(a) Give two examples of overuse injuries that a performer may suffer from. [2] (b) Explain how each of the following could cause an injury during sport: (i...

(a) Two examples of overuse injuries:

1. Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis) - inflammation of the tendons on the outside of the elbow caused by repetitive gripping and wrist extension. [1]
2. Shin splints - pain along the front of the lower leg caused by repeated impact on hard surfaces, common in runners. [1]

Other acceptable answers: stress fracture, swimmer's shoulder, runner's knee, Achilles tendinitis.

(b)(i) Incorrect technique can cause injury because it places abnormal stress on joints or muscles that are not designed to bear load in that way. [1] For example, a rugby player who tackles with incorrect body position may suffer a shoulder dislocation because the force is directed through the joint at a dangerous angle. [1]

(b)(ii) Inappropriate clothing or footwear can cause injury because shoes without proper grip or support increase the risk of slipping or ankle injuries. [1] For example, wearing flat running shoes on a wet, muddy football pitch provides no traction, which could lead to a fall and a twisted knee or ankle. [1]

(c) Applying the RICE method to a sprained ankle:

1. Rest - the hockey player should stop playing immediately and avoid putting weight on the injured ankle to prevent further damage to the ligaments. [1]
2. Ice - apply ice wrapped in a cloth or towel to the ankle for 15-20 minutes. The cold constricts blood vessels, which reduces swelling and numbs the area to relieve pain. [1]
3. Compression - wrap an elastic bandage firmly (but not too tightly) around the ankle to support the joint and limit swelling by preventing excess fluid from accumulating. [1]
4. Elevation - raise the injured ankle above the level of the heart (for example, by lying down with the foot propped on a pillow). This uses gravity to help fluid drain away from the injury site, reducing swelling. [1]

(d) Three precautions for training in hot weather:

1. Drink plenty of water before, during and after training to prevent dehydration, which impairs performance and can lead to heat exhaustion. [1]
2. Wear light-coloured, loose-fitting clothing to reflect heat and allow air to circulate around the body, helping the cooling process. [1]
3. Train during cooler parts of the day such as early morning or evening, when temperatures are lower and the risk of heat-related illness is reduced. [1]