JAMB UTME - History - 2021

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The last colonial governor general of Nigeria was James Robertson. He served as the governor general from 1960 to October 1, 1960 when Nigeria gained independence from British colonial rule. Governor generals were the representatives of the British monarch in the colonies and were responsible for overseeing the administration and governance of the colony. James Robertson was the last person to hold this position in Nigeria before the country became an independent nation.

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The method that was used by the Europeans to control the administration of Southern Nigeria was "Divide and Rule". This approach involved dividing the people of Southern Nigeria along ethnic and regional lines in order to weaken their unity and make it easier to control them. By exploiting existing rivalries and tensions among different groups, the Europeans were able to maintain their dominance and prevent the emergence of a united front against their colonial rule. This approach was particularly effective in Southern Nigeria, which was home to a large number of diverse ethnic groups with their own distinct cultures and traditions. By playing one group against the other, the Europeans were able to maintain control over the entire region without facing significant resistance. Overall, the "Divide and Rule" method was a key strategy used by European powers during the colonial era to maintain their control over the regions they had conquered. While it was effective in achieving their goals of dominance, it often had long-lasting negative effects on the societies and cultures of the regions affected by this approach.

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The Abacha regime oversaw the termination of Ernest Shonekan's government. Ernest Shonekan was appointed as the interim head of state by Ibrahim Babangida, who had stepped down from power in 1993. Shonekan was appointed with the mandate to organize new elections and return Nigeria to civilian rule. However, his government was short-lived as it was overthrown by Sani Abacha's military regime in November 1993, just three months after his appointment. Abacha assumed the position of military head of state and dissolved all democratic institutions, effectively ending the transition to civilian rule. Therefore, the correct answer is Ernest Shonekan.

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The leader of the South African's black consciousness movement, Steve Biko, died in 1977. Steve Biko was a prominent anti-apartheid activist and a leading figure in the black consciousness movement in South Africa. He worked tirelessly to fight against the oppressive apartheid system, which discriminated against black people in South Africa. In 1977, Biko was arrested by the South African authorities and was severely beaten during his detention. He suffered a head injury and was denied medical treatment, which resulted in his death. Therefore, the correct answer is 1977.

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Nigeria is a country with a diverse population, made up of many different ethnic groups. Prior to the amalgamation of Nigeria in 1914, the area now known as Nigeria was made up of various distinct and independent kingdoms and societies, each with its own unique culture, language, and way of life. These different kingdoms and societies were made up of various peoples and ethnic groups, such as the Yoruba, Igbo, Hausa, Fulani, and many others. Each of these groups had its own history, traditions, and customs, and they often interacted with each other through trade, migration, and warfare. So, to answer the question, Nigeria was a conglomerations of peoples and ethnic groups before the amalgamation in 1914.

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Nigeria became a member of OPEC since 1971. OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) is an intergovernmental organization that coordinates and unifies the petroleum policies of its member countries. It was established in 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. Nigeria joined OPEC in 1971, eleven years after the establishment of the organization. Since then, Nigeria has been an active member of OPEC, contributing to the organization's objectives of stabilizing oil prices and ensuring a regular supply of petroleum to the global market. Nigeria is one of the largest oil producers in Africa, and its membership in OPEC has allowed it to collaborate with other oil-producing countries to achieve common goals.

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The Berlin Conference was the formalized colonial penetration into Africa. It was a meeting of European colonial powers held in Berlin, Germany in 1884-1885. During the conference, the European nations divided up Africa among themselves, with little regard for the existing ethnic and cultural borders of the African nations. The conference marked the beginning of the "Scramble for Africa," as European powers rushed to claim as much of the continent as possible for themselves. The decisions made at the Berlin Conference had a profound and lasting impact on Africa, shaping its borders and political landscape for decades to come.

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Murtala Muhammed created 19 states out of Nigeria in the year 1976. Before Murtala Muhammed created the states, Nigeria was divided into 12 states. In 1967, the military government of General Yakubu Gowon had created 12 states out of the four regions that existed at the time. These states were further subdivided into a total of 19 states in 1976 by Murtala Muhammed's administration. The creation of these additional states was part of Murtala Muhammed's plan to decentralize power and bring government closer to the people. Each of the 19 states was created with its own capital city, local government system, and administrative structure. This move was aimed at promoting national unity and reducing the tensions between different ethnic groups. The creation of more states also helped to improve the distribution of resources and development across the country. Overall, the creation of 19 states in 1976 by Murtala Muhammed's administration had a significant impact on Nigeria's political, social, and economic development.

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The first sets of imperialists who attempted to colonize Ethiopia were Italy and Egypt. In the late 19th century, both countries sought to expand their colonial empires in Africa, and Ethiopia was one of the few African countries that had managed to maintain its independence. In 1895, Italy launched an invasion of Ethiopia, seeking to establish a colony there. The Ethiopian army, under the leadership of Emperor Menelik II, fought back and defeated the Italian army in the Battle of Adwa in 1896. Later, in 1935, Italy, under the rule of Benito Mussolini, launched another invasion of Ethiopia, which they succeeded in occupying for a few years before being defeated by the Allied powers during World War II. Egypt also attempted to colonize Ethiopia in the late 19th century, but their efforts were unsuccessful.

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The Afrikaans Groot Trek, which was a migration of Boers from the Cape Colony in South Africa, took place between 1835 and 1840. This means that the correct answer is the first option: 1835/1840. During this time, the Boers were dissatisfied with British rule and felt that they were losing their independence and culture. They decided to leave the Cape Colony and head north, where they believed they could establish their own independent republics. This journey, which took several years and was marked by many hardships and conflicts with indigenous peoples, is known as the Groot Trek. Ultimately, the Boers were successful in establishing several independent republics, including the Orange Free State and the South African Republic (also known as the Transvaal). However, these republics would eventually come into conflict with the British Empire, leading to the Anglo-Boer War in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

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The motives of Britain for colonizing Africa during imperialism were political and military interest, economic interest, and humanitarian and religious goals. 1. Political and military interest: Britain wanted to expand its territory and gain strategic advantages over its rivals. They established colonies to serve as military bases, which allowed them to control important shipping routes and ports. Additionally, colonizing Africa gave Britain access to resources and raw materials that were essential for its industrial growth. 2. Economic interest: Britain was interested in the vast resources of Africa such as gold, diamonds, and other valuable minerals. They exploited the natural resources of Africa, exporting them to Britain and other countries. British colonies also provided a market for British manufactured goods, which fueled Britain's economic growth. 3. Humanitarian and religious goal: There were British citizens who believed that it was their moral and religious duty to bring civilization and Christianity to the people of Africa. Some British colonizers believed that they were helping to end slavery and bring about social and economic development in Africa. However, these humanitarian and religious goals were often used to justify the exploitation and oppression of African people. Social interest is not a motive for British colonization of Africa. While some British colonizers may have believed they were bringing social benefits to Africa, such as modern technology or education, these were not the primary motives for British colonization.

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The last ruler of the Ogiso dynasty in the Benin Empire was Oba Owodo. The Ogiso dynasty ruled the Benin Empire before the Obas. According to Benin tradition, the Ogiso dynasty ended when the last Ogiso, Ogiso Owodo, was overthrown by his own chiefs, who then invited Prince Oranmiyan of Ife to rule as the first Oba of Benin. This event is said to have occurred around the 12th or 13th century. Therefore, Chief Oba Eweka, Oba Oromiyan, and Oba Eware were all Obas of Benin who came after the Ogiso dynasty.

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The Omani Empire vied with Portugal and Britain for trade. This means that Oman was in competition with both Portugal and Britain to control and benefit from the trade that took place in the region. The Portuguese and British were major naval powers in the Indian Ocean, and they were also involved in the spice trade that was important to Oman's economy. The Omani Empire competed with these two powers to maintain their control over the trade routes and to protect their own commercial interests. This competition was a significant factor in the history of Oman and the broader region, as it influenced the development of the Omani Empire and the larger geopolitical landscape of the Indian Ocean.

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It is difficult to definitively say that "none" of these options is not an achievement under colonial rule, as each could be considered an achievement in certain respects. However, if we consider the impact of colonial rule on Nigeria as a whole, one could argue that the creation of political regions is not necessarily an achievement. While the creation of political regions did establish a more organized and efficient system of governance, it also perpetuated divisions between different ethnic and cultural groups within Nigeria. This ultimately contributed to conflicts and tensions that have persisted long after the end of colonial rule. On the other hand, the creation of the Nigerian Council and the issuance of proclamations were both significant achievements under colonial rule. The Nigerian Council represented a step towards self-government and greater autonomy for Nigeria, while proclamations helped to establish legal frameworks and regulations that would ultimately shape the country's political, economic, and social systems.

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Arabic is a regional language of the Omani Empire. The Omani Empire was a powerful Islamic state that controlled vast territories across the Middle East, East Africa, and South Asia from the 17th to the 19th century. Arabic is the official language of Oman and has been spoken in the region for centuries, making it a regional language of the Omani Empire. The Arabic language played a significant role in the spread of Islam and the development of Islamic civilization, which was an important aspect of the Omani Empire. Today, Arabic is still widely spoken in Oman and is an important part of the country's cultural heritage and national identity.

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Herbert Macaulay is known to be the founding father of Nationalism in Nigeria. He was a prominent Nigerian nationalist, politician, and engineer who lived between 1864 and 1946. He was born in Lagos and was one of the earliest Nigerian students to study in the United Kingdom. Macaulay was a vocal advocate for the rights of Nigerians and used his platform as a journalist and politician to call for greater representation and self-rule. He founded the Lagos Daily News, which was the first newspaper owned and edited by a Nigerian, and also helped establish the Nigerian National Democratic Party in 1923, which was the first political party in Nigeria. Macaulay's activism and advocacy were influential in the struggle for Nigerian independence. He was a key figure in the constitutional conferences of the 1940s, which laid the foundation for Nigeria's independence in 1960. His legacy as the founding father of nationalism in Nigeria remains significant, and he is celebrated as a pioneer in the fight for self-rule and independence in Nigeria.

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The colonial system introduced by the colonialists in Nigeria was known as "Indirect Rule". Indirect rule was a system where the colonial government relied on local leaders, such as traditional chiefs, to govern and administer the local population on their behalf. The colonial authorities would provide these local leaders with guidelines and directives, and they would then implement these policies in their own communities. This allowed the colonial government to exert control over the colony with a relatively small number of colonial administrators. The aim of indirect rule was to maintain control over the colony while minimizing the costs of administration and minimizing resistance to colonial rule. This system was seen as a more efficient and cost-effective way to govern the colony than direct rule, where colonial administrators would directly govern the population.

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ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States) was founded under the leadership of Yakubu Gowon. Yakubu Gowon was the head of state of Nigeria from 1966 to 1975. In May 1975, he hosted the summit of the Heads of State and Government of West African countries in Lagos, Nigeria. During the summit, the idea of creating a regional economic community was proposed, and on May 28, 1975, the Treaty of Lagos was signed, establishing the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The main objective of ECOWAS was to promote economic integration among West African countries and to create a common market for the region. It aimed to promote cooperation in trade, investment, agriculture, and industry, as well as to improve the transport and communication infrastructure of the region. Today, ECOWAS has expanded its scope to include political and security cooperation, as well as promoting democratic governance in the region. In summary, Yakubu Gowon, the head of state of Nigeria, was the leader under whose leadership ECOWAS was founded in 1975.

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The indirect rule system succeeded in Hausa/Fulani society primarily because the existing administration favored the system. The British colonial government recognized the existing hierarchical and decentralized political structure in the society and chose to rule indirectly through local rulers instead of imposing direct rule. Additionally, the fact that many people in the society received Islamic education also facilitated the acceptance of the system, as it aligned with the Islamic principle of submitting to legitimate authority. The size of the region or whether the society was practicing anarchy were not the main factors contributing to the success of the indirect rule system.

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The political party that controlled the federal government during the second republic in Nigeria was the National Party of Nigeria (NPN). The NPN was a Nigerian political party formed in 1978 and was in power from 1979 to 1983. The party was led by President Shehu Shagari who was elected as the president of Nigeria during the 1979 elections. During the second republic, the NPN was the dominant political party in Nigeria and controlled the federal government.

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The administrative headquarters of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is located in Abuja, which is the capital city of Nigeria. ECOWAS is a regional intergovernmental organization that was established to promote economic cooperation and integration among the 15 countries in West Africa. The headquarters in Abuja serves as the central administrative hub for ECOWAS, where important decisions and policies are formulated and implemented. The location of the headquarters in Nigeria was a result of a decision made by the founding fathers of ECOWAS, who recognized Nigeria's leadership and influence in the region.

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The Savannah region in Nigeria was characterized by large vegetation. The Savannah is a type of ecosystem characterized by grasslands and scattered trees, and it covers a significant portion of Nigeria's northern region. The vegetation in this region is typically grasses, shrubs, and scattered trees, with a relatively open canopy that allows for easy movement and visibility. Due to its large vegetation, the Savannah region is home to a variety of wildlife, including antelopes, lions, and elephants, as well as many species of birds. In addition, the vegetation provides a source of food and shelter for local communities, who practice agriculture and pastoralism in the region. However, the Savannah region also faces challenges such as soil erosion, desertification, and frequent droughts. These environmental issues have made it difficult for the local population to sustain their livelihoods and have contributed to poverty and food insecurity in the region.

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Sierra Leone gained its independence in 1961. To put it simply, gaining independence means that a country is no longer controlled by another country. In the case of Sierra Leone, it was a British colony, which means that the British government was in charge of the country. However, after years of struggle and resistance by Sierra Leonean activists and politicians, Sierra Leone became an independent country in 1961. This means that the people of Sierra Leone were finally able to govern themselves and make their own decisions about how their country should be run.

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The founder of the Mahdia Movement is Muhammed Ahmad, also known as the "Mahdi." The Mahdia Movement was a religious and political uprising in the late 19th century in the Sudan region of Africa. Muhammed Ahmad claimed to be the "Mahdi," a prophesied figure in Islam who would bring about a just and righteous rule before the end of the world. He led a rebellion against the Ottoman Empire and the Egyptians, who were ruling over the Sudan at the time. His followers, known as the Ansar, were successful in establishing a theocratic state in the Sudan, with Muhammed Ahmad as its leader. The Mahdia Movement had a significant impact on the history of the Sudan and the wider Islamic world.

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The Alkali is the official who presides over the Shariah Law court in the Sokoto Caliphate. The Sokoto Caliphate was a Muslim empire that existed in what is now Nigeria in the 19th century, and it was known for its strict adherence to Islamic law. The Alkali was responsible for interpreting and enforcing Islamic law in the region, and his decisions were final and binding. The position of Alkali was highly respected and regarded as one of the most important in the Sokoto Caliphate. The Alkali was appointed by the Sultan of Sokoto, who was the supreme leader of the Caliphate.

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At the bight of Benin, the ethnic group that occupied the interland include the Edo, Yoruba, Urhobo. The Bight of Benin is a bay on the West African coast, and in the past, it was an important region for trade and commerce. The interland, or the interior part of the region, was inhabited by various ethnic groups, including the Edo, Yoruba, and Urhobo. The Edo people are the largest ethnic group in the region and they are the indigenous people of the Benin Kingdom, which was a pre-colonial African state located in what is now southern Nigeria. The Yoruba people are also a large ethnic group in the region and they are known for their rich cultural heritage, including art, music, and religion. The Urhobo people are a smaller ethnic group, but they also have a rich cultural heritage and have made significant contributions to the development of the region. These three ethnic groups, the Edo, Yoruba, and Urhobo, were among the groups that occupied the interland at the bight of Benin, and they continue to play important roles in the region to this day.

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The Sultanate of Oman was divided in 1856 after the death of Said bin Sultan and was ruled by a monarchical system of government. This means that the country was ruled by a king or a sultan, who had complete control over the government and was considered the highest authority in the land. The monarch had the power to make laws, appoint officials, and govern the country according to his own wishes. The monarchical system of government in Oman has been in place since that time and continues to this day.