Fig. 1 shows the bones of the upper body of a human skeleton. (a) Identify the bone that protects the brain. [1] (b) Name the bone found at the front of the...

(a) Bone that protects the brain

The bone that protects the brain is the cranium (skull). It forms a hard, protective casing around the brain, shielding it from impacts during sport - particularly important in contact activities such as rugby, boxing, or heading in football. [1]

(b) Bone at the front of the chest

The bone at the front of the chest that connects the ribs is the sternum (breastbone). The ribs articulate with the sternum at the front, forming the rib cage. [1]

(c) Function of the rib cage during physical activity

• Protection: The rib cage forms a bony cage around the vital organs in the chest, particularly the heart and lungs. During physical activity, especially contact sports, this protection is essential to prevent damage to these organs from collisions or falls. [1]
• Breathing: The rib cage plays an active role in the breathing process. During exercise, the intercostal muscles between the ribs contract to expand the rib cage outward and upward, increasing the volume of the chest cavity. This draws air into the lungs. When the intercostal muscles relax, the rib cage returns to its resting position, pushing air out. The faster and deeper breathing needed during vigorous activity relies on this mechanical action of the rib cage. [1]