JAMB UTME - History - 2019

Bayanin Amsa

Ibibio and Igbo is the correct answer. Although the actual origins of the Efik people are unknown. However, historical oral traditions provide accounts of their migration from Igbo and Ibibio territory (to the North-west of Calabar) to their present location.

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Ojukwu, being Governor of the Eastern Region, immediately declared it an independence State of Biafra seeing as Gowon created twelve states in May 1976 without consultation. This, Ojukwu considered as the last straw.

Bayanin Amsa

Arthur Richard had as his main priority a need to promote unity in Nigeria and ensure greater participation of the people in their own affairs. This was as a matter of fact, the surrounding essence of his 1946 Constitution.

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Oba Ewuare of Benin Kingdom is credited with transforming Benin city into a city-state. Oba Ewuare was a powerful and visionary ruler who ruled the Kingdom of Benin in the 15th century. He is known for his reforms and innovations, which helped to transform the city of Benin into a thriving metropolis. Under his rule, the city was transformed into a city-state with a complex and sophisticated system of governance, a thriving economy, and a rich cultural heritage. Oba Ewuare also helped to strengthen the kingdom's political and military power, making it one of the most powerful and influential states in West Africa at the time. His legacy continues to influence the people of Benin and to shape the cultural identity of the region to this day.

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The first African female President of the United Nations General Assembly is Angie Brooks. Angie Brooks was a Liberian diplomat and lawyer who served as the President of the United Nations General Assembly from 1969 to 1970. She was the first woman and the first African to hold this position. Brooks was a prominent advocate for women's rights and worked to promote peace and development in Africa. Her historic achievement paved the way for more women to take on leadership roles in international organizations.

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None of the listed individuals served as the chairman during the formation of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). ECOWAS was formed on May 28, 1975, in Lagos, Nigeria, with the aim of promoting economic cooperation and integration among its member states in West Africa. However, the individual who played a pivotal role in its formation was General Yakubu Gowon, who was Nigeria's military head of state at the time.

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Ottoman Turkey was the only significant imperial power in the Northern half of Africa at the end of the 18th century. The Ottoman Empire was a major political and military power in the world during this time, and its reach extended into North Africa. The Ottomans controlled a large portion of the region, including modern-day Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco. This control allowed them to exert significant influence over the region and its peoples, and to shape its political and cultural landscape. At the end of the 18th century, the Ottoman Empire was the only significant imperial power in the Northern half of Africa, as the Portuguese Empire was primarily focused on West Africa and the Italo-Egyptian Empire did not yet exist.

Bayanin Amsa

High Commissioner is the correct answer. Lord Lugard was appointed as the High Commissioner of the Northern Protectorate in 1900.

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The major administrative change made immediately after the 1914 Amalgamation was the division of Nigeria into provinces. After the amalgamation of the Northern and Southern protectorates to form the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria in 1914, the British colonial government introduced a new administrative structure for the country. This involved dividing Nigeria into four provinces: the Northern Province, the Eastern Province, the Western Province, and the Lagos Colony. Each province was headed by a high commissioner who was responsible for overseeing the affairs of the province. The provinces were further divided into districts, each headed by a district officer, who was responsible for collecting taxes, maintaining law and order, and reporting to the high commissioner. The division of Nigeria into provinces was a significant change from the previous administrative structure, which had been organized along the lines of the Northern and Southern protectorates. The introduction of the province system was designed to make it easier for the colonial government to control and administer the newly amalgamated territory. Overall, the division of Nigeria into provinces was a major administrative change that marked the beginning of a new era in the governance of the country under British colonial rule.

Bayanin Amsa

The end of the Zamana Masaf∂nt (Era of Princes) led to the centralisation of state power in the hands of the Emperors of Ethiopia. This consolidation of power helped in confronting the Italo-Egyptian invasion in the 19th Century.

Bayanin Amsa

Unpleasant immigration policy of the foreign government is the correct answer. For reasons of heavy taxation which led to famine, depopulation etc, the foreign government's increased reliance on European Christians including its fight against slave trade, among related other reasons, led tp the Madhiyya revolution.

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The Colony and Protectorate of Lagos and the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria were merged in 1906 to form the Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria. In the late 19th century, the British established a number of colonies and protectorates in what is now Nigeria, with the aim of controlling trade and exploiting natural resources. The Colony and Protectorate of Lagos, which had been established in 1861, was one of these territories, while the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria was formed in 1900. In 1906, the British government decided to merge these two territories to form the Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria. The merger was part of a broader effort to streamline British administration in Nigeria and create a more efficient colonial system. The new colony and protectorate was a vast territory that included a diverse array of ethnic and linguistic groups. It was governed by a governor, who was appointed by the British government, and had a legislative council that included both appointed and elected members. The Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria continued to exist until 1914, when it was merged with the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria to form the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria, which was administered as a single entity until Nigeria gained independence in 1960.

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The Great Trek was a mass migration of Boers (Dutch settlers) from British-controlled Cape Colony in the 1830s. The Boers were dissatisfied with British rule and sought to establish independent republics in the interior of South Africa. The motivating reasons behind the Great Trek were: - Insecurity about the conflict on the Eastern frontier of South Africa: The Boers were concerned about the aggression of the Zulu kingdom and other indigenous peoples, which threatened their security. - Restoration of economic, cultural, and political unity independent of the British power: The Boers sought to establish their own independent republics where they could control their own affairs and be free from British influence. - Threat of liberalism by the new colonial regime: The Boers were opposed to British policies such as the abolition of slavery, which they believed threatened their way of life. The option that is not a motivating reason behind the Great Trek is "the fear that the emigration might lead to a decline of civilization." There is no historical evidence to suggest that this was a motivating factor behind the Great Trek.

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The correct answer is the nationwide corruption by the politicians. This gave the military coup plotters the leverage to overthrow the ruling government. N.B: The question tests your knowledge on what most importantly inspired the military disruption of the Nigerian growing democracy in the 1st Republic.

Bayanin Amsa

The division of the Sokoto Caliphate into Emirates was largely due to the geographical reasons of the vastness of the territory under the Caliphate's control. The Sokoto Caliphate was a vast Islamic empire that covered a large area of present-day Northern Nigeria and some parts of Niger, Benin, and Cameroon. The administration of such a vast territory was challenging, and it became necessary to break it down into smaller administrative units for effective governance. To achieve this, the Caliphate was divided into Emirates, with each being headed by an Emir who was responsible for the administration of his Emirates. This administrative structure made it easier to control the territory and provided an opportunity for the decentralization of power. While there may have been some rivalry between the Hausa Jihadists and the Fulani scholars, and some economic factors may have influenced the decision to create the Emirates, the primary reason was the need for a more efficient administrative structure due to the geographical vastness of the Sokoto Caliphate.

Bayanin Amsa

The prevalence of western education is the correct answer. The European interest in expanding missionary works into Africa are as a result of the need to introduce legitimate commerce i.e putting an end to slave trade, eliminating superstitious beliefs and practices through Christianity and civilization, etc. Western education only came as a consequence of the missionary activities.

Bayanin Amsa

The imperialists were for every other reasons interested in Africa, except that they thought of it as an avenue to smoothen foreign relations with African States.

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The colonialists invested in raw materials and industries for their extraction employed both skilled and unskilled labour. All of these activities led to the urbanization of the vicinities around these industries.

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Arisekola Alao is the correct answer. On May 13, 1998 under the Abacha's regime, Comrade Ola Oni, a legendary radical lecturer and activist, Chief Bola Ige, Lam Adesina were notable persons arrested over the May Day riots in Ibadan. They were arraigned before the Chief Magistrate's Court, Iyaganku, Ibadan.

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The Mahdiyya Movement in Sudan overthrew the "Ottoman-Egyptian Regime in the early 1880s." The Mahdiyya Movement was a religious and political movement that emerged in Sudan in the late 19th century. It was led by Muhammad Ahmad, who proclaimed himself the Mahdi or "guided one" and sought to overthrow the Ottoman-Egyptian regime that was ruling over Sudan at the time. In 1881, the Mahdiyya Movement launched a successful uprising against the Ottoman-Egyptian forces, and in 1885, Muhammad Ahmad's forces captured and destroyed the city of Khartoum, killing its governor, British General Charles Gordon. The Mahdiyya Movement then established a theocratic state in Sudan, which lasted until 1898 when it was defeated by British forces in the Battle of Omdurman. Therefore, out of the given options, the correct answer is "Ottoman-Egyptian Regime in the early 1880s," as it was the regime that was overthrown by the Mahdiyya Movement in Sudan.

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Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria and the Northern Protectorate were the constituents of the area that later became Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria upon the amalgamation of Lord Lugard on January 1st 1914.

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The most remarkable achievement of the Buhari's Military regime is the "War Against Indiscipline." The "War Against Indiscipline" was a campaign launched by the Buhari regime in Nigeria to promote discipline and order in society. It aimed to address issues such as corruption, laziness, and lack of punctuality among the citizens. The campaign was known for its strict measures, such as fining or jailing those who broke the rules, and it helped to instill a sense of accountability and responsibility in the public. This campaign was widely credited with bringing about a significant improvement in the level of discipline and order in Nigeria, and it remains one of the most well-known legacies of the Buhari regime.

Bayanin Amsa

Penetration of European merchants capital into Nigeria is the correct answer. As slave trade was abolished, legitimate trade started and this encouraged the European merchants agenda for imperialism (i.e to establish industries, extract and trade natural resources) to smoothly penetrate Nigeria.

Bayanin Amsa

Imperialist powers in Africa used the "Divide-and-Rule Policy" to maintain control and domination over the continent. This policy involved dividing different ethnic, religious, or cultural groups against each other, creating conflicts and preventing unity among the people. By doing so, the colonial powers could easily maintain control and exploit the resources of the African countries without facing much resistance from the local population. In simple terms, the "Divide-and-Rule Policy" was a strategy used by colonial powers to weaken the solidarity of the people and make it easier for them to govern.

Bayanin Amsa

The Alkali Courts were headed by the Alkali judges in the Hausa/Fulani Empire not the Hakimis, who were actually the head of districts.

Bayanin Amsa

The Structural Adjustment programme is the correct answer. It was a Programme inaugurated during the Ibrahim Babangida's regime.

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It is largely and logically smart to trace Africa's poverty increase to the widespread unemployment rate of the youth - the largest proportion of the African population. N.B: as much as almost all of the options are right, the emphasis in the question is on 'particularly'.

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The Nigerian Second Republic, which existed from 1979 to 1983, adopted a Presidential system of governance that was modeled after the American system. This system featured an executive president who was both the head of state and head of government, a bicameral legislature, and an independent judiciary. Under this system, power was separated among the three branches of government, and each had checks and balances to prevent the abuse of power. The Presidential system was intended to promote stability and efficiency in governance by providing a clear separation of powers and a strong executive to enforce laws and policies.

Bayanin Amsa

The inception of state creation in Nigeria is traceable to the regime of General Yakubu Gowon, who was the head of state of Nigeria from 1966 to 1975. During his regime, the country witnessed a major reorganization of its administrative structure with the creation of 12 new states in 1967, in addition to the four existing ones at that time. The creation of these states was part of a strategy to promote national unity and reduce the concentration of power in the hands of a few. It was also aimed at addressing the concerns of ethnic and regional imbalances that had characterized Nigerian politics and governance in the past. Thus, it was under the regime of General Yakubu Gowon that state creation was first introduced in Nigeria, and it has since then become a significant aspect of the country's political development.

Bayanin Amsa

The Royal Niger Company enabled the British Empire to establish control over the lower Niger against the German competition led by Bismarck in the 1890s.Its company-controlled territories were made Protectorates and later amalgamated as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria.

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The repeated attempts by Egypt and Italy to colonize Ethiopia led to the Battle of Adwa. The Battle of Adwa was fought on March 1, 1896, between Ethiopian forces and the invading Italian army. It was a decisive victory for Ethiopia and marked the first time that an African country successfully defended itself against a European colonial power. This victory was significant in that it demonstrated the strength and resilience of the Ethiopian people, and it helped to preserve Ethiopia's independence and sovereignty. The Battle of Adwa is celebrated to this day as a national holiday in Ethiopia and is seen as a symbol of pride and resistance against colonialism.

Bayanin Amsa

Regionalism notable with Arthur Richards may be said to have laid the foundational basis for the later state creation in Nigeria. Arthur Richards was a colonial administrator who served as the Governor of Nigeria's three regions (North, West, and East) between 1943 and 1948. He was a proponent of regionalism, which involved devolving significant powers and resources to the regions, while maintaining a federal government at the center. Under Richards' administration, each of the three regions had its own legislature, which was responsible for making laws and managing local affairs. The regional governments were also responsible for raising revenue and developing infrastructure in their respective regions. Richards' approach to governance was based on the idea that the regions were culturally and economically distinct, and that they would be better able to address the needs of their people if they were given a greater degree of autonomy. His policies were seen as a significant departure from the more centralized approach to governance that had characterized British rule in Nigeria up to that point. The regionalism that Richards initiated in Nigeria set the stage for the later creation of states in the country. In 1960, Nigeria became an independent country with a federal system of government, and in 1963, the country was divided into 12 states. Today, Nigeria has 36 states and a federal capital territory. Overall, Arthur Richards' regionalism approach is seen as having played a significant role in shaping Nigeria's federal system of government and in promoting regional development in the country.

Bayanin Amsa

The Igbos challenged the British imperial rule as the system of governance did not sit well with the egalitarian nature of their society where no one is designated out-rightly as a political leader.

Bayanin Amsa

Episcopal Church is the correct answer. The Baptists, Methodists and Episcopalians were among the first to engage in Liberian Mission as a result of the missionary fervour that gripped Western Europe and America in the 19th Century.

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The crisis of modernization of the 20th Century has primarily led to the growth of Islamic reform movements in many sub-Saharan African countries. As Africa began to modernize in the 20th century, many people began to feel that traditional forms of Islam were inadequate for addressing the challenges of modern life. Islamic reform movements emerged as a response to this crisis, seeking to modernize and adapt Islamic teachings to the needs of the modern world. These movements emphasized education, social justice, and the importance of Islamic values in everyday life. The crisis of modernization included the introduction of new technologies, colonialism, urbanization, and globalization, which all contributed to the need for a new approach to Islamic thought and practice.

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Presently, about 65% of Africa's population is constituted by the "youths". The United Nations defines youth as persons between the ages of 15 and 24 years. According to the United Nations, Africa has the youngest population in the world, with an estimated 226 million youth aged between 15 and 24 years in 2020. This accounts for about 19% of the global youth population. Furthermore, the African continent has a rapidly growing population, with projections indicating that the population could double by 2050. This population growth presents both opportunities and challenges for the continent, particularly in terms of economic development, social services, and political stability. Therefore, out of the given options, the correct answer is "youths", as they constitute the largest proportion of Africa's population.

Bayanin Amsa

The establishment of a public service commission is the correct answer. This was a distinct achievement of the John Macpherson's 1951 Constitution.

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The option that did not spur nationalist drives in British West Africa is "the adoption of the policy of Assimilation." The policy of Assimilation, which was adopted by the French in their colonies, aimed to transform the indigenous people into French people by replacing their traditional customs, language, and institutions with those of France. However, this policy was not adopted by the British in their colonies, including British West Africa. Instead, the British practiced indirect rule, which allowed the local traditional rulers to maintain their power while the British administered their colonies. The existence of diverse political parties, the tolerance of nationalist newspapers, and the unfair socio-political environment all contributed to the growth of nationalism in British West Africa. Diverse political parties gave a platform for different ethnic groups and interests to express their views and contest for power. Nationalist newspapers helped to spread ideas of nationalism and independence, while an unfair socio-political environment that favored British interests over local interests created discontent among the people, which fueled the nationalist drives.

Bayanin Amsa

The London Constitutional Conference of 1957 was aimed at preparing the groundwork for the self-governance and inclusive development of Nigeria. The conference was held in London, UK, between May and June 1957, and was attended by Nigerian political leaders and representatives from the British government. At the conference, the Nigerian leaders discussed various issues related to the country's political future, including the formation of a federal system of government, the powers of the central and regional governments, and the establishment of a constitution for an independent Nigeria. The conference was an important step towards Nigeria's eventual independence in 1960, as it helped to establish the framework for a democratic, federal system of government that would allow for greater participation and representation of Nigeria's diverse regions and ethnic groups.

Bayanin Amsa

The Ife Civilization is most remarkable for its use of terra cotta and bronze heads. The Ife people were known for their impressive artistic skills and their use of natural resources to create beautiful objects of art. Among the most notable of their creations were the terra cotta and bronze heads, which are believed to have been used for both religious and ceremonial purposes. These heads were created with such skill and detail that they have become some of the most recognizable artifacts of African art. The Ife Civilization is therefore regarded as one of the most advanced and sophisticated civilizations in pre-colonial Africa.