WAEC SSCE - Biology - 2022
Question 1 Report
The diagrams above are illustrations of two different cells involved in biological processing in mammals. Study them and answer this question.
Which of the following statements about P and Q is correct?
Answer Details
P - sperm cell:
III. Nucleus IV. Mitochondria
Q- Egg cell:
I. Nucleus II. Cytoplasm.
Sperm-egg fusion is a cell-cell membrane fusion event essential for the propagation of sexually reproducing organisms.
Question 2 Report
Diagrams X and Y above are illustrations of transverse sections of a part of plants, Study them and answer this question.
The part labelled Il is the?
Answer Details
Question 3 Report
The table above shows the effect of hormones I,II,III and IV on some parts of the human body. Where (✓) represents effects and (X) represents no effect of hormone on the corresponding part of the body. study it and answer this question.
The hormone responsible for anxiety is?
Answer Details
Question 4 Report
Which of the following blood components has the greatest affinity for oxygen and carbon (IV) oxide?
Answer Details
Question 5 Report
The burning of farmlands ahould be discouraged because?
Question 6 Report
The major source of vitamin A are ?
Answer Details
The major source of vitamin A are egg yolk, carrot, and palm oil. Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that is essential for maintaining healthy vision, skin, and immune function. It is also important for the normal growth and development of cells and tissues in the body. Egg yolk is a good source of vitamin A because it contains carotenoids, which are converted into vitamin A in the body. Carrots are also a rich source of carotenoids, particularly beta-carotene, which the body can convert into vitamin A. Palm oil is another source of carotenoids and is commonly used in many countries as a cooking oil and food ingredient. While other foods may contain some amount of vitamin A, such as liver, green vegetables, and milk, they are not considered to be as rich a source as egg yolk, carrot, and palm oil. Therefore, egg yolk, carrot, and palm oil are considered the major sources of vitamin A in the diet.
Question 7 Report
Diagrams X and Y above are illustrations of transverse sections of a part of plants. study them and answer this question
which of the following statements is not correct? Diagrams X and Y are sections of
Question 8 Report
In which of the following structures is simple sugar produced?
Question 9 Report
The property of clayey soil that prevents it from supporting thick vegetation is its?
Question 10 Report
Which of the followig traits in humans is an example of physiological variation?
Answer Details
Question 11 Report
Which of the following statements about sex linked traits is not correct?
Answer Details
The statement "males are never carriers since they only receive one sex chromosome" is not correct when talking about sex-linked traits. Sex-linked traits are genetic traits that are carried on the sex chromosomes, specifically the X and Y chromosomes. In humans, females have two X chromosomes (XX) while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY). Since sex-linked traits are located on the X chromosome, they can be inherited differently between males and females. Females can be carriers of sex-linked traits because they have two X chromosomes. If a female inherits a defective allele for a sex-linked trait from one parent but a normal allele from the other parent, she can be heterozygous for the trait. In this case, she carries the defective allele but does not express the trait herself. However, she can pass it on to her offspring, both male and female. On the other hand, males have only one X chromosome. If a male inherits a defective allele for a sex-linked trait on his X chromosome, he will express that trait since he does not have another copy of the X chromosome to mask the effects of the defective allele. Therefore, males are more likely to exhibit sex-linked traits compared to females. In summary, the statement that males are never carriers since they only receive one sex chromosome is incorrect. Females can be carriers of sex-linked traits, while males are more likely to express the trait if they inherit a defective allele on their single X chromosome.
Question 12 Report
which of the following features is not an adaptation?
Answer Details
The feature that is not an adaptation is: - Hairy structures on the leaves to reduce water loss Explanation: Adaptations are traits that have evolved over time in response to environmental pressures. They provide an advantage to the organism in its environment, increasing its chances of survival and reproduction. Breathing roots for entry air, flowers raised above water to attract pollinators, and spongy tissues containing gases for buoyancy are all adaptations. However, hairy structures on the leaves to reduce water loss are not necessarily adaptations. While they may help reduce water loss in some environments, they are not always present in all plants and may not confer a significant advantage in all environments. Therefore, this feature cannot be considered a universal adaptation.
Question 14 Report
Study the food chain illustrated below and use it to answer this question.
J-K-L-M-N
which of the following statements about organism L is correct?
Answer Details
Question 15 Report
The process by which the amount of water and solutes in the blood is controlled is known as
Answer Details
The process by which the amount of water and solutes in the blood is controlled is called osmoregulation. Osmoregulation is the process by which living organisms maintain a balance of water and solutes within their bodies. In animals, the kidneys play a crucial role in osmoregulation, regulating the concentration of solutes such as sodium and potassium ions in the blood, as well as the amount of water that is retained or excreted. In plants, osmoregulation involves the movement of water and solutes in and out of the plant cells to maintain turgor pressure, which helps keep the plant rigid and upright. Therefore, the correct answer is osmoregulation.
Question 16 Report
Individuals belonging to the blood group O are universal donors because ?
Answer Details
Question 17 Report
The diagrams above are illustrations of two different cells involved in biological processing in mammals. Study them and answer this question.
Which parts of P and Q fuse to complete the biological process?
Answer Details
Based on the diagrams, the answer is III and I. The process involves the fusion of two cells: one with a large vesicle (cell P) and another with a smaller vesicle (cell Q). The fusion of these two cells allows the contents of the larger vesicle to be released and processed by the enzymes in the smaller vesicle. In more detail, the process involves the fusion of the membrane of the large vesicle (III) with the membrane of the smaller vesicle (I). This fusion creates a pore that allows the contents of the large vesicle to enter the smaller vesicle. The enzymes in the smaller vesicle then process the contents of the large vesicle, and the resulting molecules are released from the smaller vesicle through its membrane (II). Therefore, the parts of P and Q that fuse to complete the biological process are III and I.
Question 18 Report
Diagram J is a protease while diagrams K,L,M, and N are food substances, study them and answer this question.
Protease J would react with the particular illustrated substance because enzymes?
Answer Details
Protease J would react with the particular illustrated substance because enzymes are specific in their action. Enzymes are biological catalysts that facilitate chemical reactions in living organisms. Each enzyme is designed to catalyze a specific reaction by binding to a specific substrate, which is the substance it acts upon. This specificity is crucial for enzyme function and efficiency. In the given scenario, protease J is a type of enzyme that specifically acts on proteins. Proteases are responsible for breaking down proteins into smaller peptides or individual amino acids. When protease J encounters the illustrated substance, which represents a food substance, it is likely a protein-based food. Protease J has a specific structure that allows it to bind to the protein molecules present in the food substance. Once bound, protease J catalyzes the hydrolysis reaction, breaking the protein into smaller components. This process is highly specific to proteins and does not occur with other types of food substances. Therefore, the reason protease J would react with the particular illustrated substance is because enzymes, including proteases, are specific in their action. They recognize and interact with specific substrates, enabling the catalysis of specific chemical reactions.
Question 19 Report
The diagram above is an illustration of some parts of a mammalian ear. Study it and answer this question.
Which of the parts are correctly grouped?
Answer Details
Question 20 Report
which of the follwing pyramids is not used in ecology? pyramid of
Answer Details
The pyramid that is not used in ecology is the pyramid of organisms. This is because the other three options - energy, numbers, and biomass - are the three main types of ecological pyramids that are commonly used to describe different aspects of ecosystems. The pyramid of energy shows the flow of energy through an ecosystem and how much energy is transferred from one trophic level to another. It typically has a triangular shape, with the primary producers at the base and the top predators at the apex. The pyramid of numbers shows the relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level of an ecosystem. This pyramid can have different shapes, depending on the ecosystem being studied. The pyramid of biomass shows the total amount of living organic matter, or biomass, at each trophic level of an ecosystem. This pyramid can also have different shapes, depending on the ecosystem being studied. In contrast, the pyramid of organisms is not commonly used in ecology because it is difficult to measure and does not provide as much information about the structure and function of an ecosystem as the other three types of pyramids.
Question 21 Report
which of the following practices will not maintain soil fertility?
Answer Details
The practice that will not maintain soil fertility is "tendency of becoming waterlogged". When soil becomes waterlogged, it means it is excessively saturated with water, leading to low oxygen content. This condition does not support the growth of beneficial soil microorganisms that are essential for soil fertility. It also leads to the leaching of important nutrients from the soil. Therefore, it is necessary to avoid this practice and implement soil management techniques such as crop rotation, intercropping, mulching, and organic fertilization to maintain soil fertility.
Question 22 Report
An evidence of the occurrence of photosynthesis in an experiment is the?
Answer Details
An evidence of the occurrence of photosynthesis in an experiment is the release of oxygen. During photosynthesis, plants and other photosynthetic organisms use energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose (a type of sugar). The oxygen produced by photosynthesis is released into the atmosphere as a waste product. While the other options listed - release of carbon dioxide, formation of water molecules, and formation and release of fructose - are all part of the chemical reactions that occur during photosynthesis, they are not necessarily evidence of the occurrence of photosynthesis. For example, the release of carbon dioxide could be a result of cellular respiration (the process by which cells release energy from glucose), rather than photosynthesis. Similarly, the formation of water molecules and fructose could occur in other metabolic pathways, not just photosynthesis. Therefore, the most specific and direct evidence of the occurrence of photosynthesis in an experiment is the release of oxygen.
Question 23 Report
A group of organisms of the same species living in a particular place is known as
Answer Details
A group of organisms of the same species living in a particular place is known as a population. Population refers to a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area at the same time and have the potential to interbreed. For example, a population of fish in a pond, a population of deer in a forest, or a population of bacteria in a petri dish. Populations can vary in size and can be affected by factors such as birth and death rates, immigration, and emigration. Understanding populations is important in ecology, as it can help us understand how populations interact with each other and their environment, and how they change over time.
Question 24 Report
The process that brings about the shrinking of a spirogyra cell when placed in a strong solution is ?
Answer Details
The process that brings about the shrinking of a spirogyra cell when placed in a strong solution is plasmolysis. Plasmolysis is a phenomenon that occurs when a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution (a solution with a higher concentration of solutes than the cell). Water moves out of the cell through osmosis, causing the cell membrane to shrink away from the cell wall. In the case of spirogyra, a freshwater green algae, when it is placed in a strong salt solution, water moves out of the cell through osmosis, causing the cell membrane to shrink away from the cell wall, and the cell becomes flaccid. This process is called plasmolysis. Therefore, the process that brings about the shrinking of a spirogyra cell when placed in a strong solution is plasmolysis.
Question 25 Report
The biological association that contributes directly to succession in a community is
Answer Details
Succession is the process of gradual change in the species composition of a community over time. It can be primary, which occurs in a newly formed habitat without any pre-existing organisms, or secondary, which occurs in a disturbed habitat where some organisms already exist. One of the main biological associations that contribute directly to succession in a community is competition. Competition occurs when two or more organisms require the same resources such as food, water, light, or space. As the community develops, the competition for resources becomes more intense, leading to the dominance of certain species over others. This dominance results in changes in the community structure and composition, as some species become more successful at obtaining resources than others. This can lead to a shift in the dominant species as the community develops, a process known as ecological succession. Predation, parasitism, and commensalism are not direct contributors to succession. Although they can affect the distribution and abundance of species in a community, they do not directly influence the order in which different species replace each other during succession. Therefore, the correct answer is option A - competition.
Question 26 Report
Study the food chain illustrated below and use it to answer this question.
J-K-L-M-N
The position occupied by each of organisms J K L M N in the food chain is known as the
Answer Details
The position occupied by each of the organisms J, K, L, M, and N in the food chain is known as the trophic level. Trophic levels refer to the hierarchical levels of the food chain, where each level represents a different group of organisms that have similar functions in the transfer of energy and nutrients from one level to the next. The first level of the trophic level comprises producers, which are usually plants that produce their food using photosynthesis. The second level is occupied by primary consumers, which are herbivores that feed on the producers. The third level consists of secondary consumers, which are carnivores that feed on the primary consumers, and so on. Each level of the trophic level represents a different level of energy transfer and nutrient cycling in the ecosystem.
Question 27 Report
The diagrams above are illustrations of two different cells involved in biological processing in mammals. Study them and answer this question.
If the number of chromosomes in the skin cells of mammals is 46, how many chromosomes would be found in P and Q respectively?
Question 28 Report
Diagram J is a protease while diagrams K,L,M, and N are food substances, study them and answer this question.
After a reaction between protease J and the food substance, the end product would be
Answer Details
Proteases are enzymes that break down proteins into smaller molecules called amino acids. The food substances depicted in diagrams K, L, M, and N are all proteins. Therefore, when protease J reacts with any of these food substances, the end product would be amino acids. During the reaction, the protease J breaks down the protein in the food substance into individual amino acids by breaking the peptide bonds between them. This process is called hydrolysis, and it requires the addition of water molecules to break the bonds. Fatty acids and glucose are not end products of the breakdown of proteins by proteases. Fatty acids are the building blocks of lipids, while glucose is a type of sugar. Water is not an end product either; it is required in the hydrolysis reaction to break the peptide bonds between amino acids. Therefore, the correct answer is option C - amino acids.
Question 29 Report
An accident victim was successfully transfused with blood from the father whose blood group is
Answer Details
Question 30 Report
Two tall plants were crossed and all the F1 plants were tall. when the F1 plants were selfed, some of the F2 plants were tall while others were short what are the possible genotypes of the original plants ?
Answer Details
The possible genotypes of the original plants could be TT and Tt. In this scenario, we are crossing two tall plants, which means they both have the allele for tall height (T). When these two plants are crossed, their offspring in the F1 generation will all be tall because they inherit a copy of the tall allele from each parent (Tt). Now, when the F1 plants are selfed, meaning they are allowed to reproduce with each other, the resulting F2 generation shows a mixture of tall and short plants. This indicates that there is a presence of a recessive allele for short height (t). To have a mixture of tall and short plants in the F2 generation, the original plants must have been heterozygous for the height trait. This means that one parent carried two copies of the tall allele (TT), while the other parent carried one copy of the tall allele and one copy of the short allele (Tt). When these plants are crossed, there is a 25% chance of producing offspring with the genotype TT (tall), a 50% chance of producing offspring with the genotype Tt (tall), and a 25% chance of producing offspring with the genotype tt (short). Therefore, the possible genotypes of the original plants are TT and Tt, where TT represents a homozygous tall genotype and Tt represents a heterozygous tall genotype.
Question 31 Report
The conservation of natural resources is enhanced by the following practices except
Answer Details
Question 32 Report
Use the following processes to answer this question.
I-Ribs move upward and outward
II- Diaphragm relaxes
IIl-Volume of thorax increases
IV-Air is forced out of the lungs
which of the following processes is a direct result of contraction of the intercostal muscles?
Answer Details
Question 33 Report
Answer Details
The region of a plant stem in which cells divide to increase its diameter is called the cambium. The cambium is a thin layer of meristematic cells located between the xylem and phloem in the stem and root of a plant. It produces new cells that differentiate into secondary xylem (wood) towards the inside and secondary phloem (inner bark) towards the outside of the stem. The cambium is responsible for the radial growth of the plant, which increases the diameter of the stem over time.
Question 34 Report
Study the food chain illustrated below and use it to answer this question.
J-K-L-M-N
Organism J is normally sustained by energy from?
Answer Details
Question 35 Report
The table above shows the effect of hormones I,II,III and IV on some parts of the human body. Where (?) represents effects and (X) represents no effect of hormone on the corresponding part of the body. study it and answer this question.
Which of the following hormones are l, II, Ill and IV respectively?
Answer Details
Question 36 Report
The diagram below is an illustration of an experiment on sedimentation of soil, use it to answer this question.
The organic component of the soil is labelled
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Question 37 Report
The diagram below is an illustration of an experiment on sedimentation of soil, use it to answer this question.
The part labelled IV is
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Question 38 Report
The diagram above is an illustration of some parts of a mammalian ear. Study it and answer this question.
The parts labelled I are the?
Answer Details
Question 39 Report
Diagrams X and Y above are illustrations of transverse sections of a part of plants, Study them and answer this question.
The part responsible for conducting water and dissolved mineral salts from the soil to the leaves is labelled
Answer Details
Question 40 Report
Organ level of organization in living things is found in?
Answer Details
The organ level of organization in living things is found in the kidney. An organ is a group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function in the body. The kidney is an example of an organ because it is made up of different types of tissues that work together to filter and remove waste products from the blood, regulate fluid balance, and maintain electrolyte balance. In contrast, a waterleaf plant is made up of different types of tissues, but does not have organs like the kidney. A virus particle is not considered a living organism and does not have levels of organization like living things. Spermatozoon is a single cell and is not considered an organ or a level of organization.
Question 41 Report
The use of a lighter instead of matchsticks is a way of conserving
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Question 42 Report
The diagram above is an illustration of some parts of a mammalian ear. Study it and answer this question.
The middle ear is connected to the pharynx by the part labelled
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Question 43 Report
which of the following statements about living things is correct?
Answer Details
Higher and more complex animals like birds and mammals can reproduce only by sexual means.
Question 44 Report
Diagram J is a protease while diagrams K,L,M, and N are food substances, study them and answer this question.
Protease J would react with the particular illustrated substance because enzymes?
Answer Details
Question 45 Report
The organelles in cells which are also referred to as suicidal bags are the
Answer Details
The organelles in cells that are commonly known as suicidal bags are called lysosomes. Lysosomes are small, spherical organelles that are surrounded by a membrane and contain powerful digestive enzymes. These enzymes are capable of breaking down a wide variety of biomolecules, including proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids. The term "suicidal bags" refers to the fact that lysosomes have the ability to destroy themselves, as well as other parts of the cell. If a lysosome's membrane is damaged, its digestive enzymes can leak out and damage other organelles, ultimately leading to the death of the cell. Lysosomes play an essential role in maintaining the health and function of cells. They are responsible for breaking down and recycling old or damaged organelles, as well as foreign substances that may have entered the cell. Without lysosomes, cells would quickly become overloaded with waste and eventually die.
Question 46 Report
Use the following processes to answer this question.
I-Ribs move upward and outward
II- Diaphragm relaxes
IIl-Volume of thorax increases
IV-Air is forced out of the lungs
Which of the processes take place during inspiration?
Answer Details
Question 47 Report
The total number of caudal vertebrae in animals X and Y is 4 and 27 respectively. The animals are likely to be.
Answer Details
Question 48 Report
Study specimen D and E and answer questions
(a) and (b).
(a)i Name the specific habitats of each of specimens D and E.
D:...........................................
E:...........................................
(i) State five observable structural difference between specimens D and E.
(i) What is the behavioural adaptation that specimens D and E exhibit? (b) State two ways by which specimen E is of economic importance.
Study specimen G and answer questions 2(c) to (e).
(c) On the table below, name the types of teeth present in specimen G and state one function each of the types of teeth named.
| types of teeth | one function |
(d)(i) Name the mode of feeding of the organism from which specimen G was obtained.
(ii)(d) Name the mode of feeding of the organism from which specimen G was obtained.
State three ways by which specimen G adapts its organism to the mode of feeding stated in (d)(i)
(e) Name two mineral elements which are needed for the proper functioning of specimen G in the body.
(a)(i) habitats of specimens of D and E
D: Termatarium/anthill/old logs of trees/mounds dead tree stumps
E: nest/hive
(ii) observable structural differences between specimens D and E
| D/soldier termite | E/honeybee |
| presence of prominent/large/mandible | presence of poorly developed/less prominent mandible |
| stingvabsent | sting present |
| pollen comb | wing present |
| wing absent | presence of pollen basket |
| absence of prong | presence of prong |
| absence of proboscis | presence of proboscis |
| body not hairy[smooth] | body is hairy |
| absence of eye blind | presence of [two/pair/of] compound eyes |
| big in size /big head | small in size /small head |
[iii] (iii) Behavioural adaptation common1o specimens D and E
Social insects/nuptial flight/swarming
(b) Economic importance of specimen E
a. Production of honey
b. Production of beeswax/wax
c. Pollinating agent d. Employment
e. Their stings lead to allergies/anaphylactic shock/difficulty in breathing/rashes/skin irritations
f. Their stings could lead to death.
{c} Table
| Types of teeth | one function of teeth |
| incisor | cutting of vegetation/nibbling/gnawing/biting. |
| premolar | grinding/chewing |
| molar | grinding/chewing |
d[i] mode of feeding specimens G herbivorous
ii ways by which specimen G adapts its organism to its mode of feeding
a. sharp/chisel shaped/curved incisors for cutting vegetation/leaves /food/gnawing/bibbling/bitting
b. broad/ridged surface of premolar ; for grinding /chewing
Presence of diastema/space between incisor
grinding/chewing and premolar, allows the rolling of food into bolus/its separates.freshly cut food/grass from the one being chewed.
e.Mineral element needed for the proper functioning of specimen G
i.Calcium ii. Phosphorus iii. Copper
iv.Boron v. Zinc vi. Copper
vii.Magnesium viii. Iron ix. Potassium
Answer Details
(a)(i) habitats of specimens of D and E
D: Termatarium/anthill/old logs of trees/mounds dead tree stumps
E: nest/hive
(ii) observable structural differences between specimens D and E
| D/soldier termite | E/honeybee |
| presence of prominent/large/mandible | presence of poorly developed/less prominent mandible |
| stingvabsent | sting present |
| pollen comb | wing present |
| wing absent | presence of pollen basket |
| absence of prong | presence of prong |
| absence of proboscis | presence of proboscis |
| body not hairy[smooth] | body is hairy |
| absence of eye blind | presence of [two/pair/of] compound eyes |
| big in size /big head | small in size /small head |
[iii] (iii) Behavioural adaptation common1o specimens D and E
Social insects/nuptial flight/swarming
(b) Economic importance of specimen E
a. Production of honey
b. Production of beeswax/wax
c. Pollinating agent d. Employment
e. Their stings lead to allergies/anaphylactic shock/difficulty in breathing/rashes/skin irritations
f. Their stings could lead to death.
{c} Table
| Types of teeth | one function of teeth |
| incisor | cutting of vegetation/nibbling/gnawing/biting. |
| premolar | grinding/chewing |
| molar | grinding/chewing |
d[i] mode of feeding specimens G herbivorous
ii ways by which specimen G adapts its organism to its mode of feeding
a. sharp/chisel shaped/curved incisors for cutting vegetation/leaves /food/gnawing/bibbling/bitting
b. broad/ridged surface of premolar ; for grinding /chewing
Presence of diastema/space between incisor
grinding/chewing and premolar, allows the rolling of food into bolus/its separates.freshly cut food/grass from the one being chewed.
e.Mineral element needed for the proper functioning of specimen G
i.Calcium ii. Phosphorus iii. Copper
iv.Boron v. Zinc vi. Copper
vii.Magnesium viii. Iron ix. Potassium
Question 49 Report
[c] what are milk teeth?
Milk teeth, also known as deciduous teeth, baby teeth, or primary teeth, are the first set of teeth that humans develop. These teeth usually start to emerge around 6 months of age and are gradually replaced by permanent teeth from around 6 years old onwards. Milk teeth serve several important functions, including aiding in speech development, facilitating proper chewing and digestion of food, and holding space in the jaw for the eventual eruption of permanent teeth. Milk teeth are smaller and whiter in color than permanent teeth and have thinner enamel, which makes them more prone to decay and cavities. It is important to take care of milk teeth by brushing them regularly and limiting sugary foods and drinks to help prevent tooth decay. In summary, milk teeth are the first set of teeth that humans develop, which serve important functions for proper chewing and digestion of food, speech development, and holding space for permanent teeth.
Answer Details
Milk teeth, also known as deciduous teeth, baby teeth, or primary teeth, are the first set of teeth that humans develop. These teeth usually start to emerge around 6 months of age and are gradually replaced by permanent teeth from around 6 years old onwards. Milk teeth serve several important functions, including aiding in speech development, facilitating proper chewing and digestion of food, and holding space in the jaw for the eventual eruption of permanent teeth. Milk teeth are smaller and whiter in color than permanent teeth and have thinner enamel, which makes them more prone to decay and cavities. It is important to take care of milk teeth by brushing them regularly and limiting sugary foods and drinks to help prevent tooth decay. In summary, milk teeth are the first set of teeth that humans develop, which serve important functions for proper chewing and digestion of food, speech development, and holding space for permanent teeth.
Question 50 Report
(a)(i) State three differences between the alimentary canals of earthworm and cockroach. (ii) State three similarities between the alimentary canals of earthworm and cockroach.
(b) The diagram below is an illustration of a biological cycle. Study it and answer questions (b)(i) to (b)(iii).
(i) Name the biological cycle. (ii) Explain briefly three roles played by plants and animals in the cycle. (iii) Name the process that occurs at X, Y and Z.
(c) Complete the table below.
| Organs associated with excretion in human | Three diseases that affect the organ |
|---|---|
(d)(i) What is decay of organic matter? (ii) Name two groups of organisms that cause decay of organic matter. (iii) State one other factor that causes decay. (iv) Name the biological cycle that involves decay.
(e) Explain briefly the mode of nutrition in carnivorous plants.
5(a)(i) Differences between the alimentary canals of earthworm and cockroach
| Earthworm | Cockroach |
|---|---|
| The alimentary canal is almost straight, extending from the anterior mouth to the posterior anus. | The alimentary canal is coiled and is differentiated into foregut, midgut and hindgut. |
| It has no gastric caeca. | It has gastric caeca at the junction of the foregut and midgut, which secrete digestive enzymes. |
| Its intestine has a typhlosole, which increases the surface area for absorption. | Its midgut has no typhlosole; instead, it has numerous gastric caeca. |
| No Malpighian tubules open into its alimentary canal. | Malpighian tubules open into the alimentary canal at the junction of the midgut and hindgut. |
5(a)(ii) Similarities between the alimentary canals of earthworm and cockroach
- Each has a complete alimentary canal with a mouth and an anus.
- Each has a pharynx, oesophagus, crop, gizzard and intestine.
- In each, food is digested, absorbed through the gut wall and undigested materials are egested through the anus.
5(b)(i) Name of biological cycle
The cycle is the carbon cycle.
Roles of plants and animals in the carbon cycle
- Green plants remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during photosynthesis and convert it into organic food substances.
- Animals obtain carbon compounds by feeding on plants or on other animals.
- Plants and animals release carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere during respiration. When they die, decomposers break down their remains and return carbon compounds to the environment.
5(b)(ii) Processes occurring at X, Y and Z
| Label | Process |
|---|---|
| X | Photosynthesis |
| Y | Respiration |
| Z | Decay or decomposition |
5(c) Completed table
| Organ associated with excretion in humans | Three diseases that affect the organ |
|---|---|
| Kidney |
|
5(d)(i) Decay of organic matter is the breakdown of dead plants, dead animals and their wastes into simpler substances.
5(d)(ii) The two groups of organisms that cause decay are bacteria and fungi.
5(d)(iii) Moisture or water is one factor that promotes decay.
5(d)(iv) The biological cycle involving decay is the carbon cycle.
5(e) Carnivorous plants are mainly autotrophic because they manufacture carbohydrates by photosynthesis. However, they trap small animals, especially insects, using modified leaves such as pitchers or snap traps. Enzymes digest the trapped animals, and the plants absorb mineral salts, especially nitrogen compounds, from them. This enables the plants to survive in nitrogen-deficient soils.
Answer Details
5(a)(i) Differences between the alimentary canals of earthworm and cockroach
| Earthworm | Cockroach |
|---|---|
| The alimentary canal is almost straight, extending from the anterior mouth to the posterior anus. | The alimentary canal is coiled and is differentiated into foregut, midgut and hindgut. |
| It has no gastric caeca. | It has gastric caeca at the junction of the foregut and midgut, which secrete digestive enzymes. |
| Its intestine has a typhlosole, which increases the surface area for absorption. | Its midgut has no typhlosole; instead, it has numerous gastric caeca. |
| No Malpighian tubules open into its alimentary canal. | Malpighian tubules open into the alimentary canal at the junction of the midgut and hindgut. |
5(a)(ii) Similarities between the alimentary canals of earthworm and cockroach
- Each has a complete alimentary canal with a mouth and an anus.
- Each has a pharynx, oesophagus, crop, gizzard and intestine.
- In each, food is digested, absorbed through the gut wall and undigested materials are egested through the anus.
5(b)(i) Name of biological cycle
The cycle is the carbon cycle.
Roles of plants and animals in the carbon cycle
- Green plants remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during photosynthesis and convert it into organic food substances.
- Animals obtain carbon compounds by feeding on plants or on other animals.
- Plants and animals release carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere during respiration. When they die, decomposers break down their remains and return carbon compounds to the environment.
5(b)(ii) Processes occurring at X, Y and Z
| Label | Process |
|---|---|
| X | Photosynthesis |
| Y | Respiration |
| Z | Decay or decomposition |
5(c) Completed table
| Organ associated with excretion in humans | Three diseases that affect the organ |
|---|---|
| Kidney |
|
5(d)(i) Decay of organic matter is the breakdown of dead plants, dead animals and their wastes into simpler substances.
5(d)(ii) The two groups of organisms that cause decay are bacteria and fungi.
5(d)(iii) Moisture or water is one factor that promotes decay.
5(d)(iv) The biological cycle involving decay is the carbon cycle.
5(e) Carnivorous plants are mainly autotrophic because they manufacture carbohydrates by photosynthesis. However, they trap small animals, especially insects, using modified leaves such as pitchers or snap traps. Enzymes digest the trapped animals, and the plants absorb mineral salts, especially nitrogen compounds, from them. This enables the plants to survive in nitrogen-deficient soils.
Question 51 Report
b[i] State three differences between the definition of a herbivore and a carnivore
A herbivore and a carnivore are two types of animals that have different feeding habits. Herbivores primarily eat plants, while carnivores primarily eat other animals. Here are three differences between the definitions of herbivores and carnivores: 1. Feeding Habits: Herbivores are animals that consume only plants, while carnivores are animals that consume only other animals. This means that herbivores have adaptations such as long intestines and specialized teeth for grinding and breaking down tough plant material, while carnivores have adaptations such as sharp teeth and strong jaws for catching and tearing apart their prey. 2. Nutrient Requirements: Herbivores and carnivores have different nutrient requirements. Herbivores need to consume a large quantity of plant material to obtain enough energy and nutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, and fiber. Carnivores, on the other hand, obtain their energy and nutrients from consuming other animals, which provide them with high-quality protein and fat. 3. Digestive System: Herbivores and carnivores have different digestive systems. Herbivores have a longer digestive tract and more complex digestive system, including a specialized stomach, multiple stomach chambers, and microorganisms in their gut that help break down plant material. Carnivores, on the other hand, have a shorter digestive tract and a simpler digestive system, as they primarily consume meat, which is easier to digest.
Answer Details
A herbivore and a carnivore are two types of animals that have different feeding habits. Herbivores primarily eat plants, while carnivores primarily eat other animals. Here are three differences between the definitions of herbivores and carnivores: 1. Feeding Habits: Herbivores are animals that consume only plants, while carnivores are animals that consume only other animals. This means that herbivores have adaptations such as long intestines and specialized teeth for grinding and breaking down tough plant material, while carnivores have adaptations such as sharp teeth and strong jaws for catching and tearing apart their prey. 2. Nutrient Requirements: Herbivores and carnivores have different nutrient requirements. Herbivores need to consume a large quantity of plant material to obtain enough energy and nutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, and fiber. Carnivores, on the other hand, obtain their energy and nutrients from consuming other animals, which provide them with high-quality protein and fat. 3. Digestive System: Herbivores and carnivores have different digestive systems. Herbivores have a longer digestive tract and more complex digestive system, including a specialized stomach, multiple stomach chambers, and microorganisms in their gut that help break down plant material. Carnivores, on the other hand, have a shorter digestive tract and a simpler digestive system, as they primarily consume meat, which is easier to digest.
Question 52 Report
Study specimens H, K, L, M and N and answer questions (a) to (f).
(a) State two observable structural differences between: (i) specimens H and L; (ii) specimens K and M.
(b)(i) State two ways each by which specimens H and M adapt the organisms to their modes of life. (ii) Name two types of food that the organism that possesses specimen H feeds on.
(c) Make a drawing, 8 cm to 10 cm long, of specimen K.
(d) Name one habitat of the organism that possesses specimen K.
(e) Name one feeding habit of each of the organisms that possesses specimen H and L.
(f) State two observable similarities between specimens: (i) H and L; (ii) K and M.
(a)
(i) Specimens H and L
- H has a short, stout, conical beak, whereas L has a long, slender, pointed beak.
- H has strong feet with claws suited for scratching the ground, whereas L has feet adapted mainly for perching.
(ii) Specimens K and M
- K has fins, whereas M has paddle-like flippers.
- K has a scaly body covering, whereas M has a smooth skin without scales.
(b)(i) Adaptations
| Specimen | Adaptive features |
|---|---|
| H | Its short, strong conical beak is used for picking and cracking seeds. Its strong clawed feet enable it to scratch the ground in search of food. |
| M | Its streamlined body reduces resistance while moving in water. Its flippers and powerful tail aid swimming and propulsion. |
(b)(ii) The organism possessing specimen H feeds on seeds or grains and insects.
(c) Drawing of specimen K, showing a fish about 8 cm to 10 cm long.
(d) One habitat of the organism possessing specimen K is a freshwater pond.
(e)
| Specimen | Feeding habit |
|---|---|
| H | Granivorous or seed-feeding. |
| L | Insectivorous. |
(f)
(i) H and L: Both have beaks, and both possess feathers and wings.
(ii) K and M: Both have streamlined bodies, and both have tails used in movement through water.
Answer Details
(a)
(i) Specimens H and L
- H has a short, stout, conical beak, whereas L has a long, slender, pointed beak.
- H has strong feet with claws suited for scratching the ground, whereas L has feet adapted mainly for perching.
(ii) Specimens K and M
- K has fins, whereas M has paddle-like flippers.
- K has a scaly body covering, whereas M has a smooth skin without scales.
(b)(i) Adaptations
| Specimen | Adaptive features |
|---|---|
| H | Its short, strong conical beak is used for picking and cracking seeds. Its strong clawed feet enable it to scratch the ground in search of food. |
| M | Its streamlined body reduces resistance while moving in water. Its flippers and powerful tail aid swimming and propulsion. |
(b)(ii) The organism possessing specimen H feeds on seeds or grains and insects.
(c) Drawing of specimen K, showing a fish about 8 cm to 10 cm long.
(d) One habitat of the organism possessing specimen K is a freshwater pond.
(e)
| Specimen | Feeding habit |
|---|---|
| H | Granivorous or seed-feeding. |
| L | Insectivorous. |
(f)
(i) H and L: Both have beaks, and both possess feathers and wings.
(ii) K and M: Both have streamlined bodies, and both have tails used in movement through water.
Question 53 Report
(a)(i) What is an ecological niche?
(i) State five roles played by a mango tree in its ecological niche.
(b)i) State two reasons why ecologists use sampling techniques in population studies.
(i) State four examples of sampling techniques used in population studies.
(c)Name four types of fingerprints in humans.
(d)) Name the plant used by Gregor Mendel in his experiment.
(ii) State two reasons why the plant named in 3(d) was used.
(a) Ecological niche: An ecological niche refers to the specific role and position that an organism occupies within an ecosystem. It includes the interactions and relationships of the organism with its environment, including other organisms, resources, and physical factors. Essentially, the ecological niche describes how an organism fits into its ecosystem and the functions it performs within that system. (i) Roles played by a mango tree in its ecological niche: 1. Primary producer: Mango trees are photosynthetic organisms, converting sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis. They produce organic compounds (such as sugars) using carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight. 2. Habitat provider: Mango trees provide shelter and habitat for various organisms such as birds, insects, and small mammals. They offer nesting sites, food sources, and protection from predators. 3. Oxygen producer: Through photosynthesis, mango trees release oxygen into the atmosphere, contributing to the oxygen supply necessary for many organisms to survive. 4. Food source: Mango trees bear fruit, which serves as a food source for animals, including humans. The fruits provide nourishment and contribute to the diet and survival of many organisms. 5. Soil stabilization: The roots of mango trees help prevent soil erosion by binding the soil particles together, reducing the risk of landslides and maintaining the stability of the surrounding environment. (b) Ecologists use sampling techniques in population studies for two main reasons: (i) Reasons for using sampling techniques in population studies: 1. Practicality: It is often impossible or impractical to study an entire population due to factors such as time, cost, or logistics. Sampling allows ecologists to gather data from a representative subset of the population, providing insights into the larger population as a whole. 2. Accuracy: When properly designed and executed, sampling techniques can provide accurate and reliable information about a population. By collecting data from a well-selected sample, ecologists can make inferences and draw conclusions about the population with a reasonable level of confidence. (i) Examples of sampling techniques used in population studies: 1. Random sampling: This involves randomly selecting individuals from the population, ensuring that each member has an equal chance of being chosen. It helps to avoid bias and provides a representative sample. 2. Stratified sampling: This technique involves dividing the population into subgroups or strata based on specific characteristics and then randomly selecting individuals from each subgroup. It ensures representation from different groups within the population. (c) Types of fingerprints in humans: The four main types of fingerprints in humans are: 1. Loop: This type of fingerprint forms ridges that enter from one side, curve, and exit from the same side. It resembles a loop shape. 2. Whorl: Whorl fingerprints have ridges that form circular or spiral patterns. They have at least one ridge that makes a complete circuit. 3. Arch: Arch fingerprints have ridges that enter from one side and exit from the other side, forming a slight rise in the center. They do not make loops or circles. 4. Composite: Composite fingerprints are a combination of two or more of the above types. They may exhibit characteristics of both loop and whorl, or loop and arch patterns. (d) The plant used by Gregor Mendel in his experiment: The plant used by Gregor Mendel in his experiments on inheritance and genetics was the garden pea plant, scientifically known as Pisum sativum. (ii) Reasons why the garden pea plant was used: 1. Easy to cultivate: The garden pea plant is relatively easy to grow and cultivate, allowing for large-scale experiments and the controlled breeding of different varieties. 2. Observable traits: The garden pea plant exhibits distinct and easily observable traits, such as flower color (purple or white), seed shape (round or wrinkled), and plant height (tall or short). These traits
Answer Details
(a) Ecological niche: An ecological niche refers to the specific role and position that an organism occupies within an ecosystem. It includes the interactions and relationships of the organism with its environment, including other organisms, resources, and physical factors. Essentially, the ecological niche describes how an organism fits into its ecosystem and the functions it performs within that system. (i) Roles played by a mango tree in its ecological niche: 1. Primary producer: Mango trees are photosynthetic organisms, converting sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis. They produce organic compounds (such as sugars) using carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight. 2. Habitat provider: Mango trees provide shelter and habitat for various organisms such as birds, insects, and small mammals. They offer nesting sites, food sources, and protection from predators. 3. Oxygen producer: Through photosynthesis, mango trees release oxygen into the atmosphere, contributing to the oxygen supply necessary for many organisms to survive. 4. Food source: Mango trees bear fruit, which serves as a food source for animals, including humans. The fruits provide nourishment and contribute to the diet and survival of many organisms. 5. Soil stabilization: The roots of mango trees help prevent soil erosion by binding the soil particles together, reducing the risk of landslides and maintaining the stability of the surrounding environment. (b) Ecologists use sampling techniques in population studies for two main reasons: (i) Reasons for using sampling techniques in population studies: 1. Practicality: It is often impossible or impractical to study an entire population due to factors such as time, cost, or logistics. Sampling allows ecologists to gather data from a representative subset of the population, providing insights into the larger population as a whole. 2. Accuracy: When properly designed and executed, sampling techniques can provide accurate and reliable information about a population. By collecting data from a well-selected sample, ecologists can make inferences and draw conclusions about the population with a reasonable level of confidence. (i) Examples of sampling techniques used in population studies: 1. Random sampling: This involves randomly selecting individuals from the population, ensuring that each member has an equal chance of being chosen. It helps to avoid bias and provides a representative sample. 2. Stratified sampling: This technique involves dividing the population into subgroups or strata based on specific characteristics and then randomly selecting individuals from each subgroup. It ensures representation from different groups within the population. (c) Types of fingerprints in humans: The four main types of fingerprints in humans are: 1. Loop: This type of fingerprint forms ridges that enter from one side, curve, and exit from the same side. It resembles a loop shape. 2. Whorl: Whorl fingerprints have ridges that form circular or spiral patterns. They have at least one ridge that makes a complete circuit. 3. Arch: Arch fingerprints have ridges that enter from one side and exit from the other side, forming a slight rise in the center. They do not make loops or circles. 4. Composite: Composite fingerprints are a combination of two or more of the above types. They may exhibit characteristics of both loop and whorl, or loop and arch patterns. (d) The plant used by Gregor Mendel in his experiment: The plant used by Gregor Mendel in his experiments on inheritance and genetics was the garden pea plant, scientifically known as Pisum sativum. (ii) Reasons why the garden pea plant was used: 1. Easy to cultivate: The garden pea plant is relatively easy to grow and cultivate, allowing for large-scale experiments and the controlled breeding of different varieties. 2. Observable traits: The garden pea plant exhibits distinct and easily observable traits, such as flower color (purple or white), seed shape (round or wrinkled), and plant height (tall or short). These traits
Question 54 Report
ai What is a cell?
ii name three scientists that are associated with the discovery of the cell.
b. make a diagram, 6cm to 8cm long of a plant cell and label only the organelle responsible for cell production
name one blood cell in humans that does not have the oraganelle labelled in [b]i.
iii What is the biological implication of the cell named in (b)(i) not possessing the organelle responsible for
cell reproduction?
(c) List six organelles found in a plant celI.
(a)(i) A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life; it is the smallest unit capable of carrying out all the activities necessary for the survival of a living organism.
(a)(ii) Three scientists associated with the discovery of the cell are:
- Robert Hooke
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek
- Matthias Schleiden
(b)(i) A labelled diagram of a plant cell (drawn 6 cm to 8 cm long), with the nucleus - the organelle responsible for cell reproduction (cell division) - clearly labelled, is shown below.
The blood cell in humans that does not possess the nucleus is the red blood cell (erythrocyte). The mature mammalian red blood cell has no nucleus.
(b)(iii) Because the red blood cell has no nucleus, it lacks the DNA that controls cell division. The biological implications are:
- It cannot divide, reproduce or replace itself, so it has a short, limited lifespan (about 120 days) and must be continually replaced by new cells made in the red bone marrow.
- It cannot repair itself or synthesise new proteins and enzymes once damaged.
- The absence of the nucleus creates more internal space for haemoglobin, increasing the cell's oxygen-carrying capacity.
(c) Six organelles found in a plant cell:
- Nucleus
- Chloroplast
- Mitochondrion
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Golgi apparatus
- Ribosome
Answer Details
(a)(i) A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life; it is the smallest unit capable of carrying out all the activities necessary for the survival of a living organism.
(a)(ii) Three scientists associated with the discovery of the cell are:
- Robert Hooke
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek
- Matthias Schleiden
(b)(i) A labelled diagram of a plant cell (drawn 6 cm to 8 cm long), with the nucleus - the organelle responsible for cell reproduction (cell division) - clearly labelled, is shown below.
The blood cell in humans that does not possess the nucleus is the red blood cell (erythrocyte). The mature mammalian red blood cell has no nucleus.
(b)(iii) Because the red blood cell has no nucleus, it lacks the DNA that controls cell division. The biological implications are:
- It cannot divide, reproduce or replace itself, so it has a short, limited lifespan (about 120 days) and must be continually replaced by new cells made in the red bone marrow.
- It cannot repair itself or synthesise new proteins and enzymes once damaged.
- The absence of the nucleus creates more internal space for haemoglobin, increasing the cell's oxygen-carrying capacity.
(c) Six organelles found in a plant cell:
- Nucleus
- Chloroplast
- Mitochondrion
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Golgi apparatus
- Ribosome
Question 55 Report
(a) What are conversation laws?
(i) State three conservation laws
(b) State two reasons why animals are poached.
(i) Name five animals that are commonly poached.
(c) State four effects of excessive use of the forest.
(d) Explain briefly the following terms: i.blood transfusion ii.antigen
(a) Conservation laws are fundamental principles in physics that state that certain physical properties, such as energy, momentum, and angular momentum, are conserved during interactions between particles or objects. (i) Three conservation laws are: 1. The conservation of energy, which states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or converted from one form to another. 2. The conservation of momentum, which states that the total momentum of a system remains constant unless acted upon by an external force. 3. The conservation of angular momentum, which states that the total angular momentum of a system remains constant unless acted upon by an external torque. (b) Two reasons why animals are poached are for their valuable parts such as ivory, fur, and organs, and for use in traditional medicines or cultural practices. (i) Five animals that are commonly poached are: 1. Elephants for their ivory tusks 2. Rhinoceroses for their horns 3. Tigers for their fur and bones 4. Pangolins for their scales and meat 5. Gorillas for their meat and body parts (c) Four effects of excessive use of the forest are: 1. Deforestation, which can lead to habitat loss and a decrease in biodiversity. 2. Soil erosion, which can cause landslides and decreased soil fertility. 3. Climate change, as forests absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, and their removal can contribute to increased greenhouse gas emissions. 4. Disruption of water cycles, as forests play a key role in regulating water flow and maintaining water quality. (d) i. Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood or blood products from one person (the donor) into the bloodstream of another person (the recipient). It is often used in medical emergencies, such as to replace blood lost during surgery or trauma, or to treat certain medical conditions such as anemia. ii. An antigen is a substance that is capable of eliciting an immune response in the body, such as by causing the production of antibodies. In the context of blood transfusions, antigens are found on the surface of red blood cells and can cause an immune response if they are not compatible with the recipient's blood type. This can lead to complications such as hemolysis, a breakdown of red blood cells. Matching blood types between donor and recipient is crucial to avoid these complications.
Answer Details
(a) Conservation laws are fundamental principles in physics that state that certain physical properties, such as energy, momentum, and angular momentum, are conserved during interactions between particles or objects. (i) Three conservation laws are: 1. The conservation of energy, which states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or converted from one form to another. 2. The conservation of momentum, which states that the total momentum of a system remains constant unless acted upon by an external force. 3. The conservation of angular momentum, which states that the total angular momentum of a system remains constant unless acted upon by an external torque. (b) Two reasons why animals are poached are for their valuable parts such as ivory, fur, and organs, and for use in traditional medicines or cultural practices. (i) Five animals that are commonly poached are: 1. Elephants for their ivory tusks 2. Rhinoceroses for their horns 3. Tigers for their fur and bones 4. Pangolins for their scales and meat 5. Gorillas for their meat and body parts (c) Four effects of excessive use of the forest are: 1. Deforestation, which can lead to habitat loss and a decrease in biodiversity. 2. Soil erosion, which can cause landslides and decreased soil fertility. 3. Climate change, as forests absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, and their removal can contribute to increased greenhouse gas emissions. 4. Disruption of water cycles, as forests play a key role in regulating water flow and maintaining water quality. (d) i. Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood or blood products from one person (the donor) into the bloodstream of another person (the recipient). It is often used in medical emergencies, such as to replace blood lost during surgery or trauma, or to treat certain medical conditions such as anemia. ii. An antigen is a substance that is capable of eliciting an immune response in the body, such as by causing the production of antibodies. In the context of blood transfusions, antigens are found on the surface of red blood cells and can cause an immune response if they are not compatible with the recipient's blood type. This can lead to complications such as hemolysis, a breakdown of red blood cells. Matching blood types between donor and recipient is crucial to avoid these complications.
Question 56 Report
[a]complete the table below by ticking the appropriate group to which each of the listed elements required by plants belongs
| elements | Group | |
| microelement | macroelement | |
| hydrogen | ||
| copper | ||
| magnesium | ||
| zinc | ||
| phosphorus | ||
| manganese | ||
| boron | ||
| nitrogen | ||
| carbon | ||
| oxygen | ||
[b] [!] state three differences between the definition of a herbivore and a carnivore
[!!] four differences between the definition of a human and a goat
[c] what are milk teeth?
[a]
[b] Differences between a herbivore and a carnivore:
1. Diet: Herbivores primarily consume plant material, such as leaves, grass, and fruits, while carnivores eat mainly meat or animal tissue.
2. Teeth structure: Herbivores typically have specialized teeth for grinding and chewing plant matter, such as flat molars and incisors, while carnivores have sharp teeth, including canines and carnassials, for tearing and cutting flesh.
3. Digestive system: Herbivores have a longer digestive tract to break down and extract nutrients from plant material, while carnivores have a shorter digestive system as they obtain nutrients more easily from animal tissue. Differences between a human and a goat:
1. Anatomy: Humans have an upright posture and bipedal locomotion, while goats have a four-legged stance and quadrupedal locomotion.
2. Diet: Humans are omnivorous and have a diverse diet that includes both plant and animal-based food, while goats are herbivores and primarily graze on vegetation.
3. Communication: Humans have developed complex language systems for communication, while goats primarily communicate through vocalizations, body language, and scent marking.
4. Habitat and lifestyle: Humans have a wide range of habitats and live in diverse social structures, while goats are typically found in specific regions, such as mountains or grasslands, and live in herds.
[c] Milk teeth, also known as deciduous teeth or baby teeth, are the first set of teeth that humans and many other mammals develop. These teeth begin to emerge during infancy and are eventually replaced by permanent teeth as a child grows. Milk teeth play an important role in the early stages of life. They help infants and young children chew and break down food, facilitating proper digestion. These teeth also aid in speech development, as they enable the tongue and lips to make various sounds accurately. Milk teeth are temporary, and as the child grows, they gradually loosen and fall out. This process allows space for the permanent teeth to erupt and take their place. Generally, humans have 20 milk teeth, which include incisors, canines, and molars. The transition from milk teeth to permanent teeth usually occurs between the ages of 6 and 12. During this period, children experience the natural loss of milk teeth and the emergence of their permanent teeth. The permanent teeth are larger, stronger, and meant to last throughout adulthood.
Answer Details
[a]
[b] Differences between a herbivore and a carnivore:
1. Diet: Herbivores primarily consume plant material, such as leaves, grass, and fruits, while carnivores eat mainly meat or animal tissue.
2. Teeth structure: Herbivores typically have specialized teeth for grinding and chewing plant matter, such as flat molars and incisors, while carnivores have sharp teeth, including canines and carnassials, for tearing and cutting flesh.
3. Digestive system: Herbivores have a longer digestive tract to break down and extract nutrients from plant material, while carnivores have a shorter digestive system as they obtain nutrients more easily from animal tissue. Differences between a human and a goat:
1. Anatomy: Humans have an upright posture and bipedal locomotion, while goats have a four-legged stance and quadrupedal locomotion.
2. Diet: Humans are omnivorous and have a diverse diet that includes both plant and animal-based food, while goats are herbivores and primarily graze on vegetation.
3. Communication: Humans have developed complex language systems for communication, while goats primarily communicate through vocalizations, body language, and scent marking.
4. Habitat and lifestyle: Humans have a wide range of habitats and live in diverse social structures, while goats are typically found in specific regions, such as mountains or grasslands, and live in herds.
[c] Milk teeth, also known as deciduous teeth or baby teeth, are the first set of teeth that humans and many other mammals develop. These teeth begin to emerge during infancy and are eventually replaced by permanent teeth as a child grows. Milk teeth play an important role in the early stages of life. They help infants and young children chew and break down food, facilitating proper digestion. These teeth also aid in speech development, as they enable the tongue and lips to make various sounds accurately. Milk teeth are temporary, and as the child grows, they gradually loosen and fall out. This process allows space for the permanent teeth to erupt and take their place. Generally, humans have 20 milk teeth, which include incisors, canines, and molars. The transition from milk teeth to permanent teeth usually occurs between the ages of 6 and 12. During this period, children experience the natural loss of milk teeth and the emergence of their permanent teeth. The permanent teeth are larger, stronger, and meant to last throughout adulthood.
Question 57 Report
specimens A and C and answer question 1(a) to 1(e).
(a) Classify specimens A and C based on their life cycle.
A;.....................................................................
B;.......................................................................
(b) State four observable differences between specimens A and C.
(c) State three ways by which the damage to specimen A could have been prevented.
(d) Name the type of germination that would be observed when specimens A and C are planted.
A...........................................................
C...........................................................
(e) Place a flat side of specimen C on the tile.
provided, cut through the specimen longitudinally.
Make a drawing, 6 cm to 8 cm long of the cut surface of one half of specimen c and label fully.
specimen C and label fully.
(i) Add a drop of iodine solution to the cut surface of th other half of specimen C and record the activity on the table below
1.(a) Classification of specimens A and C according to thier lifecycle
A: Annual/perennial
C: Annual
b) Observable diferences between specimens
A and C
| A weevil-damaged bean seed | c/maize grain |
| brown,red,black,white coloured | white/yellow/cream/coloured |
| one scar present | two scars present |
| hilium present | hilium absent |
| presence of hole on the seed | absence of holes |
| kidney shaped | shield/oblong shaped |
| testa present/pericarp absent | pericarp/fruit wall present |
| has bulging body | presence of two flat sides |
| presence of micropyle | micropyle absent |
Ways by which the damage to specimen A could have been prevented
Storage in air-tight containers/vacuum seal the bean seeds/add oxygen absorber
i. Use of pesticides/fumiganting/secticide
ii. Freezing
iv. Irradiation/radiation of seeds
v.Hygienic storage on sanitation
d) Type of germination of specimens A and C when planted
A: Epigeal
C: Hypogeal
[ei]Drawing/diagram of longitudinal section
L.S.)of specimen C/maize grain
Answer Details
1.(a) Classification of specimens A and C according to thier lifecycle
A: Annual/perennial
C: Annual
b) Observable diferences between specimens
A and C
| A weevil-damaged bean seed | c/maize grain |
| brown,red,black,white coloured | white/yellow/cream/coloured |
| one scar present | two scars present |
| hilium present | hilium absent |
| presence of hole on the seed | absence of holes |
| kidney shaped | shield/oblong shaped |
| testa present/pericarp absent | pericarp/fruit wall present |
| has bulging body | presence of two flat sides |
| presence of micropyle | micropyle absent |
Ways by which the damage to specimen A could have been prevented
Storage in air-tight containers/vacuum seal the bean seeds/add oxygen absorber
i. Use of pesticides/fumiganting/secticide
ii. Freezing
iv. Irradiation/radiation of seeds
v.Hygienic storage on sanitation
d) Type of germination of specimens A and C when planted
A: Epigeal
C: Hypogeal
[ei]Drawing/diagram of longitudinal section
L.S.)of specimen C/maize grain
Question 58 Report
[c} Human and goat
| Human | Goat |
| absence of diastema | presence of diastema |
| presence of canine | absence of canine |
| presence of incisor | absence of dental pad |
| presence of eight premolar | presence of twelve premolars |
| equal number of incisors in upper and lower jaw | presence of incisors in upper and lower jaw |
Answer Details
[c} Human and goat
| Human | Goat |
| absence of diastema | presence of diastema |
| presence of canine | absence of canine |
| presence of incisor | absence of dental pad |
| presence of eight premolar | presence of twelve premolars |
| equal number of incisors in upper and lower jaw | presence of incisors in upper and lower jaw |
Question 59 Report
5.(a) State three differences between the alimentary canals of earthworm and cockroach.
(i) State three similarities between the alimentary canals of earthworm and cockroach.
(b) The diagram below is an illustration of a biological cycle.
Study it and answer questions 5(b)i) to 5(b)(iii)
[i]Name the biological cycle (i) Explain briefly three roles played by plants and animals in the cycle (ii) Name the process that occur in X, Y and Z.
c. complete the table below.
| organs associated with excretion in human | three diseases that affect the organ |
(d)i) What is decay of organic matter
(i) Name two groups of organisms that cause decay of organic matter.
(i) State one other factor that causes decay.
(iv) Name the biological cycle that involves decay.
(e) Explain briefly the mode of nutrition in carnivorous plants.
(a) Three differences between the alimentary canals of the earthworm and the cockroach:
| Earthworm | Cockroach |
|---|---|
| Canal is a straight tube from mouth to anus | Canal is a longer, more differentiated tube |
| Possesses a calciferous gland | Has no calciferous gland |
| Lacks gastric caeca | Possesses gastric caeca that secrete digestive enzymes |
| Has a typhlosole to increase absorptive surface of the intestine | Has no typhlosole |
Three similarities: both have a mouth, both have a muscular gizzard for grinding food, and both have a complete (one-way) alimentary canal ending in an anus with a distinct crop for storage.
(b)
(i) The biological cycle illustrated is the carbon cycle (carbon dioxide - oxygen cycle).
(ii) Three roles played by plants and animals in the cycle:
- Green plants take in carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and fix it into organic food, removing carbon dioxide from the air.
- Plants and animals release carbon dioxide back into the air during respiration.
- When plants and animals die, their bodies are decomposed, releasing carbon dioxide; animals also transfer carbon along food chains by feeding on plants.
(iii) Processes: X - photosynthesis, Y - respiration, Z - decay (decomposition) / combustion.
(c) Organs of excretion in humans and diseases affecting them:
| Excretory organ | Three diseases affecting the organ |
|---|---|
| Kidney | Nephritis, kidney stones, kidney failure |
| Skin | Eczema, scabies, ringworm |
| Lungs | Pneumonia, tuberculosis, bronchitis |
| Liver | Hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, jaundice |
(d)
(i) Decay of organic matter is the breaking down of dead plant and animal tissues into simpler substances by the action of micro-organisms.
(ii) Two groups of organisms that cause decay: bacteria and fungi.
(iii) One other factor that causes decay: suitable warmth (temperature); also moisture and oxygen.
(iv) The biological cycle that involves decay: the carbon cycle (and the nitrogen cycle).
(e) Carnivorous plants are green and carry out photosynthesis to make carbohydrates, but they grow in nitrogen-deficient soils. They trap and digest small insects using modified leaves (traps), secreting enzymes that break down the animal protein to obtain nitrogen and other mineral nutrients. Their nutrition is therefore partly autotrophic (photosynthetic) and partly heterotrophic (holozoic on insects).
Answer Details
(a) Three differences between the alimentary canals of the earthworm and the cockroach:
| Earthworm | Cockroach |
|---|---|
| Canal is a straight tube from mouth to anus | Canal is a longer, more differentiated tube |
| Possesses a calciferous gland | Has no calciferous gland |
| Lacks gastric caeca | Possesses gastric caeca that secrete digestive enzymes |
| Has a typhlosole to increase absorptive surface of the intestine | Has no typhlosole |
Three similarities: both have a mouth, both have a muscular gizzard for grinding food, and both have a complete (one-way) alimentary canal ending in an anus with a distinct crop for storage.
(b)
(i) The biological cycle illustrated is the carbon cycle (carbon dioxide - oxygen cycle).
(ii) Three roles played by plants and animals in the cycle:
- Green plants take in carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and fix it into organic food, removing carbon dioxide from the air.
- Plants and animals release carbon dioxide back into the air during respiration.
- When plants and animals die, their bodies are decomposed, releasing carbon dioxide; animals also transfer carbon along food chains by feeding on plants.
(iii) Processes: X - photosynthesis, Y - respiration, Z - decay (decomposition) / combustion.
(c) Organs of excretion in humans and diseases affecting them:
| Excretory organ | Three diseases affecting the organ |
|---|---|
| Kidney | Nephritis, kidney stones, kidney failure |
| Skin | Eczema, scabies, ringworm |
| Lungs | Pneumonia, tuberculosis, bronchitis |
| Liver | Hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, jaundice |
(d)
(i) Decay of organic matter is the breaking down of dead plant and animal tissues into simpler substances by the action of micro-organisms.
(ii) Two groups of organisms that cause decay: bacteria and fungi.
(iii) One other factor that causes decay: suitable warmth (temperature); also moisture and oxygen.
(iv) The biological cycle that involves decay: the carbon cycle (and the nitrogen cycle).
(e) Carnivorous plants are green and carry out photosynthesis to make carbohydrates, but they grow in nitrogen-deficient soils. They trap and digest small insects using modified leaves (traps), secreting enzymes that break down the animal protein to obtain nitrogen and other mineral nutrients. Their nutrition is therefore partly autotrophic (photosynthetic) and partly heterotrophic (holozoic on insects).
