the Zulu kingdom as a dominant power in the region. The Mfecane war, which took place between 1815 and 1840, was a period of intense conflict and migration in southern Africa, largely caused by Shaka's expansion of the Zulu kingdom.

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The Nigerian Second Republic began in the year 1979. It followed a period of military rule after a coup in 1966 and the subsequent Nigerian Civil War, which ended in 1970. In 1979, Nigeria held democratic elections, which marked the beginning of the Second Republic. Alhaji Shehu Shagari, who ran on the platform of the National Party of Nigeria (NPN), won the presidential election and was inaugurated as the first executive president of the Second Republic. The Second Republic was characterized by political and economic instability, and it was plagued by corruption and mismanagement. The government's inability to address these issues led to widespread public discontent, which eventually culminated in another military coup in 1983. In summary, the Nigerian Second Republic began in 1979 after democratic elections, with Shehu Shagari as the first elected president. However, it was short-lived, as it was marred by political and economic instability and was cut short by another military coup in 1983.

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The first British consul in Nigeria was John Beecroft. He was appointed as the British consul in what was then known as the Bights of Benin and Biafra in 1849. Beecroft was tasked with promoting British trade in the region, as well as suppressing the slave trade, which was still prevalent at the time. He established good relations with the local rulers and was able to negotiate treaties with them that enabled the British to establish trading posts and factories. Beecroft's work paved the way for the later British colonial administration in Nigeria, which ultimately led to Nigeria's independence in 1960.

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The Kingmakers in Oyo are called "Oyomesi". They are a council of seven members who are responsible for selecting and appointing the next Alaafin (king) of Oyo. The Oyomesi are considered to be very powerful and influential within the Oyo Empire, and their role in selecting the king is crucial to maintaining the stability and continuity of the monarchy. The Oyomesi are also responsible for advising the Alaafin on important matters and acting as a check on the king's power.

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The policy of Association was adopted by the French. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, France controlled a number of colonies in Africa. To manage these colonies, the French implemented a policy of "association," which aimed to maintain a form of indirect rule by working with existing African social and political structures. Under this policy, local African leaders were allowed to maintain some autonomy and were encouraged to participate in the colonial administration. However, ultimate power remained in the hands of the French colonial authorities. The policy of association was part of the larger French colonial system known as "la mission civilisatrice," or the "civilizing mission," which was the French justification for their colonization of Africa. The policy of association was different from the British policy of direct rule, in which the British appointed their own officials to govern their colonies, often disregarding existing social and political structures.

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In 1840, Sayyid Said, who was the Sultan of Oman, transferred his capital from Muscat to Zanzibar. Zanzibar is an island located off the coast of East Africa in the Indian Ocean, and it was a strategic location for trade and commerce. The move to Zanzibar allowed Sayyid Said to have greater control over the lucrative slave and ivory trades that were prevalent in the region at the time. The capital remained in Zanzibar until the decline of the Omani empire in the late 1800s.

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General Muhammadu Buhari's regime was overthrown by General Ibrahim Babangida. This happened in Nigeria in 1985, when Babangida staged a military coup and took control of the government. Buhari, who was then the head of state, was removed from power and held under house arrest for several years. Babangida ruled Nigeria as a military dictator until August 1993, when he was forced to step down following widespread protests and calls for a return to democratic rule.

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The father of modern Egypt is often regarded as Mohammad Ali, who was an Ottoman military commander and the ruler of Egypt from 1805 to 1848. He is known for his efforts to modernize Egypt by introducing various reforms and innovations in areas such as education, agriculture, and military technology. Some of his achievements include the establishment of a modern army, the founding of the first Egyptian university, and the construction of various public works such as canals and bridges. He also introduced a number of social reforms, including the abolition of slavery and the promotion of women's rights. Mohammad Ali's legacy as the father of modern Egypt is a testament to his vision and leadership in transforming Egypt into a more modern and progressive society.

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The Oil River Protectorate was established in the year 1885. It was a British colonial administration that controlled the area around the Niger Delta in what is now Nigeria. The protectorate was established to control trade and protect British commercial interests in the region, including the export of palm oil. The name "Oil River" was given because the Niger Delta region was known for its abundant oil palm trees, which were a valuable resource at the time. Therefore, the correct answer is 1885.

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The person known as the "Napoleon of West Africa" was Samori Toure. He was a military leader and founder of the Wassoulou Empire, which covered parts of modern-day Guinea, Mali, Ivory Coast, and Senegal. Toure was known for his military strategy, which allowed him to resist French colonial expansion in the late 19th century. He established a strong centralized government and a professional army, which were equipped with modern weapons and trained in modern tactics. Toure's military campaigns were characterized by his ability to mobilize large numbers of troops and to adapt to changing circumstances. He used a combination of guerrilla tactics, fortifications, and traditional warfare to defeat his enemies. Despite his military success, Toure was eventually captured by the French in 1898 and exiled to Gabon, where he died in 1900. His legacy, however, lived on, and he is still remembered today as one of the greatest military leaders in West African history.

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Kastina and Akwa-Ibom was created on September 23, 1987, by the administration of General Ibrahim Babangida. The creation of Kastina and Akwa-Ibom states was part of a nationwide effort to decentralize power and bring governance closer to the people.

The creation of these states brought the total number of states in Nigeria to 21. In summary, Kastina and Akwa-Ibom are states in Nigeria that were created on September 23, 1987, by the administration of General Ibrahim Babangida. The creation of these states was part of a nationwide effort to decentralize power and bring governance closer to the people.

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The Portuguese were the first Europeans to reach Benin. In the late 15th century, Portuguese explorers and traders began to arrive in West Africa, including the area that is now modern-day Benin. They established trade routes and established relationships with local African kingdoms, including the Kingdom of Benin. Over time, the Portuguese became one of the dominant European powers in the region, controlling the trade of goods such as ivory, spices, and slaves.

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The economic reforms of Theodore II of Ethiopia involved the improvement of agriculture, reorganization of the fiscal system, and revival of external trade. Theodore II was a prominent figure in Ethiopian history who ruled from 1855 to 1868. During his reign, he implemented several economic reforms to modernize the Ethiopian economy and improve the living conditions of his people. One of the key areas he focused on was agriculture, which he saw as a crucial source of revenue for the empire. He introduced modern farming techniques and encouraged the cultivation of cash crops like coffee and cotton, which helped to boost agricultural productivity and income. Theodore II also reorganized the fiscal system to make it more efficient and transparent. He introduced a new tax system that was fairer and more consistent, and established a central treasury to manage government revenue. This helped to reduce corruption and waste in the administration of public finances. Furthermore, Theodore II revitalized external trade by opening up new trade routes and establishing diplomatic relations with foreign powers. He negotiated new trade agreements with European countries and encouraged foreign investment in Ethiopia. This helped to expand the Ethiopian economy and create new opportunities for trade and commerce. In summary, Theodore II's economic reforms focused on improving agriculture, reorganizing the fiscal system, and reviving external trade. These reforms helped to modernize the Ethiopian economy and improve the welfare of his people.

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The Republic of Benin was formerly known as Dahomey. Benin is a country located in West Africa. It gained independence from France in 1960 and was initially named the Republic of Dahomey. However, in 1975, the country changed its name to the People's Republic of Benin, and later in 1991, to simply the Republic of Benin. The name "Dahomey" has its roots in the Kingdom of Dahomey, which was a powerful West African state that existed from the 17th to the late 19th century. The kingdom was located in what is now modern-day Benin, and its influence and legacy have had a lasting impact on the region and its people. In short, the Republic of Benin was formerly known as Dahomey, a name that reflects its rich history and cultural heritage.

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Lagos became a colony on 5 March, 1862. At that time, Britain declared Lagos a crown colony and established administrative control over the region. This was part of Britain's wider efforts to extend its influence and control over Africa and to secure access to its resources and trade routes. The colonization of Lagos had a significant impact on the local population, as it brought about changes to the political, economic, and social structures of the region.

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The Madhist War began in 1881. It was a conflict between the Mahdist forces and the British-Egyptian army in Sudan. The Mahdists were followers of a religious leader, Muhammad Ahmad, who had proclaimed himself as the Mahdi or the messiah. In 1881, he led a successful uprising against the Ottoman-Egyptian occupation of Sudan, which led to the establishment of an Islamic state in Sudan. The Mahdists, under the leadership of the Mahdi, then began to expand their influence and control over other parts of Sudan. The British-Egyptian army, which had a presence in Sudan, then launched a series of military expeditions against the Mahdist forces, leading to the outbreak of the Madhist War in 1881. The war lasted for over a decade and involved several battles and campaigns, with both sides suffering significant casualties. The war finally ended in 1899, with the British-Egyptian army emerging victorious and re-establishing their control over Sudan.

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The Ekumeku movement began in Anioma, which is part of present-day Delta State in Nigeria. Anioma is a region that is predominantly inhabited by the Igbo ethnic group, and it is located in the southern part of Nigeria. The Ekumeku movement was a resistance movement that emerged in the late 19th century against British colonial rule in Nigeria. The movement was characterized by guerrilla warfare tactics and was made up of people from different ethnic groups in the region, including the Igbo and Urhobo. Its main aim was to resist the imposition of colonial rule and preserve the independence and sovereignty of the region. The Ekumeku movement played a significant role in shaping the history and culture of the Anioma region and has become a symbol of resistance against oppression and colonialism in Nigeria.

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Nigeria practised the Westminster system of government between 1960 and 1966. The Westminster system is a democratic system of government that originated in the United Kingdom and is characterized by having a parliamentary system, where the executive branch (the Prime Minister and Cabinet) is accountable to the legislative branch (the Parliament). Nigeria gained independence from British colonial rule in 1960 and adopted the Westminster system of government, with a Prime Minister as the head of government and a ceremonial President as the head of state. However, Nigeria's experience with the Westminster system was short-lived. In 1966, the government was overthrown in a military coup and the country was ruled by a series of military dictatorships for several decades. Therefore, Nigeria practiced the Westminster system of government for only six years, from 1960 to 1966.

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The first coup in Nigeria was led by a group of military officers, with Major Chukwuma Nzeogu as the most prominent among them. The coup took place on January 15, 1966, and overthrew the democratically elected government of Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. The coup was largely driven by a desire among some military officers to end corruption, tribalism, and political instability in Nigeria. The coup was also motivated by a sense of dissatisfaction among some younger officers who felt that their senior colleagues were blocking their opportunities for advancement. After the coup, Major Nzeogu declared a new government, the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC), and installed General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi as the new Head of State. However, the Ironsi-led government was short-lived, as it was overthrown in a counter-coup on July 29, 1966, led by northern officers who were unhappy with the dominance of the Igbo ethnic group in the military and the government. The first coup in Nigeria had significant and long-lasting implications for the country, including several years of military rule, ethnic tensions, and a series of further coups and counter-coups that destabilized the country's politics for decades.

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The first state president of the Republic of South Africa was Charles Robberts Swart. He served as state president from 1961 to 1967. Prior to becoming state president, Swart was a judge and politician who played a significant role in the establishment of the Republic of South Africa. As state president, Swart held a mostly ceremonial role, representing the country domestically and internationally. His main responsibilities included signing legislation into law, appointing judges and other officials, and receiving foreign dignitaries.

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Christianity was brought to Liberia primarily by freed American slaves. In the early 1800s, the American Colonization Society established Liberia as a colony for freed slaves from the United States. Many of these settlers were already Christians, and they brought their faith with them to Liberia. The first formal Christian mission in Liberia was established in 1821 by the Methodist Episcopal Church, with other Protestant denominations following in the years that followed. While there were some British consuls and freed British slaves who settled in Liberia, they did not have the same significant impact on the spread of Christianity in the country as the freed American slaves did.

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The king of Nupe is called the Etsu Nupe. "Etsu" means "ruler" in the Nupe language, and the Etsu Nupe is the traditional leader of the Nupe people, who are predominantly found in Nigeria's Niger State. The Etsu Nupe is responsible for maintaining the customs and traditions of the Nupe people, as well as serving as a spiritual and cultural leader. The Etsu Nupe is also involved in governance and decision-making, particularly in matters concerning the Nupe kingdom. Therefore, out of the options given, the correct answer is "Etsu Nupe."

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Usman Dan Fodio established the Sokoto Caliphate in Nigeria. He was a West African religious and political leader who lived in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. He led a successful jihad, or holy war, against the Hausa states in northern Nigeria, and established the Sokoto Caliphate, which became one of the largest and most influential Islamic states in Africa. The caliphate lasted for over 50 years, until it was colonized by the British in 1903.

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There are 6 geopolitical zones in Nigeria. These zones were created during the regime of General Sani Abacha in 1994 in an effort to promote unity and cooperation among the various ethnic groups in Nigeria. Each geopolitical zone is made up of several states, with the zones being named after the dominant ethnic group in the area. The six geopolitical zones in Nigeria are: 1. North-West Zone 2. North-East Zone 3. North-Central Zone 4. South-West Zone 5. South-East Zone 6. South-South Zone The North-West Zone is made up of seven states, including Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Sokoto, and Zamfara. The North-East Zone is made up of six states, including Adamawa, Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Taraba, and Yobe. The North-Central Zone is made up of six states, including Benue, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger, and Plateau. The South-West Zone is made up of six states, including Ekiti, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, and Oyo. The South-East Zone is made up of five states, including Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu, and Imo. The South-South Zone is made up of six states, including Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo, and Rivers. In summary, there are six geopolitical zones in Nigeria, each made up of several states, and these zones were created in 1994 to promote unity and cooperation among the various ethnic groups in Nigeria.

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The person who moved the motion for Nigeria's independence was Anthony Enahoro. He was a Nigerian statesman and politician who played a key role in the struggle for Nigeria's independence from British colonial rule. In 1953, as a member of the Western House of Assembly, Enahoro moved a motion for Nigeria's independence, which was seconded by another politician, Joseph Wayas. The motion called for Nigeria to be granted self-government and independence from British colonial rule in 1956, but it was later amended to call for independence by 1960. Although Enahoro's motion was not immediately successful, it helped to raise awareness of the need for Nigeria's independence and paved the way for future efforts to achieve it. In 1960, Nigeria finally gained its independence from Britain, with Nnamdi Azikiwe becoming the country's first president.

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Ismail Pasha was removed as the Khedive of Egypt at the behest of Great Britain in 1879. Ismail Pasha was the ruler of Egypt during a time of great change and modernization in the country. He implemented many reforms and infrastructure projects, but his lavish spending and mounting debts led to financial crisis. In order to protect their investments in Egypt, Great Britain and other European powers demanded that Ismail Pasha be removed from power. In 1879, Ismail Pasha was forced to abdicate and was succeeded by his son Tewfik Pasha. This event marked the beginning of British influence over Egypt, which continued until the country gained independence in 1952.

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The first amalgamation in Nigeria happened in the year 1914. Amalgamation refers to the process of combining or uniting multiple entities into a single entity. In the case of Nigeria, it refers to the merger of the Northern and Southern Protectorates of Nigeria by the British colonial government. Before 1914, the Northern and Southern Protectorates of Nigeria were two separate territories with distinct cultures, economies, and governance structures. However, the British government recognized the potential benefits of uniting these territories into a single administrative unit, such as increased efficiency in governance, enhanced economic development, and easier management of the colonial territory. After several years of negotiations, the British colonial government finally merged the two protectorates in 1914, creating the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. The amalgamation marked the beginning of a new era in Nigeria's history, with far-reaching political, economic, and social consequences that are still felt today. Overall, the first amalgamation in Nigeria happened in 1914 when the Northern and Southern Protectorates were merged into a single entity by the British colonial government.

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The Kanem–Bornu Empire existed in areas which are now part of Chad and the Central African Republic. It did not exist in Togo. The Kanem–Bornu Empire was a state located in the region of Lake Chad, in what is now Chad and the Central African Republic. It was one of the largest and most powerful empires in West Africa, and it dominated the region for several centuries. The empire was centered around the city of N'Djamena, which was once the capital of the empire, and its sphere of influence extended over a large area of the region.

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NYM (Nigerian Youth Movement) evolved from LYM (Lagos Youth Movement). The LYM was formed in 1931 in Lagos by a group of educated young Nigerians who were concerned about the political and social situation in Nigeria under British colonial rule. The LYM aimed to mobilize and empower young Nigerians to participate in the political process and to fight for the rights and interests of Nigerians. In 1934, the LYM was renamed the Nigerian Youth Movement (NYM) and expanded its membership and activities beyond Lagos to other parts of Nigeria. The NYM became a leading nationalist organization in Nigeria, advocating for greater political representation and self-determination for Nigerians. Therefore, the answer is LYM (Lagos Youth Movement).