(a) Name one type of tissue that connects muscle to bone at a synovial joint. [1] (b) Describe three different components of a synovial joint and state the ...

(a) The tissue that connects muscle to bone at a synovial joint is a tendon. Tendons are strong, fibrous cords of connective tissue that transmit the force of muscle contraction to the skeleton, producing movement. [1]

(b) Three components of a synovial joint with their functions:

1. Cartilage covers the ends of the bones where they meet. It absorbs shock during impact and reduces friction, allowing smooth, pain-free movement. [1 + 1]
2. Synovial fluid fills the space inside the joint capsule. It lubricates the joint surfaces so they glide over each other easily, and it also nourishes the cartilage. [1 + 1]
3. Ligaments are tough bands of tissue that connect bone to bone across the joint. They stabilise the joint and prevent excessive or abnormal movement that could cause dislocation. [1 + 1]

Other acceptable components include the synovial membrane (produces synovial fluid) and the joint capsule (encloses the joint and contains the fluid).

(c) Two reasons why a long-distance runner's knee joint may change over many years of training:

1. Cartilage may wear down due to the repeated impact of running. Over time, this reduces the cushioning between the bones and can lead to pain and stiffness. [1]
2. Less synovial fluid may be produced as the synovial membrane ages or becomes less active, reducing lubrication and increasing friction within the joint. [1]