JAMB UTME - History - 2019

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Scientific and technological developments is the correct answer. The history of the early centres of civilization presents us with the discovery and use of woods, irons and other scientific objects for the creation of notable figures, and provision of utilities in the early Nigerian societies. Notable are the Nok Culture, Ife Civilization and the Benin Crafts and Artworks.

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Ibibio and Igbo is the correct answer. Although the actual origins of the Efik people are unknown. However, historical oral traditions provide accounts of their migration from Igbo and Ibibio territory (to the North-west of Calabar) to their present location.

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Ojukwu, being Governor of the Eastern Region, immediately declared it an independence State of Biafra seeing as Gowon created twelve states in May 1976 without consultation. This, Ojukwu considered as the last straw.

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The central agenda of Muhammad Ali's hegemonic rule was the exploitation of natural resources for development finance in Egypt. Muhammad Ali was an Ottoman-Egyptian ruler who rose to power in the early 19th century and established a dynasty that lasted until the mid-20th century. He was known for his ambitious modernization program, which aimed to transform Egypt into a modern, industrialized nation. To finance this program, Muhammad Ali exploited Egypt's natural resources, including agricultural land, minerals, and labor, to generate revenue. He also established a centralized bureaucracy and military to maintain control over the country and to further his agenda of modernization. In this way, Muhammad Ali's rule marked a significant turning point in Egyptian history and set the stage for the country's continued development and modernization in the years to come.

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The Mfecane was a period of widespread chaos and warfare that occurred in Southern Africa during the early 19th century. One critical factor that led to the Mfecane was war-created refugee problems. As various Nguni groups migrated and settled in new territories, they often came into conflict with the existing populations. These conflicts frequently escalated into full-scale wars that resulted in large numbers of refugees fleeing the fighting. These refugees often joined other groups, causing displacement and upheaval throughout the region. The violence and instability of the Mfecane had significant and lasting impacts on the social, economic, and political structures of Southern Africa.

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The most remarkable achievement of the Buhari's Military regime is the "War Against Indiscipline." The "War Against Indiscipline" was a campaign launched by the Buhari regime in Nigeria to promote discipline and order in society. It aimed to address issues such as corruption, laziness, and lack of punctuality among the citizens. The campaign was known for its strict measures, such as fining or jailing those who broke the rules, and it helped to instill a sense of accountability and responsibility in the public. This campaign was widely credited with bringing about a significant improvement in the level of discipline and order in Nigeria, and it remains one of the most well-known legacies of the Buhari regime.

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The use of African languages as a medium of communication is the correct answer. Islamic reformers, both past and present, actively support the translation of the holy texts into Swahili, Hausa, Fulfude, Wolof, Bambara and Yoruba.

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Oba Ewuare of Benin Kingdom is credited with transforming Benin city into a city-state. Oba Ewuare was a powerful and visionary ruler who ruled the Kingdom of Benin in the 15th century. He is known for his reforms and innovations, which helped to transform the city of Benin into a thriving metropolis. Under his rule, the city was transformed into a city-state with a complex and sophisticated system of governance, a thriving economy, and a rich cultural heritage. Oba Ewuare also helped to strengthen the kingdom's political and military power, making it one of the most powerful and influential states in West Africa at the time. His legacy continues to influence the people of Benin and to shape the cultural identity of the region to this day.

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Out of the given options, all are communes of the colony of Senegal where the Policy of Assimilation was applied except "Kaolack." The Policy of Assimilation was a French colonial policy that aimed to assimilate the indigenous populations of their colonies into French culture and society. The policy was implemented in different ways in different colonies, but in Senegal, it was implemented through a system of communes. Under the system of communes, certain cities were designated as communes and were given a greater degree of autonomy and self-government. These communes were also opened up to non-French citizens, including the indigenous population, who could become full French citizens by adopting French culture and values. The four communes mentioned in the question, Saint Louis, Rufisque, Goree, and Kaolack, were all part of the colony of Senegal, but only the first three were the communes where the Policy of Assimilation was applied. Kaolack was not designated as a commune until 1914, which was after the implementation of the Policy of Assimilation. Therefore, the correct answer is "Kaolack," as it is the commune that was not part of the Policy of Assimilation in the colony of Senegal.

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The colonialists invested in raw materials and industries for their extraction employed both skilled and unskilled labour. All of these activities led to the urbanization of the vicinities around these industries.

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The Alkali Courts were headed by the Alkali judges in the Hausa/Fulani Empire not the Hakimis, who were actually the head of districts.

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The end of the Zamana Masaf∂nt (Era of Princes) led to the centralisation of state power in the hands of the Emperors of Ethiopia. This consolidation of power helped in confronting the Italo-Egyptian invasion in the 19th Century.

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Decree No. 34 of 1966 was the Unitarism Policy of Major General Aguiyi Ironsi. After taking over the government in a military coup in 1966, Major General Johnson Aguiyi Ironsi introduced several policies aimed at consolidating his grip on power and addressing the country's political and administrative challenges. One of the most significant of these policies was the Unitarism Policy, which was introduced through Decree No. 34 of 1966. The Unitarism Policy was designed to replace the existing federal system of government with a centralized unitary system. This involved abolishing the regions and replacing them with a system of 12 states, each headed by a military governor appointed by Ironsi. The policy was also intended to reduce the influence of regional and ethnic interests in national affairs and strengthen the central government's control over the country. However, the Unitarism Policy was highly controversial and unpopular, especially in the North, where many felt it would give undue advantage to the South. The policy was one of the factors that led to Ironsi's overthrow and assassination in a counter-coup in July 1966. Overall, Decree No. 34 of 1966 was a major policy initiative of Major General Aguiyi Ironsi's administration that aimed to centralize power in the hands of the federal government through the establishment of a unitary system of government in Nigeria.

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The Yorubas who originated from Ile-Ife, arose and became quite popular and remarkable by their trading with the Portugese, which gave them a large supply of guns.

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Regionalism notable with Arthur Richards may be said to have laid the foundational basis for the later state creation in Nigeria. Arthur Richards was a colonial administrator who served as the Governor of Nigeria's three regions (North, West, and East) between 1943 and 1948. He was a proponent of regionalism, which involved devolving significant powers and resources to the regions, while maintaining a federal government at the center. Under Richards' administration, each of the three regions had its own legislature, which was responsible for making laws and managing local affairs. The regional governments were also responsible for raising revenue and developing infrastructure in their respective regions. Richards' approach to governance was based on the idea that the regions were culturally and economically distinct, and that they would be better able to address the needs of their people if they were given a greater degree of autonomy. His policies were seen as a significant departure from the more centralized approach to governance that had characterized British rule in Nigeria up to that point. The regionalism that Richards initiated in Nigeria set the stage for the later creation of states in the country. In 1960, Nigeria became an independent country with a federal system of government, and in 1963, the country was divided into 12 states. Today, Nigeria has 36 states and a federal capital territory. Overall, Arthur Richards' regionalism approach is seen as having played a significant role in shaping Nigeria's federal system of government and in promoting regional development in the country.

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The Mahdiyya Movement in Sudan overthrew the "Ottoman-Egyptian Regime in the early 1880s." The Mahdiyya Movement was a religious and political movement that emerged in Sudan in the late 19th century. It was led by Muhammad Ahmad, who proclaimed himself the Mahdi or "guided one" and sought to overthrow the Ottoman-Egyptian regime that was ruling over Sudan at the time. In 1881, the Mahdiyya Movement launched a successful uprising against the Ottoman-Egyptian forces, and in 1885, Muhammad Ahmad's forces captured and destroyed the city of Khartoum, killing its governor, British General Charles Gordon. The Mahdiyya Movement then established a theocratic state in Sudan, which lasted until 1898 when it was defeated by British forces in the Battle of Omdurman. Therefore, out of the given options, the correct answer is "Ottoman-Egyptian Regime in the early 1880s," as it was the regime that was overthrown by the Mahdiyya Movement in Sudan.

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The division of the Sokoto Caliphate into Emirates was largely due to the geographical reasons of the vastness of the territory under the Caliphate's control. The Sokoto Caliphate was a vast Islamic empire that covered a large area of present-day Northern Nigeria and some parts of Niger, Benin, and Cameroon. The administration of such a vast territory was challenging, and it became necessary to break it down into smaller administrative units for effective governance. To achieve this, the Caliphate was divided into Emirates, with each being headed by an Emir who was responsible for the administration of his Emirates. This administrative structure made it easier to control the territory and provided an opportunity for the decentralization of power. While there may have been some rivalry between the Hausa Jihadists and the Fulani scholars, and some economic factors may have influenced the decision to create the Emirates, the primary reason was the need for a more efficient administrative structure due to the geographical vastness of the Sokoto Caliphate.

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Presently, about 65% of Africa's population is constituted by the "youths". The United Nations defines youth as persons between the ages of 15 and 24 years. According to the United Nations, Africa has the youngest population in the world, with an estimated 226 million youth aged between 15 and 24 years in 2020. This accounts for about 19% of the global youth population. Furthermore, the African continent has a rapidly growing population, with projections indicating that the population could double by 2050. This population growth presents both opportunities and challenges for the continent, particularly in terms of economic development, social services, and political stability. Therefore, out of the given options, the correct answer is "youths", as they constitute the largest proportion of Africa's population.

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Sarkin Dauda is the correct answer. In the reign of Kano's Sarkin Dauda (c. 1421-38), the connection between Kano and Nupe was visible and the major power between them was Zaria, which conquered a large expanse of land.

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Ottoman Turkey was the only significant imperial power in the Northern half of Africa at the end of the 18th century. The Ottoman Empire was a major political and military power in the world during this time, and its reach extended into North Africa. The Ottomans controlled a large portion of the region, including modern-day Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco. This control allowed them to exert significant influence over the region and its peoples, and to shape its political and cultural landscape. At the end of the 18th century, the Ottoman Empire was the only significant imperial power in the Northern half of Africa, as the Portuguese Empire was primarily focused on West Africa and the Italo-Egyptian Empire did not yet exist.

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Arthur Richard had as his main priority a need to promote unity in Nigeria and ensure greater participation of the people in their own affairs. This was as a matter of fact, the surrounding essence of his 1946 Constitution.

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The major administrative change made immediately after the 1914 Amalgamation was the division of Nigeria into provinces. After the amalgamation of the Northern and Southern protectorates to form the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria in 1914, the British colonial government introduced a new administrative structure for the country. This involved dividing Nigeria into four provinces: the Northern Province, the Eastern Province, the Western Province, and the Lagos Colony. Each province was headed by a high commissioner who was responsible for overseeing the affairs of the province. The provinces were further divided into districts, each headed by a district officer, who was responsible for collecting taxes, maintaining law and order, and reporting to the high commissioner. The division of Nigeria into provinces was a significant change from the previous administrative structure, which had been organized along the lines of the Northern and Southern protectorates. The introduction of the province system was designed to make it easier for the colonial government to control and administer the newly amalgamated territory. Overall, the division of Nigeria into provinces was a major administrative change that marked the beginning of a new era in the governance of the country under British colonial rule.

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The main motive behind imperialism has been primarily "to obtain and control a supply of raw materials for industries." During the era of European imperialism in the 19th and 20th centuries, European powers sought to expand their empires and control territories around the world. One of the primary motivations for this was to secure a supply of raw materials for their growing industries back home. These raw materials included minerals, metals, and agricultural products such as rubber, palm oil, and cotton. The European powers also sought to establish trade networks and markets in the territories they colonized, which would enable them to sell their manufactured goods and generate profits. In addition, imperialism was driven by a desire to acquire strategic locations for military bases and geopolitical influence. While there were other factors that contributed to imperialism, such as cultural and ideological beliefs, economic motives were the main driving force behind the expansion of Western empires.

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The Local Government Reform of 1976 was the programme initiated to institutionalize the local government system in Nigeria. The Local Government Reform of 1976 was introduced by the military government of General Murtala Mohammed with the aim of decentralizing power and promoting grassroots development. The reform created a system of local governments across Nigeria, which were responsible for delivering basic services to their communities, such as water, sanitation, and primary healthcare. Under the reform, each state was divided into local government areas (LGAs), and each LGA was to have a democratically elected council responsible for governing the affairs of the local community. The councils were expected to generate revenue, manage local resources, and prioritize the needs of the community. The Local Government Reform of 1976 was a significant milestone in Nigeria's political history, as it marked a departure from the centralized governance that had characterized the country's post-independence period. The reform helped to bring governance closer to the people and empowered local communities to participate in decision-making and development. It's worth noting that while there was a Local Government Reform of 1979, it was a follow-up to the 1976 reform and did not introduce any significant changes to the local government system.

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The Structural Adjustment programme is the correct answer. It was a Programme inaugurated during the Ibrahim Babangida's regime.

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The Centenary Anniversary of Nigeria was a celebration to commemorate a hundred years since the Amalgamation of Nigeria on January 1st, 1914. The Amalgamation was a historic event that brought together the northern and southern protectorates of Nigeria to form a single entity, which was the foundation of the modern state of Nigeria. The celebration was a way to reflect on Nigeria's history, achievements, challenges, and aspirations as a nation. Although the Centenary Anniversary celebrated the Amalgamation, it also recognized other significant events in Nigeria's history, such as the country's independence on October 1st, 1960, and the transition to a democratic government on May 29th, 1999. In summary, the Centenary Anniversary of Nigeria was a celebration of a hundred years since the Amalgamation of Nigeria on January 1st, 1914, which was a significant event that brought together the northern and southern protectorates to form a single entity. While the celebration also recognized other significant events in Nigeria's history, such as the country's independence and transition to democracy, the main focus was to reflect on Nigeria's past, present, and future as a nation.

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The Colony and Protectorate of Lagos and the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria were merged in 1906 to form the Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria. In the late 19th century, the British established a number of colonies and protectorates in what is now Nigeria, with the aim of controlling trade and exploiting natural resources. The Colony and Protectorate of Lagos, which had been established in 1861, was one of these territories, while the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria was formed in 1900. In 1906, the British government decided to merge these two territories to form the Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria. The merger was part of a broader effort to streamline British administration in Nigeria and create a more efficient colonial system. The new colony and protectorate was a vast territory that included a diverse array of ethnic and linguistic groups. It was governed by a governor, who was appointed by the British government, and had a legislative council that included both appointed and elected members. The Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria continued to exist until 1914, when it was merged with the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria to form the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria, which was administered as a single entity until Nigeria gained independence in 1960.

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The Swazi composite refers to the modern-day country of Eswatini (formerly known as Swaziland). Eswatini is a small landlocked country located in Southern Africa, bordered by South Africa and Mozambique. It gained independence from Britain in 1968, and has since been ruled by a monarchy, with the current king being King Mswati III. The term "Swazi composite" refers to the complex cultural and historical heritage of the Swazi people, who are the largest ethnic group in the country. This heritage includes traditions and customs such as the annual Incwala ceremony, which celebrates the first fruits of the harvest, as well as the strong influence of Christianity and Western culture.

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High Commissioner is the correct answer. Lord Lugard was appointed as the High Commissioner of the Northern Protectorate in 1900.

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The Vice President of Nigeria during the 2nd Republic was Alex Ekwueme, under the platform of the National Party of Nigeria (NPN). The 2nd Republic was a short-lived civilian government in Nigeria from 1979 to 1983, and Alex Ekwueme served as Vice President under President Shehu Shagari, who was elected on the platform of the NPN. Ekwueme was a prominent architect, politician, and statesman who played a significant role in the political and economic development of Nigeria during the 2nd Republic.

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None of the listed individuals served as the chairman during the formation of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). ECOWAS was formed on May 28, 1975, in Lagos, Nigeria, with the aim of promoting economic cooperation and integration among its member states in West Africa. However, the individual who played a pivotal role in its formation was General Yakubu Gowon, who was Nigeria's military head of state at the time.

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In the 17th century, Dutch settlers largely relied on black South African slaves to build up South Africa. The Dutch East India Company, which controlled the Cape Colony, needed a large workforce to establish a settlement and grow crops to supply their ships. To meet this demand, they imported slaves from Angola, Mozambique, and other parts of Africa to work on farms and in households. Over time, the slave population grew and became an essential part of the economy. They were used for a variety of tasks, such as farming, construction, and domestic work. Despite the harsh conditions and treatment, the slave population also contributed to the cultural diversity of the region. It's worth noting that while natural resources, government proceeds, and basic social infrastructure were also important factors in building up South Africa, in the 17th century, it was the labor of black South African slaves that played a crucial role in the development of the region.

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Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria and the Northern Protectorate were the constituents of the area that later became Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria upon the amalgamation of Lord Lugard on January 1st 1914.

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The system of imperial military rule had its deepest roots in Egypt. Imperial military rule refers to the political system in which an imperial power, such as a European country, governs a foreign territory through the use of military force. This system had its deepest roots in Egypt, which was a colony of the British Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Under imperial military rule, the imperial power has almost complete control over the foreign territory, and often uses military force to maintain order and suppress dissent. In Egypt, the British relied heavily on the use of military force to control the local population, and established a complex system of military and civilian administration to govern the colony. The roots of this system in Egypt can be traced back to the country's occupation by the French under Napoleon in 1798, and the subsequent intervention of the British to expel the French in 1801. This intervention established a precedent for foreign military control over Egypt, which would continue for more than a century. Overall, the system of imperial military rule had its deepest roots in Egypt, where the British Empire established a complex system of military and civilian administration to govern the colony and maintain control over the local population.

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Unpleasant immigration policy of the foreign government is the correct answer. For reasons of heavy taxation which led to famine, depopulation etc, the foreign government's increased reliance on European Christians including its fight against slave trade, among related other reasons, led tp the Madhiyya revolution.

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A policy central to the Kanem-Borno Empire was that of imperial expansion and firearms trading. The Kanem-Borno Empire was a medieval state that existed in present-day Chad, Nigeria, Niger, and Cameroon from the 9th century to the 19th century. During its peak, the empire was a major center of trade and commerce, and it controlled a vast territory that stretched across the Sahel region of Africa. The empire's rulers were known for their military prowess, and they employed a variety of strategies to expand their territory and influence. One of the most important policies of the Kanem-Borno Empire was that of imperial expansion. The empire's rulers constantly sought to expand their territory and increase their power, often through military conquests and alliances with neighboring states. In addition to military campaigns, the empire's rulers also engaged in diplomacy and trade to expand their influence. Firearms trading was another central policy of the Kanem-Borno Empire. The empire was a major center of trade in the Sahel region, and its rulers were known for their ability to acquire and trade firearms, which gave them a significant military advantage over their rivals. Firearms were often acquired through trade with Arab and European merchants, and they were used extensively in the empire's military campaigns. In summary, the Kanem-Borno Empire's central policies included imperial expansion and firearms trading, which were essential to the empire's military and economic power.

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The repeated attempts by Egypt and Italy to colonize Ethiopia led to the Battle of Adwa. The Battle of Adwa was fought on March 1, 1896, between Ethiopian forces and the invading Italian army. It was a decisive victory for Ethiopia and marked the first time that an African country successfully defended itself against a European colonial power. This victory was significant in that it demonstrated the strength and resilience of the Ethiopian people, and it helped to preserve Ethiopia's independence and sovereignty. The Battle of Adwa is celebrated to this day as a national holiday in Ethiopia and is seen as a symbol of pride and resistance against colonialism.

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The Igbos challenged the British imperial rule as the system of governance did not sit well with the egalitarian nature of their society where no one is designated out-rightly as a political leader.

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Khedive Ismail appointed British officers in Sudan in order to fight against the lucrative slave trade. Khedive Ismail was the ruler of Egypt and Sudan in the late 19th century. During his reign, he sought to modernize and expand his territories, and he recognized that he needed the help of European powers to achieve his goals. In particular, he saw the need to control the slave trade in Sudan, which was a major source of income for local rulers and traders but was also a source of instability and violence. To address this problem, Khedive Ismail turned to the British, who had already established a presence in East Africa and were opposed to the slave trade. He appointed British officers to serve in the Sudanese government and military, hoping that their expertise and influence would help him to combat the trade and bring stability to the region. Under the leadership of these British officers, the Sudanese government launched a series of military campaigns against slave traders and rebellious tribes. These campaigns were often brutal and controversial, but they succeeded in suppressing the slave trade and consolidating the power of the Sudanese government. In summary, Khedive Ismail appointed British officers in Sudan in order to fight against the lucrative slave trade, which was a major source of instability in the region. By working with the British, he hoped to bring stability and order to the Sudanese territories and to modernize his government.

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The Church Missionary Society (CMS) was the first established Christian Church in Sierra Leone for British freed slaves and others. The CMS was founded in 1799 by a group of Anglican clergymen and laymen in England, with the aim of spreading Christianity and combating the slave trade in Africa. The society established several mission stations in Sierra Leone, including Regent and Hastings, and played a key role in the education and evangelization of the people. The CMS was also instrumental in the founding of Fourah Bay College, the first western-style university in West Africa.