JAMB UTME - History - 2019

The Nigerian Second Republic adopted a/an ... system of governance

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The Nigerian Second Republic, which existed from 1979 to 1983, adopted a Presidential system of governance that was modeled after the American system. This system featured an executive president who was both the head of state and head of government, a bicameral legislature, and an independent judiciary. Under this system, power was separated among the three branches of government, and each had checks and balances to prevent the abuse of power. The Presidential system was intended to promote stability and efficiency in governance by providing a clear separation of powers and a strong executive to enforce laws and policies.

The Nigerian Civil war ...

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The Nigerian Civil War which lasted from 6th July, 1967 - 12th January, 1970 was fought as a result of the Gowon-Government's efforts to counter the struggle by the Igbos from breaking away from Nigeria. A reason for reintegration and reunification of Nigeria.

The major administrative change made immediately after the 1914 Amalgamation was the?

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The major administrative change made immediately after the 1914 Amalgamation was the division of Nigeria into provinces. After the amalgamation of the Northern and Southern protectorates to form the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria in 1914, the British colonial government introduced a new administrative structure for the country. This involved dividing Nigeria into four provinces: the Northern Province, the Eastern Province, the Western Province, and the Lagos Colony. Each province was headed by a high commissioner who was responsible for overseeing the affairs of the province. The provinces were further divided into districts, each headed by a district officer, who was responsible for collecting taxes, maintaining law and order, and reporting to the high commissioner. The division of Nigeria into provinces was a significant change from the previous administrative structure, which had been organized along the lines of the Northern and Southern protectorates. The introduction of the province system was designed to make it easier for the colonial government to control and administer the newly amalgamated territory. Overall, the division of Nigeria into provinces was a major administrative change that marked the beginning of a new era in the governance of the country under British colonial rule.

All but one of the following triggered the Mahdiyya Movement in Sudan

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Unpleasant immigration policy of the foreign government is the correct answer. For reasons of heavy taxation which led to famine, depopulation etc, the foreign government's increased reliance on European Christians including its fight against slave trade, among related other reasons, led tp the Madhiyya revolution.

One critical factor that led to the Mfecane was the

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The Mfecane was a period of widespread chaos and warfare that occurred in Southern Africa during the early 19th century. One critical factor that led to the Mfecane was war-created refugee problems. As various Nguni groups migrated and settled in new territories, they often came into conflict with the existing populations. These conflicts frequently escalated into full-scale wars that resulted in large numbers of refugees fleeing the fighting. These refugees often joined other groups, causing displacement and upheaval throughout the region. The violence and instability of the Mfecane had significant and lasting impacts on the social, economic, and political structures of Southern Africa.

The Colony and Protectorate of Lagos and the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria were merged in ... to form

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The Colony and Protectorate of Lagos and the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria were merged in 1906 to form the Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria. In the late 19th century, the British established a number of colonies and protectorates in what is now Nigeria, with the aim of controlling trade and exploiting natural resources. The Colony and Protectorate of Lagos, which had been established in 1861, was one of these territories, while the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria was formed in 1900. In 1906, the British government decided to merge these two territories to form the Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria. The merger was part of a broader effort to streamline British administration in Nigeria and create a more efficient colonial system. The new colony and protectorate was a vast territory that included a diverse array of ethnic and linguistic groups. It was governed by a governor, who was appointed by the British government, and had a legislative council that included both appointed and elected members. The Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria continued to exist until 1914, when it was merged with the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria to form the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria, which was administered as a single entity until Nigeria gained independence in 1960.

The Vice President of Nigeria during the 2nd Republic was ... under the platform of the

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The Vice President of Nigeria during the 2nd Republic was Alex Ekwueme, under the platform of the National Party of Nigeria (NPN). The 2nd Republic was a short-lived civilian government in Nigeria from 1979 to 1983, and Alex Ekwueme served as Vice President under President Shehu Shagari, who was elected on the platform of the NPN. Ekwueme was a prominent architect, politician, and statesman who played a significant role in the political and economic development of Nigeria during the 2nd Republic.

Khedive Ismail appointed British officers in Sudan in order to

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Khedive Ismail appointed British officers in Sudan in order to fight against the lucrative slave trade. Khedive Ismail was the ruler of Egypt and Sudan in the late 19th century. During his reign, he sought to modernize and expand his territories, and he recognized that he needed the help of European powers to achieve his goals. In particular, he saw the need to control the slave trade in Sudan, which was a major source of income for local rulers and traders but was also a source of instability and violence. To address this problem, Khedive Ismail turned to the British, who had already established a presence in East Africa and were opposed to the slave trade. He appointed British officers to serve in the Sudanese government and military, hoping that their expertise and influence would help him to combat the trade and bring stability to the region. Under the leadership of these British officers, the Sudanese government launched a series of military campaigns against slave traders and rebellious tribes. These campaigns were often brutal and controversial, but they succeeded in suppressing the slave trade and consolidating the power of the Sudanese government. In summary, Khedive Ismail appointed British officers in Sudan in order to fight against the lucrative slave trade, which was a major source of instability in the region. By working with the British, he hoped to bring stability and order to the Sudanese territories and to modernize his government.

The particular incident that led to Macaulay's imprisonment, twice, by the colonial power was

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In retaliation to the successful defence of Eshugbayi Eleko as the rightful king of Lagos and the humiliation this brought to the British officials, Macaulay was jailed twice by the colonial power thereafter.

The connections between Kano and the province of Nupe was notable in the reign of Kano's

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Sarkin Dauda is the correct answer. In the reign of Kano's Sarkin Dauda (c. 1421-38), the connection between Kano and Nupe was visible and the major power between them was Zaria, which conquered a large expanse of land.

The head of the administration of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria was titled

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High Commissioner is the correct answer. Lord Lugard was appointed as the High Commissioner of the Northern Protectorate in 1900.

One important characteristic of both recent and earlier Islamic reform movements is the emphasis on the

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The use of African languages as a medium of communication is the correct answer. Islamic reformers, both past and present, actively support the translation of the holy texts into Swahili, Hausa, Fulfude, Wolof, Bambara and Yoruba.

Decree ... was the Unitarism Policy of the Major General Aguiyi Ironsi

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Decree No. 34 of 1966 was the Unitarism Policy of Major General Aguiyi Ironsi. After taking over the government in a military coup in 1966, Major General Johnson Aguiyi Ironsi introduced several policies aimed at consolidating his grip on power and addressing the country's political and administrative challenges. One of the most significant of these policies was the Unitarism Policy, which was introduced through Decree No. 34 of 1966. The Unitarism Policy was designed to replace the existing federal system of government with a centralized unitary system. This involved abolishing the regions and replacing them with a system of 12 states, each headed by a military governor appointed by Ironsi. The policy was also intended to reduce the influence of regional and ethnic interests in national affairs and strengthen the central government's control over the country. However, the Unitarism Policy was highly controversial and unpopular, especially in the North, where many felt it would give undue advantage to the South. The policy was one of the factors that led to Ironsi's overthrow and assassination in a counter-coup in July 1966. Overall, Decree No. 34 of 1966 was a major policy initiative of Major General Aguiyi Ironsi's administration that aimed to centralize power in the hands of the federal government through the establishment of a unitary system of government in Nigeria.

The ... headed under the Chairmanship Muhammadu Buhari was the governing body in Nigeria

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The governing body in Nigeria that was headed under the Chairmanship of Muhammadu Buhari was the Supreme Military Council. This was a military government in Nigeria that was in power from 1983 to 1985. The Supreme Military Council was the highest decision-making body in the military government, and it was chaired by the head of state, which at the time was Muhammadu Buhari. The council was made up of the top military officers in the country, and it was responsible for making all major decisions regarding the governance of Nigeria.

Increase in the number of people living below the poverty line in Africa is particularly because

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It is largely and logically smart to trace Africa's poverty increase to the widespread unemployment rate of the youth - the largest proportion of the African population. N.B: as much as almost all of the options are right, the emphasis in the question is on 'particularly'.

The Swazi composite is the modern ...

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The Swazi composite refers to the modern-day country of Eswatini (formerly known as Swaziland). Eswatini is a small landlocked country located in Southern Africa, bordered by South Africa and Mozambique. It gained independence from Britain in 1968, and has since been ruled by a monarchy, with the current king being King Mswati III. The term "Swazi composite" refers to the complex cultural and historical heritage of the Swazi people, who are the largest ethnic group in the country. This heritage includes traditions and customs such as the annual Incwala ceremony, which celebrates the first fruits of the harvest, as well as the strong influence of Christianity and Western culture.

The system of imperial military rule had its deepest roots in ...

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The system of imperial military rule had its deepest roots in Egypt. Imperial military rule refers to the political system in which an imperial power, such as a European country, governs a foreign territory through the use of military force. This system had its deepest roots in Egypt, which was a colony of the British Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Under imperial military rule, the imperial power has almost complete control over the foreign territory, and often uses military force to maintain order and suppress dissent. In Egypt, the British relied heavily on the use of military force to control the local population, and established a complex system of military and civilian administration to govern the colony. The roots of this system in Egypt can be traced back to the country's occupation by the French under Napoleon in 1798, and the subsequent intervention of the British to expel the French in 1801. This intervention established a precedent for foreign military control over Egypt, which would continue for more than a century. Overall, the system of imperial military rule had its deepest roots in Egypt, where the British Empire established a complex system of military and civilian administration to govern the colony and maintain control over the local population.

All the following except one were the motivating reasons behind the Great Trek

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The Great Trek was a mass migration of Boers (Dutch settlers) from British-controlled Cape Colony in the 1830s. The Boers were dissatisfied with British rule and sought to establish independent republics in the interior of South Africa. The motivating reasons behind the Great Trek were: - Insecurity about the conflict on the Eastern frontier of South Africa: The Boers were concerned about the aggression of the Zulu kingdom and other indigenous peoples, which threatened their security. - Restoration of economic, cultural, and political unity independent of the British power: The Boers sought to establish their own independent republics where they could control their own affairs and be free from British influence. - Threat of liberalism by the new colonial regime: The Boers were opposed to British policies such as the abolition of slavery, which they believed threatened their way of life. The option that is not a motivating reason behind the Great Trek is "the fear that the emigration might lead to a decline of civilization." There is no historical evidence to suggest that this was a motivating factor behind the Great Trek.

An inquiry into the need for a People-led and informed Constitution was central to ... regime

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Arthur Richard had as his main priority a need to promote unity in Nigeria and ensure greater participation of the people in their own affairs. This was as a matter of fact, the surrounding essence of his 1946 Constitution.

... was the only significant imperial power in the Northern half of Africa at the end of the 18th century

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Ottoman Turkey was the only significant imperial power in the Northern half of Africa at the end of the 18th century. The Ottoman Empire was a major political and military power in the world during this time, and its reach extended into North Africa. The Ottomans controlled a large portion of the region, including modern-day Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco. This control allowed them to exert significant influence over the region and its peoples, and to shape its political and cultural landscape. At the end of the 18th century, the Ottoman Empire was the only significant imperial power in the Northern half of Africa, as the Portuguese Empire was primarily focused on West Africa and the Italo-Egyptian Empire did not yet exist.

Regionalism notable with ... may be said to have laid the foundational basis for the latter state creation in Nigeria

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Regionalism notable with Arthur Richards may be said to have laid the foundational basis for the later state creation in Nigeria. Arthur Richards was a colonial administrator who served as the Governor of Nigeria's three regions (North, West, and East) between 1943 and 1948. He was a proponent of regionalism, which involved devolving significant powers and resources to the regions, while maintaining a federal government at the center. Under Richards' administration, each of the three regions had its own legislature, which was responsible for making laws and managing local affairs. The regional governments were also responsible for raising revenue and developing infrastructure in their respective regions. Richards' approach to governance was based on the idea that the regions were culturally and economically distinct, and that they would be better able to address the needs of their people if they were given a greater degree of autonomy. His policies were seen as a significant departure from the more centralized approach to governance that had characterized British rule in Nigeria up to that point. The regionalism that Richards initiated in Nigeria set the stage for the later creation of states in the country. In 1960, Nigeria became an independent country with a federal system of government, and in 1963, the country was divided into 12 states. Today, Nigeria has 36 states and a federal capital territory. Overall, Arthur Richards' regionalism approach is seen as having played a significant role in shaping Nigeria's federal system of government and in promoting regional development in the country.

All except one of the following motivated the scramble for Africa

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The imperialists were for every other reasons interested in Africa, except that they thought of it as an avenue to smoothen foreign relations with African States.

The inception of state creation in the Nigerian military era is traceable to the regime of

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The inception of state creation in Nigeria is traceable to the regime of General Yakubu Gowon, who was the head of state of Nigeria from 1966 to 1975. During his regime, the country witnessed a major reorganization of its administrative structure with the creation of 12 new states in 1967, in addition to the four existing ones at that time. The creation of these states was part of a strategy to promote national unity and reduce the concentration of power in the hands of a few. It was also aimed at addressing the concerns of ethnic and regional imbalances that had characterized Nigerian politics and governance in the past. Thus, it was under the regime of General Yakubu Gowon that state creation was first introduced in Nigeria, and it has since then become a significant aspect of the country's political development.

Oba Ewuare of Benin Kingdom is credited with having

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Oba Ewuare of Benin Kingdom is credited with transforming Benin city into a city-state. Oba Ewuare was a powerful and visionary ruler who ruled the Kingdom of Benin in the 15th century. He is known for his reforms and innovations, which helped to transform the city of Benin into a thriving metropolis. Under his rule, the city was transformed into a city-state with a complex and sophisticated system of governance, a thriving economy, and a rich cultural heritage. Oba Ewuare also helped to strengthen the kingdom's political and military power, making it one of the most powerful and influential states in West Africa at the time. His legacy continues to influence the people of Benin and to shape the cultural identity of the region to this day.

In Sierra Leone, the ... was the first established Christian Church for British freed slaves among others

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The Church Missionary Society (CMS) was the first established Christian Church in Sierra Leone for British freed slaves and others. The CMS was founded in 1799 by a group of Anglican clergymen and laymen in England, with the aim of spreading Christianity and combating the slave trade in Africa. The society established several mission stations in Sierra Leone, including Regent and Hastings, and played a key role in the education and evangelization of the people. The CMS was also instrumental in the founding of Fourah Bay College, the first western-style university in West Africa.

Which one of the following is incorrect?

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The Alkali Courts were headed by the Alkali judges in the Hausa/Fulani Empire not the Hakimis, who were actually the head of districts.

The most remarkable acheivement of the Buhari's Military regime is the

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The most remarkable achievement of the Buhari's Military regime is the "War Against Indiscipline." The "War Against Indiscipline" was a campaign launched by the Buhari regime in Nigeria to promote discipline and order in society. It aimed to address issues such as corruption, laziness, and lack of punctuality among the citizens. The campaign was known for its strict measures, such as fining or jailing those who broke the rules, and it helped to instill a sense of accountability and responsibility in the public. This campaign was widely credited with bringing about a significant improvement in the level of discipline and order in Nigeria, and it remains one of the most well-known legacies of the Buhari regime.

All but one of the following played vital roles in the expansion of the missionary movements into Africa

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The prevalence of western education is the correct answer. The European interest in expanding missionary works into Africa are as a result of the need to introduce legitimate commerce i.e putting an end to slave trade, eliminating superstitious beliefs and practices through Christianity and civilization, etc. Western education only came as a consequence of the missionary activities.

All the following except one spurred the nationalist drives in British West Africa

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The option that did not spur nationalist drives in British West Africa is "the adoption of the policy of Assimilation." The policy of Assimilation, which was adopted by the French in their colonies, aimed to transform the indigenous people into French people by replacing their traditional customs, language, and institutions with those of France. However, this policy was not adopted by the British in their colonies, including British West Africa. Instead, the British practiced indirect rule, which allowed the local traditional rulers to maintain their power while the British administered their colonies. The existence of diverse political parties, the tolerance of nationalist newspapers, and the unfair socio-political environment all contributed to the growth of nationalism in British West Africa. Diverse political parties gave a platform for different ethnic groups and interests to express their views and contest for power. Nationalist newspapers helped to spread ideas of nationalism and independence, while an unfair socio-political environment that favored British interests over local interests created discontent among the people, which fueled the nationalist drives.

The central agenda of the Muhammad Ali's hegemonic rule was the

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The central agenda of Muhammad Ali's hegemonic rule was the exploitation of natural resources for development finance in Egypt. Muhammad Ali was an Ottoman-Egyptian ruler who rose to power in the early 19th century and established a dynasty that lasted until the mid-20th century. He was known for his ambitious modernization program, which aimed to transform Egypt into a modern, industrialized nation. To finance this program, Muhammad Ali exploited Egypt's natural resources, including agricultural land, minerals, and labor, to generate revenue. He also established a centralized bureaucracy and military to maintain control over the country and to further his agenda of modernization. In this way, Muhammad Ali's rule marked a significant turning point in Egyptian history and set the stage for the country's continued development and modernization in the years to come.

The .... was the programme initiated to institutionalise the local government system in Nigeria

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The Local Government Reform of 1976 was the programme initiated to institutionalize the local government system in Nigeria. The Local Government Reform of 1976 was introduced by the military government of General Murtala Mohammed with the aim of decentralizing power and promoting grassroots development. The reform created a system of local governments across Nigeria, which were responsible for delivering basic services to their communities, such as water, sanitation, and primary healthcare. Under the reform, each state was divided into local government areas (LGAs), and each LGA was to have a democratically elected council responsible for governing the affairs of the local community. The councils were expected to generate revenue, manage local resources, and prioritize the needs of the community. The Local Government Reform of 1976 was a significant milestone in Nigeria's political history, as it marked a departure from the centralized governance that had characterized the country's post-independence period. The reform helped to bring governance closer to the people and empowered local communities to participate in decision-making and development. It's worth noting that while there was a Local Government Reform of 1979, it was a follow-up to the 1976 reform and did not introduce any significant changes to the local government system.

Unarguably, the abolition of the slave trade in Britain directly stimulated the

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Penetration of European merchants capital into Nigeria is the correct answer. As slave trade was abolished, legitimate trade started and this encouraged the European merchants agenda for imperialism (i.e to establish industries, extract and trade natural resources) to smoothly penetrate Nigeria.

King Jaja of Opobo was forcibly removed for ...

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King Jaja of Opobo was forcibly removed by the British colonialists because of his obstruction of commerce. He was a powerful African king and leader of the Opobo city-state in what is now Nigeria. He controlled much of the trade in the region and imposed taxes on European traders, which caused conflict with the British colonial government. As a result, the British military forcibly removed him from power and exiled him to the island of Saint Vincent in the West Indies.

The end of the Era of Princes in Ethiopia was a key factor in

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The end of the Zamana Masaf∂nt (Era of Princes) led to the centralisation of state power in the hands of the Emperors of Ethiopia. This consolidation of power helped in confronting the Italo-Egyptian invasion in the 19th Century.

The colonial investments in extractive industries invariably led to the

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The colonialists invested in raw materials and industries for their extraction employed both skilled and unskilled labour. All of these activities led to the urbanization of the vicinities around these industries.

One of the following persons was not arrested over the May Day riots

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Arisekola Alao is the correct answer. On May 13, 1998 under the Abacha's regime, Comrade Ola Oni, a legendary radical lecturer and activist, Chief Bola Ige, Lam Adesina were notable persons arrested over the May Day riots in Ibadan. They were arraigned before the Chief Magistrate's Court, Iyaganku, Ibadan.

Early centres of civilization in Nigeria reveal the history of

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Scientific and technological developments is the correct answer. The history of the early centres of civilization presents us with the discovery and use of woods, irons and other scientific objects for the creation of notable figures, and provision of utilities in the early Nigerian societies. Notable are the Nok Culture, Ife Civilization and the Benin Crafts and Artworks.

The Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria was the resultant merger of the

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Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria and the Northern Protectorate were the constituents of the area that later became Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria upon the amalgamation of Lord Lugard on January 1st 1914.

All the following except one are the communes of the colony of Senegal where the Policy of Assimilation was applied

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Out of the given options, all are communes of the colony of Senegal where the Policy of Assimilation was applied except "Kaolack." The Policy of Assimilation was a French colonial policy that aimed to assimilate the indigenous populations of their colonies into French culture and society. The policy was implemented in different ways in different colonies, but in Senegal, it was implemented through a system of communes. Under the system of communes, certain cities were designated as communes and were given a greater degree of autonomy and self-government. These communes were also opened up to non-French citizens, including the indigenous population, who could become full French citizens by adopting French culture and values. The four communes mentioned in the question, Saint Louis, Rufisque, Goree, and Kaolack, were all part of the colony of Senegal, but only the first three were the communes where the Policy of Assimilation was applied. Kaolack was not designated as a commune until 1914, which was after the implementation of the Policy of Assimilation. Therefore, the correct answer is "Kaolack," as it is the commune that was not part of the Policy of Assimilation in the colony of Senegal.

The Mahdiyya Movement in Sudan overthrew the ...

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The Mahdiyya Movement in Sudan overthrew the "Ottoman-Egyptian Regime in the early 1880s." The Mahdiyya Movement was a religious and political movement that emerged in Sudan in the late 19th century. It was led by Muhammad Ahmad, who proclaimed himself the Mahdi or "guided one" and sought to overthrow the Ottoman-Egyptian regime that was ruling over Sudan at the time. In 1881, the Mahdiyya Movement launched a successful uprising against the Ottoman-Egyptian forces, and in 1885, Muhammad Ahmad's forces captured and destroyed the city of Khartoum, killing its governor, British General Charles Gordon. The Mahdiyya Movement then established a theocratic state in Sudan, which lasted until 1898 when it was defeated by British forces in the Battle of Omdurman. Therefore, out of the given options, the correct answer is "Ottoman-Egyptian Regime in the early 1880s," as it was the regime that was overthrown by the Mahdiyya Movement in Sudan.