WAEC SSCE - Biology - 2016
Question 1 Rapport
The function of the villi in the alimentary canal is to
Détails de la réponse
The function of the villi in the alimentary canal is to increase the surface area for absorption. Villi are small, finger-like projections that protrude from the lining of the small intestine. They increase the surface area of the small intestine, allowing for greater absorption of nutrients from digested food. The increased surface area of the villi provides a larger area for the absorption of nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. The nutrients are then transported to the bloodstream to be used by the body for energy and other functions.
Question 2 Rapport
A cross between two parents produced four offspring's with blood groups AB, BB, BO and AO. what is the blood group of their parents?
Détails de la réponse
The blood group of the parents can be determined using the principle of codominance and the possible genotypes of the parents. Each parent contributes one allele to their offspring, and the offspring's blood group is determined by the combination of the two alleles received from their parents. Since the offspring have blood groups AB, BB, BO and AO, we can deduce that one of the parents must have contributed an A allele and the other parent contributed a B allele. This is because the blood groups AB, BB and AO all have either an A or B allele, while the blood group BO has an O allele from each parent. Therefore, the possible genotypes of the parents are IAIA and IBIO, IAIB and IBIB, or IAIB and IBIO, where IA and IB represent the A and B alleles respectively, and IO represents the O allele. The only genotype combination that can produce offspring with blood groups AB, BB, BO and AO is IAIB and IBIO. Therefore, the blood group of the parents is AB and BO.
Question 3 Rapport
Which of the following structures is not an organ of the disgestive system?
Détails de la réponse
The kidney is not an organ of the digestive system. While all the other options listed (oesophagus, pancreas, and stomach) are part of the digestive system, the kidney is not involved in the digestion or absorption of nutrients from food. The kidney is part of the excretory system and is responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and producing urine.
Question 4 Rapport
The rational and prudent use of natural resources is known as
Détails de la réponse
The rational and prudent use of natural resources is known as conservation. It involves the sustainable use and management of natural resources to ensure their availability for future generations. Conservation involves the protection, preservation, and management of natural resources, including water, air, land, and wildlife, to ensure their long-term viability. It aims to maintain the balance between human needs and the protection of the environment. Conservation practices can include measures such as reducing waste, recycling, using renewable resources, and protecting natural habitats. By conserving natural resources, we can ensure that they are available for future generations to use and enjoy, while also minimizing the negative impact of human activities on the environment.
Question 5 Rapport
The inability of an organism to adapt to its habitat can lead to
Détails de la réponse
The inability of an organism to adapt to its habitat can lead to extinction. Adaptation is the process by which an organism becomes better suited to its environment, through changes in its physical or behavioral traits. Adaptation enables organisms to survive and reproduce in their habitat, and is a key driver of evolution. However, if an organism is unable to adapt to changes in its habitat, it may become less well-suited to its environment, and may not be able to survive or reproduce. This can eventually lead to the extinction of the species. Extinction refers to the complete disappearance of a species from the earth, either through natural causes or as a result of human activities such as habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change. Extinction can have significant ecological and economic impacts, as it can disrupt food webs, reduce biodiversity, and affect ecosystem services.
Question 6 Rapport
The capillarity of a soil refers to
Détails de la réponse
Capillarity of soil refers to how well water rises up in the soil due to the attraction between the soil particles and water molecules. It is the ability of the soil to hold water against the force of gravity. When the soil is dry, it creates a suction force that pulls water from wetter areas towards it, which is known as capillary action. This process helps to provide water to plants and other organisms living in the soil.
Question 7 Rapport
Study the diagram above and answer the question.
A decrease in the number of 11 will result in
Détails de la réponse
The diagram is depicting a feedback loop for the regulation of blood glucose levels. The number 11 represents insulin, a hormone that signals the body's cells to take up glucose from the blood. Therefore, a decrease in the number of insulin (11) would lead to a decrease in the uptake of glucose by cells and an increase in the concentration of glucose in the blood, a condition known as hyperglycemia. This would not result in an increase in urine production, energy production, or a decreased population, but could lead to decreased immunity over time if left uncontrolled. Therefore, the correct answer is "decreased immunity".
Question 8 Rapport
The type of placentation illustrated in the diagram above is
Détails de la réponse
Question 9 Rapport
Use the diagram above that shows the effect of nitrates on water bodies Study it carefully and answer questions.
Another cause that could lead to the phenomenon in the diagram is
Détails de la réponse
The phenomenon in the diagram shows an increase in the growth of algae and other aquatic plants due to an increase in nitrates in the water. One cause that could lead to this phenomenon is the dumping of sewage into the water bodies. Sewage contains high levels of nutrients, including nitrates, which when discharged into water bodies can cause an increase in the growth of algae and other aquatic plants. This increase in growth can lead to eutrophication, a process where the excessive growth of algae and other aquatic plants reduces oxygen levels in the water, leading to the death of aquatic organisms. Therefore, the dumping of sewage into water bodies can have serious negative impacts on the health of the ecosystem and human activities that depend on it.
Question 10 Rapport
Which of the following substances is not usually present in the urine of a healthy person?
Détails de la réponse
Glucose is not usually present in the urine of a healthy person. Glucose is a type of sugar that is normally present in the blood, but it is typically filtered out by the kidneys and reabsorbed back into the bloodstream. If there is too much glucose in the blood, such as in the case of diabetes, the kidneys may not be able to reabsorb all of it and some may end up in the urine. This is why glucose is sometimes present in the urine of people with diabetes, but it is not typically present in the urine of healthy individuals. On the other hand, urea, mineral salts, and water are all normally present in the urine of healthy people. Urea is a waste product that is produced when the body breaks down protein, and it is filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and excreted in the urine. Mineral salts such as sodium, potassium, and calcium are also filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and excreted in the urine, along with excess water.
Question 11 Rapport
Flaccidity in plants is associated with
Détails de la réponse
Flaccidity in plants refers to a state in which the plant cells lose their water content and become soft and limp. This happens when there is a loss of water in the plant, either due to a lack of water supply or excessive water loss through transpiration. This loss of water causes the cell to shrink and lose its turgidity, resulting in the plant becoming wilted. As a result of the loss of turgor pressure, the plant may not be able to carry out important functions such as photosynthesis and nutrient uptake. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is wilting.
Question 12 Rapport
Plant A was seen to appear as Plant B after seven hours
Study the above diagrams carefully and answer the questions.
The term that can be used to describe what happened to Plant A after seven hours is
Détails de la réponse
Question 13 Rapport
Lateral meristem in flowering plants is found in the
Détails de la réponse
The lateral meristem in flowering plants is found in the cambium. The cambium is a thin layer of tissue that is responsible for secondary growth in plants, allowing them to increase in diameter. The lateral meristem is the region of the cambium that actively produces new cells, causing the stem or root to grow wider. The cambium is located between the xylem and phloem tissues, and it is responsible for the formation of the secondary xylem and phloem. This process is called secondary growth and it helps to thicken the stem and roots, providing additional support and allowing for the transport of more water and nutrients.
Question 14 Rapport
Which of the following actions is NOT a voluntary action?
Détails de la réponse
Sneezing is NOT a voluntary action. Sneezing is a reflex action, which means it happens automatically in response to an irritation or stimulation of the nasal passages. When the nasal lining detects irritants like dust, pollen, or bacteria, it sends a signal to the brainstem, which triggers a series of involuntary muscle contractions that force air out of the nose and mouth. Sneezing is a natural defense mechanism of the body that helps to remove irritants and protect the respiratory system. Unlike stealing, fighting, and cheating, which are deliberate and intentional actions that require a decision and choice, sneezing is not under conscious control and cannot be stopped voluntarily. Therefore, sneezing is NOT a voluntary action.
Question 15 Rapport
The function of the villi in the alimentary canal is to
Détails de la réponse
The function of the villi in the alimentary canal is to increase the surface area for absorption. Villi are finger-like projections found on the inner lining of the small intestine. They increase the surface area of the small intestine, which allows for more efficient absorption of nutrients from food. The villi are covered in microvilli, which are even smaller projections that further increase the surface area for absorption. The increased surface area provided by the villi and microvilli allows for a greater amount of nutrients to be absorbed into the bloodstream.
Question 16 Rapport
A noticeable physical appearance of individuals of the same species is called
Détails de la réponse
A noticeable physical appearance of individuals of the same species is called morphological variation. It refers to the observable differences in the physical features or characteristics of individuals within a species. Morphological variation can include differences in size, shape, color, texture, or other physical traits that can be visually distinguished. For example, some animals may have different patterns of stripes or spots, or different shapes of their horns or antlers. Plants may have different leaf shapes or flower colors. Morphological variation can be influenced by genetic factors, environmental conditions, or a combination of both. It is important in helping scientists classify and identify species and subspecies, as well as in understanding evolutionary relationships between different groups of organisms.
Question 17 Rapport
The exchange of gases between the environment and the respiratory organs of vertebrates is referred to as
Détails de la réponse
Question 18 Rapport
Use the diagram above that shows the effect of nitrates on water bodies Study it carefully and answer questions.
The phenomenon in the diagram is termed
Détails de la réponse
The phenomenon in the diagram is eutrophication. Eutrophication is a process that occurs when excessive nutrients, such as nitrates, are added to a water body. These nutrients promote the growth of algae and other aquatic plants, which can lead to an increase in organic matter in the water. As the organic matter decomposes, it consumes oxygen, which can lead to hypoxia (low oxygen levels) in the water. This can be harmful to fish and other aquatic life, and can even lead to the death of these organisms. Therefore, eutrophication can have negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems and water quality.
Question 19 Rapport
In ecology, a community refers to
Détails de la réponse
In ecology, a community refers to groups of different organisms living in a habitat. A community is a set of populations of different species living and interacting in a particular place at the same time. These populations interact with each other in different ways such as competition, predation, and mutualism, and their interactions can have significant effects on the entire ecosystem. Therefore, the community is an important level of organization in ecology, which helps us understand the complex relationships among different species and their impact on the environment.
Question 20 Rapport
Which of the following relationships does not involve two organisms?
Détails de la réponse
Saprophitism is the relationship that does not involve two organisms. Saprophitism is a type of relationship between an organism and dead or decaying organic matter. The organism involved in saprophitism is known as a saprophyte or saprobe, and it feeds on dead or decaying organic matter. This type of relationship is important in the ecosystem because it helps to break down dead organic matter and recycle nutrients back into the environment. In contrast, the other relationships listed - commensalism, symbiosis, and parasitism - all involve two organisms. Commensalism is a relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed. Symbiosis is a relationship in which two organisms live in close association with each other and both benefit. Parasitism is a relationship in which one organism benefits at the expense of the other. In summary, saprophitism is a relationship between an organism and dead or decaying organic matter, and is the only relationship listed that does not involve two organisms.
Question 21 Rapport
Which of the following natural resources cannot be conserved?
Détails de la réponse
All of the natural resources listed can be conserved through various methods and practices. However, if we had to choose one resource that cannot be fully conserved, it would be air. While efforts can be made to reduce air pollution, it is not possible to completely eliminate all sources of air pollution. Additionally, air is a constantly moving and changing resource, making it difficult to control and manage in the same way as other resources. Therefore, while efforts can be made to minimize negative impacts on air quality, it cannot be fully conserved in the same way as other natural resources.
Question 22 Rapport
A sick baby was successfully transfused with blood from the father who has blood group AB.
What is the group of the the sick baby?
Détails de la réponse
Question 24 Rapport
The association between two organisms in which one of the organisms gains and the other loses is referred to as
Détails de la réponse
The association between two organisms in which one of the organisms gains while the other loses is referred to as parasitism. In parasitism, the organism that benefits is called the parasite, while the other organism, which is harmed, is called the host. The parasite gains some form of benefit from the host, such as food, shelter, or nutrients, while the host is often weakened or damaged by the relationship. This can lead to negative effects on the host's health, survival, or reproductive success. Parasitism is different from other types of symbiotic relationships like mutualism, commensalism, and saprophytism because in those relationships, both organisms benefit or at least one organism is not harmed. In parasitism, however, one organism benefits at the expense of the other.
Question 25 Rapport
Use the diagram above that shows the effect of nitrates on water bodies Study it carefully and answer questions.
The source of the nitrates in the diagram is termed
Détails de la réponse
The source of the nitrates in the diagram is fertilizers. Fertilizers contain nitrogen, which is an essential nutrient for plant growth. When fertilizers are applied in excess, the nitrogen can leach into the surrounding soil and eventually into nearby water bodies, leading to an increase in nitrate levels in the water. This excess nitrogen can cause an overgrowth of algae and other aquatic plants, leading to a decrease in oxygen levels in the water, which can harm fish and other aquatic life. Therefore, it is important to use fertilizers judiciously and avoid over-application to prevent nitrate pollution in water bodies.
Question 26 Rapport
The illustration above represents a cross between a colour blind male and normal female.
Study it carefully and answer the questions.
Which of the genotypes are carriers of colour blindness?
Détails de la réponse
Genotypes 1 and 11 are carriers of color blindness. This is because color blindness is a recessive trait that is carried on the X chromosome. In this cross, the male is color blind because he only has one X chromosome, and it carries the recessive gene for color blindness. The female is not color blind because she has two X chromosomes, and she would need to have two copies of the recessive gene to be color blind. Genotype 1 represents the X chromosome that the color blind male passes on to his daughters, and genotype 11 represents the X chromosome that the normal female passes on to her sons. Since both of these genotypes carry one copy of the recessive gene for color blindness, they are carriers of the trait. Genotype 111 represents the X chromosome that the normal female passes on to her daughters. Since this X chromosome does not carry the recessive gene for color blindness, genotype 111 is not a carrier of the trait. Therefore, the correct answer is 1 and 11 only.
Question 28 Rapport
In which of the following insects is group instinct not displayed?
Détails de la réponse
Cockroaches are the insects in which group instinct is not displayed. Cockroaches are not social insects, they do not live in large organized groups like the other options. Cockroaches are mainly solitary insects and they do not work together as a group to build nests or collect food.
Question 29 Rapport
The steps below are involved in the testing of a leaf for starch. Study them carefully and answer the question:
I. Decolorize them
II. Dip decolorized leaf in warm water
III. Place leaf in boiling water
IV. Add iodine solution
The CORRECT order for the test is?
Détails de la réponse
The correct order for testing a leaf for starch is: III, I, II, and IV. First, the leaf is placed in boiling water to kill the cells and denature the enzymes that could break down starch. Next, the decolorizing step removes chlorophyll from the leaf, making it easier to observe the presence of starch. Then, the leaf is rinsed with warm water to soften it and make it easier to spread. Finally, iodine solution is added to the leaf, and if starch is present, the iodine will react with the starch, turning it blue-black.
Question 30 Rapport
A pandemic is an outbreak of disease that
Détails de la réponse
A pandemic is an outbreak of disease that is widespread, affecting a large region or even multiple continents. It is characterized by the spread of the disease across a large population, with high rates of infection and transmission from person to person. Unlike an epidemic, which is typically limited to a specific region or community, a pandemic has the potential to affect millions of people around the world. Pandemics are often caused by the emergence of new strains of infectious diseases or the spread of existing diseases to new populations.
Question 31 Rapport
The function of the villi in the alimentary canal is to
Détails de la réponse
The function of the villi in the alimentary canal is to increase the surface area for absorption. The villi are tiny finger-like projections that line the small intestine. They increase the surface area available for absorption of nutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, by up to 600 times. The villi are covered with microvilli, which further increase the surface area. This allows for more efficient absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream, which is then transported to the rest of the body for energy and growth.
Question 32 Rapport
The maintenance of a constant internal environment in an organism is known as
Détails de la réponse
The term used to describe the maintenance of a constant internal environment in an organism is "homeostasis". Homeostasis is the process by which an organism maintains stable internal conditions necessary for survival, despite changes in the external environment. It involves the regulation of various physiological variables such as body temperature, pH, blood glucose levels, and water balance. Homeostasis is essential for the proper functioning of cells, tissues, and organs in the body, and it is maintained through various feedback mechanisms that operate within the body.
Question 33 Rapport
Which of the following organs is responsible for the production of insulin?
Détails de la réponse
The organ responsible for the production of insulin is the pancreas. Insulin is a hormone that regulates the amount of glucose in the blood. When glucose levels rise in the blood after eating, the pancreas produces and releases insulin to help cells in the body absorb and use the glucose for energy or store it for later use. Therefore, Pancreas is the correct answer.
Question 34 Rapport
Overcrowding in a population does not result in
Détails de la réponse
Overcrowding in a population does not result in commensalism. Commensalism is a type of symbiotic relationship between two species where one species benefits while the other is neither harmed nor benefited. Overcrowding, on the other hand, can lead to competition for resources, such as food, water, and shelter, among individuals of the same species. It can also increase the transmission of diseases and parasites, resulting in death or migration of some individuals from the population. Therefore, overcrowding can have significant impacts on population dynamics, but it does not lead to commensalism.
Question 35 Rapport
Which of the following parts of the ear does NOT contain endolymph?
Détails de la réponse
Question 36 Rapport
A blend of inherited and acquired characteristics shows
Détails de la réponse
A blend of inherited and acquired characteristics shows variation. Inherited characteristics are passed down from parents to offspring through genetic material, while acquired characteristics are developed through an individual's life experiences and interactions with the environment. Variation refers to differences that exist among individuals of the same species, and this variation can be due to both genetic and environmental factors. Therefore, a blend of inherited and acquired characteristics contributes to the observed variation among individuals of a species.
Question 37 Rapport
Which of the following actions supports conservation? To
Détails de la réponse
Conservation is the practice of protecting and preserving natural resources, including habitats and wildlife, for the benefit of both present and future generations. Out of the options listed, protecting endangered species is the action that supports conservation. This is because it involves taking measures to prevent the extinction of species that are at risk, thereby preserving the biodiversity of the ecosystem. By protecting endangered species, we are helping to maintain a healthy balance in the ecosystem and ensuring the survival of the natural resources that we rely on.
Question 38 Rapport
The cells and tissues of the nose, throat, chest diaphragm and lungs from the
Détails de la réponse
The cells and tissues of the nose, throat, chest, diaphragm, and lungs form the respiratory system. The respiratory system is responsible for taking in oxygen from the air and eliminating carbon dioxide from the body. The process of respiration occurs through the exchange of gases in the lungs, which is facilitated by the respiratory system. Therefore, the correct option is respiratory.
Question 39 Rapport
In which of the plant tissues are guard cells located?
Détails de la réponse
Guard cells are located in the epidermis of the leaves. The epidermis is the outermost layer of cells that covers the entire surface of the leaf, and the guard cells are specialized cells that are located in the stomata, which are tiny openings on the underside of the leaf that allow for gas exchange. The guard cells can change shape to open or close the stomata, which helps to regulate the amount of water and gases that enter and exit the leaf.
Question 41 Rapport
The illustration above represents a cross between a colour blind male and normal female.
Study it carefully and answer the questions.
What is the genotype ratio of carrier females to normal males in the cross?
Détails de la réponse
Question 42 Rapport
Special modification which enable an organism to survive in its habitat is known as.
Détails de la réponse
Special modification which enable an organism to survive in its habitat is known as adaptation. Adaptation is a biological process in which an organism undergoes certain physical or behavioral changes that make it better suited to survive and reproduce in its environment. These modifications can be structural, physiological or behavioral and may occur over long periods of time through natural selection or quickly through genetic mutations. Adaptation helps organisms to cope with changes in their environment, increases their chances of survival, and enables them to exploit available resources for their own benefit.
Question 43 Rapport
Scientists who study genetics are known as
Détails de la réponse
Scientists who study genetics are known as geneticists. Genetics is the branch of biology that deals with the study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation in living organisms. Geneticists use various techniques and tools to study DNA, mutations, gene expression, and genetic disorders. They also work on developing new methods to understand genetic mechanisms and how they can be used in fields such as medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology.
Question 44 Rapport
The major problem experience by organisms living in small water bodies is
Détails de la réponse
Question 45 Rapport
Which of the following terms is associated with natural selections?
Détails de la réponse
The term associated with natural selection is "survival of the fittest." Natural selection is the process by which certain traits that are advantageous for survival become more common in a population over time. This occurs through the differential survival and reproduction of individuals with those traits. The concept of "fitness" refers to an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its environment, based on its inherited traits. Those with higher fitness are more likely to survive and pass on their advantageous traits to their offspring, while those with lower fitness are less likely to survive and reproduce. Therefore, "survival of the fittest" refers to the idea that the most well-adapted individuals are the ones most likely to survive and pass on their genes to the next generation, leading to evolution over time.
Question 46 Rapport
The function of the villi in the alimentary canal is to
Détails de la réponse
The function of the villi in the alimentary canal is to increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients. Villi are tiny, finger-like projections that line the small intestine. They are covered in microvilli, which are even smaller projections. Together, villi and microvilli create a large surface area in the small intestine, which helps to maximize the absorption of nutrients from food. As food passes through the small intestine, the villi and microvilli trap and absorb nutrients such as sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids, which are then transported into the bloodstream and carried to the rest of the body. Without the villi, the surface area for absorption would be greatly reduced, and the body would not be able to extract as many nutrients from the food that is eaten. Therefore, the function of the villi in the alimentary canal is to increase the surface area for absorption.
Question 47 Rapport
The direction wind is determined by
Détails de la réponse
The direction of wind is determined by a wind vane. A wind vane is a weather instrument that shows the direction of the wind. It consists of a pointer that freely rotates on a vertical axis and always points into the wind. The wind direction is indicated by the end of the pointer that is opposite the arrow.
Question 48 Rapport
An organism at the start of a food chain which provides the total input energy into an ecosystem is the
Détails de la réponse
Question 49 Rapport
Plant A was seen to appear as Plant B after seven hours
Study the above diagrams carefully and answer the questions.
The environmental factors responsible for the condition in plant B are
Détails de la réponse
Question 50 Rapport
Which of the following scientists did not contribute to the development of genetics?
Détails de la réponse
Question 51 Rapport
TEST OF PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE QUESTION
Answer all the questions in this section.
Study specimen S, T, U, V and Wand answer questions 4 (a) to 4(e).
(a) (i) Name the habitats of each of specimens S, U and W.
(ii) Name the class to which each of specimens S, U and W belong.
(b) State: (i) Four observable similarities between specimens S and U. (ii) five observable differences between specimens S and U.
(c)(i) identify the sex of specimen U. (i) State two reasons for the answer in 4 (c)(i).
(d)State four observable features that adapt specimen S to its habitat.
(e) Construct a food chain using at least three of the given specimens.
Détails de la réponse
None
Question 52 Rapport
(a) (i) What is a habitat?
(ii) Explain briefly three roles of a decomposer in an ecosystem.
(b) Explain briefly energy flow in a freshwater habitat.
(c) (i) State three harmful effects or microorganisms to plants
(ii) State six beneficial effects of microorganism to humans.
Détails de la réponse
None
Question 53 Rapport
(a) (i) List three forms in which living cells exist
(ii) Give one example each of the forms listed in 1 (a)(a)
(b) Make a diagram, 6 cm — 10 cm long, of a typical plant cell and label fully
(c) (i) In a tabular form, state three differences between a plant cell and animal cell.
(ii) State three similarities between a plant cell and animal cell.
Détails de la réponse
None
Question 54 Rapport
TEST OF PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE QUESTION
(a)(i) Cut a pieces of specimen A, place it on the white tile. Add a few drops of iodine solution. Record the observation and result in a tabular form.
(ii) Squeeze a few drops of specimen E on another clean white tile provided, add a few dre Record the observation and result in a tabular form.
(b)(i) State two observables differences between specimens A and B. (ii) Suggest two factors that are likely to be responsible for the state of specimen B.
(iii) With the aid of hand lens/magnifying lens, observe.specimen B. and name an organism that is likely growing on it. (iv) State the mode of feeding of the organism on specimen B (c) ) Make a drawing 6cm-8 cm long, of specimen C and label fully. one function each of any three parts labeled.
None
Détails de la réponse
None
Question 55 Rapport
(a) (i) Explain the term agglutination as used in blood transfusion.
(ii) The table below represents blood transfusion between blood donors and recipients.
| Donor | Recipient | ||||
| A | B | AB | O | ||
| A | |||||
| B | |||||
| AB | |||||
| O | + | ||||
(b) Explain how each of the following organisms are adapted for obtaining food.
(i) Mosquito larva
(ii) Dodder plant
(iii) Grasshopper
Détails de la réponse
None
