JAMB UTME - Agricultural Science - 2021

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The process in crops that is not sensitive to daylength is branching. Daylength, or photoperiod, is the length of time that a plant is exposed to light in a 24-hour period. Many crops, such as soybeans and corn, are sensitive to daylength and the changes in the amount of daylight they receive can trigger different physiological processes, such as flowering, fruiting, and growth. However, branching, or the formation of new shoots and stems from the parent plant, is not a process that is sensitive to daylength. Branching occurs as a result of other factors such as plant hormones, environmental conditions, and genetics. So, the answer to the question is branching.

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Records of money transactions in a farming business are called farm accounts. Farm accounts refer to the records of all financial transactions in a farming business, including income, expenses, and other financial activities. These records are used to track the financial performance of the farm and to make informed decisions about future investments, expenses, and other financial matters. Farm inputs refer to the materials, equipment, and supplies that are used in the production of crops or livestock. Capital refers to the financial resources available to a farm, including savings, investments, and loans. Farm liabilities are debts or obligations that a farm owes to others, such as loans, bills, and other financial obligations. So, the answer to the question is farm accounts.

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The practice of mating closely related animals is called inbreeding. Inbreeding is when two animals that are closely related, such as siblings or parent and offspring, are bred together. This increases the likelihood that their offspring will have similar traits and characteristics because they share many of the same genes. While inbreeding can lead to the expression of desirable traits, it can also increase the risk of genetic disorders and other health problems. For this reason, many breeders prefer to use outbreeding, or mating animals that are not closely related, to promote genetic diversity and reduce the risk of health problems in their offspring.

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Financial assistance from the government to farmers is usually in the form of loans, credits, and subsidies. These forms of financial support are intended to help farmers purchase necessary equipment, improve their farming practices, and increase their food production. However, financial assistance in the form of tax is not typically offered to farmers. Tax is a financial obligation that must be paid by individuals and businesses, including farmers, to the government. Tax is not considered a form of financial assistance as it is not intended to provide financial support to the taxpayer. Instead, tax is used to fund various government services and programs.

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The horizon of a soil profile that encourages the greatest level of microbial activity is the A horizon. Soil horizons are defined layers in a soil profile, each with its own distinct physical and chemical properties. The A horizon, also known as the topsoil, is the topmost layer of the soil profile and is typically rich in organic matter, nutrients, and water. This layer is also where the majority of soil microbes, such as bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms, are found. The B horizon, also known as the subsoil, is below the A horizon and is typically more compact and less porous than the A horizon. It contains relatively low levels of organic matter and is not as conducive to microbial activity as the A horizon. The C horizon is the layer of soil material that is below the B horizon and is composed of partially weathered rock fragments and mineral particles. This layer typically has low levels of organic matter and is not as conducive to microbial activity as the A horizon. The D horizon is not present in all soils and is typically composed of consolidated bedrock. This layer is not conducive to microbial activity as it is typically inhospitable to life due to its lack of water and organic matter. So, the answer to the question is the A horizon.

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A parasite is a biotic factor that can influence agricultural production. Biotic factors refer to living organisms and their interactions within an ecosystem. A parasite is a type of organism that lives on or within another organism, known as the host, and feeds on its host's resources. In agriculture, parasites can have a negative impact on crops and livestock, reducing their health and productivity. Soil pH, topography, and soil texture are abiotic factors that influence agricultural production. Abiotic factors refer to non-living physical and chemical characteristics of the environment, such as temperature, sunlight, water, and soil. These factors can affect the growth and development of crops and livestock, and must be considered when planning and managing agricultural production.

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The most suitable source of power for stationary equipment on the farm is electricity. This is because it is consistent, reliable, and can provide the necessary power to run equipment such as pumps, lights, and other appliances. Electricity can also be easily transported to remote areas through power lines, making it accessible to farms in rural areas. Additionally, electricity is a clean and efficient source of energy, which is important for farmers who want to minimize their impact on the environment. Overall, electricity is the best choice for providing power to stationary equipment on the farm.

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The amount of feed consumed by a layer per day is 0.125kg/day. This can be calculated by dividing the total amount of feed consumed by 200 layers, which is 25kg, by the number of layers, which is 200. This gives us 25 / 200 = 0.125kg/day. So, each layer consumes an average of 0.125kg of feed per day.

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Foot and mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cattle, as well as other cloven-hoofed animals such as pigs, sheep, and goats. The most common symptoms of foot and mouth disease in cattle include excessive production of saliva, sores on the feet and tongue, and lameness. However, blood-stained diarrhea is not typically a symptom of foot and mouth disease in cattle. While diarrhea can occur as a result of other diseases or health conditions, it is not a common symptom of foot and mouth disease. If a farmer notices blood in the diarrhea of their cattle, it is important to seek veterinary advice to determine the underlying cause and provide appropriate treatment.

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Slate is formed from shale. Shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock composed of compacted mud and clay. Over time, heat and pressure cause the minerals in the shale to recrystallize, resulting in the formation of slate. The new rock has a fine-grained texture and is relatively dense and strong, making it useful for roofing, flooring, and other applications. Unlike marble, quartzite, and limestone, slate is not a metamorphic rock, but rather a sedimentary rock that has undergone a specific type of metamorphism.

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The most versatile source of farm power in West Africa is likely to be animal power, specifically using oxen or cattle to plow fields and perform other tasks. In many rural areas of West Africa, access to electricity and other modern sources of energy is limited, making it difficult to use more technologically advanced methods like biogas, wind, or water power. However, animals such as oxen or cattle are readily available and can be trained to perform a wide range of tasks on the farm. In addition, animal power is flexible and can be used for a variety of purposes, including plowing, transportation, and even as a source of fertilizer. This versatility makes animal power a valuable asset for farmers in West Africa.

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A dragnet can be used for total harvesting of a pond. A dragnet is a type of fishing gear that consists of a large net that is pulled through the water by a boat or by people on the shore. The net is designed to catch all types of fish in the pond, making it an effective way to harvest a large quantity of fish in a short amount of time. Hook and line and harpoon fishing gears are typically used for catching specific types of fish, rather than for total harvesting of a pond. Basket traps are often used to catch crustaceans and other small aquatic animals, rather than fish. While dragnet fishing can be an effective way to harvest a large quantity of fish, it can also have negative impacts on the ecosystem if it is not managed properly. Overfishing and destruction of habitats can result if dragnet fishing is not regulated and monitored.

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A subsidy in agricultural enterprise is a financial benefit provided by the government to support the agricultural sector. It can take many forms, but one example is the supply of fertilizers to farmers at a reduced price. In this scenario, the government reduces the cost of fertilizers for farmers by providing subsidies, making it more affordable for them to purchase the necessary inputs to grow their crops. This helps to improve the overall productivity and competitiveness of the agricultural sector, and can have a positive impact on the lives of farmers and the local economy. The other options listed (borrowing of money from a thrift society, provision of money to farmers through commercial banks, and provision of services through cooperative societies) are not considered subsidies in the strictest sense. However, they may still provide valuable support to farmers and the agricultural sector in other ways.

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The exception to the methods of preserving fish is boiling. Boiling is a method of cooking fish and does not preserve it for a long period of time. The other methods listed, such as drying, smoking, and salting, are methods of preserving fish by removing moisture and adding salt to prevent the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms that can cause spoilage. These methods can keep fish fresh for several weeks or months, depending on the method used and the conditions under which the fish is stored.

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The characteristic symptoms of mosaic disease of crops can be observed on the leaves of plants. This disease is caused by viruses and is characterized by the appearance of yellow or greenish-yellow patches or mottling on the leaves. The leaves may also become curled, stunted or distorted. This discoloration and distortion is referred to as the "mosaic" pattern, hence the name of the disease. The virus can spread quickly throughout the plant, affecting its overall growth and yield. In some cases, the fruits of the plant may also be affected.

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A spade is not a farm surveying equipment. Farm surveying equipment refers to the tools and instruments used to measure and map the land for agricultural purposes. This equipment is used to determine the boundaries and dimensions of a field, the slope of the land, and other physical features that can affect the planning and management of agriculture. The Abney level, compass, and Gunter's chain are all examples of farm surveying equipment. The Abney level is a type of hand-held instrument used to measure angles and slopes. The compass is used to determine direction and to align survey lines. Gunter's chain is a type of measuring tape that is used to measure distances and to lay out survey lines. A spade, on the other hand, is a tool used for digging and removing soil. While a spade can be useful for preparing the soil for planting, it is not typically considered a surveying instrument.

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Fertile soil is one that contains all essential plant nutrients in suitable proportions. Fertile soil is rich in nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, that are essential for plant growth and development. It also contains other important minerals and organic matter that support the health of the soil and the plants growing in it. A soil that is fertile will produce a good harvest of crops, including cowpea, because the plants are able to access the nutrients they need to grow strong and healthy. In addition to being rich in nutrients, fertile soil is also well aerated and easily drained, which allows the roots of the plants to access air and water, two critical components of healthy plant growth.

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The adult male cattle is called a bull. A bull is a male cattle that has reached adulthood and is used for breeding and for producing beef. Bulls are typically larger and stronger than cows (female cattle) and have distinctive characteristics such as horns and a hump on their shoulders. They play an important role in the agriculture industry, as they are used for breeding to produce more cattle for dairy, beef, and other agricultural purposes. Ram is a term used for adult male sheep, while boar is a term used for adult male pigs. Duck is a type of waterbird and not a type of cattle.

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The exception to the problems associated with land tenure through inheritance is "right of individuals to free use and control of inherited land". This means that individuals who inherit land have the right to use it and make decisions about it as they see fit. This can be seen as a positive aspect of inheritance as it gives individuals control over their property and the ability to use it in a way that they feel is best. The other options listed, such as small land holdings and difficulty selling part of the land, are problems associated with inheritance as they can limit the ability of individuals to make the most of their property and can lead to conflicts and disputes among family members.

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The primary role of agriculture is the provision of food for man and his animals. Agriculture is the science and practice of cultivating the land and raising crops and livestock for human and animal consumption. The primary purpose of agriculture is to produce food to feed the growing population and provide sustenance for both people and animals. Agriculture plays a critical role in ensuring food security and meeting the basic nutritional needs of populations around the world. While agriculture can also provide foreign exchange earnings, raw materials for industries, and employment and income for farmers, these are secondary to its main role of providing food. Agriculture is an essential part of our global food system and is essential for ensuring that people have access to the sustenance they need to live healthy lives.

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An important farm machine used for coupling many implements is a tractor. A tractor is a powerful vehicle that is equipped with a hitch system, which allows it to connect and tow a variety of implements, such as plows, harrows, cultivators, mowers, and more. Tractors are widely used in agriculture to perform a range of tasks, from tilling soil to planting and harvesting crops. A disc harrow is also a common implement used in agriculture, but it is not typically used for coupling many implements. A disc harrow is a farm implement that is used to break up and level soil, as well as control weeds. A harvester is a machine that is used for harvesting crops, such as grains, fruits, and vegetables. Harvesters typically have a cutting mechanism and a collection system to gather the crops as they are harvested. A plough is a farm implement that is used for breaking up and turning over soil in preparation for planting crops. Plows come in various sizes and types, and they can be mounted on tractors or pulled by draft animals.

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The salvage value of a tractor can be calculated by subtracting the depreciation value from the initial cost. The initial cost of the tractor is ₦50,000, and the depreciation value after a year of use is ₦10,580. To calculate the salvage value, we subtract the depreciation value from the initial cost: ₦50,000 - ₦10,580 = ₦39,420 Therefore, the salvage value of the tractor after a year of use is ₦39,420.

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Let's first find out how many pests there were before 25% died. If 100 pests are attacking an hectare of cocoa farm, and 25% of them suddenly died, then 100 * 25/100 = 25 pests died. So, before 25% of the pests died, there were 100 pests. And after 25% died, there were 100 - 25 = 75 pests left. Next, let's find out how many pests were sent for medical examination. If 40% of the 75 pests that were left were sent for medical examination, then 75 * 40/100 = 30 pests were sent for medical examination. So, the number of pests remaining after some were sent for medical examination is 75 - 30 = 45 pests. Therefore, the answer is 45 pests.

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The practice of bee farming is called apiculture. Apiculture, also known as beekeeping, is the maintenance and management of bee colonies for the production of honey, beeswax, and other bee products. Beekeepers typically raise bees in hives, and they may also use various techniques to increase the productivity and health of the colonies. Heliculture is the cultivation of snails, typically for their meat and eggs. Forestry is the practice of managing forests and woodlands, while agronomy is the science of managing and utilizing land for the production of crops and livestock. These practices are not related to apiculture or beekeeping.

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The correct order for land preparation is: land clearing → ploughing → harrowing → ridging. Land clearing involves removing trees, bushes, and other vegetation from the land to make it ready for farming. Ploughing is the process of breaking up the soil using a plough to make it easier to plant seeds and improve water and air penetration. Harrowing is the process of breaking up any clumps of soil formed after ploughing and smoothing out the soil surface. Ridging involves creating raised beds or mounds of soil in the field to improve drainage and to provide a place for planting crops. By following this order, the soil is properly prepared for planting and the crops are more likely to grow well and produce a good harvest.

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The agricultural extension method that aims at reaching a large number of farmers at the same time is the mass method. The mass method involves using mass media, such as radio and television, to reach a large audience with information about agriculture. This method allows extension workers to reach many farmers at once, even in remote areas, and to provide them with important information about new techniques, best practices, and other aspects of agriculture. The group method involves working with small groups of farmers to provide them with information and support. This method can be effective for building relationships and addressing specific local issues, but it may not reach as many farmers as the mass method. The individual method involves working one-on-one with farmers to provide them with information and support. This method can be very effective for addressing specific needs, but it may not reach as many farmers as the mass or group methods. The contact method involves making personal visits to farmers to provide them with information and support. This method can be effective for building relationships and addressing specific needs, but it may not reach as many farmers as the mass, group, or individual methods.

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A piece of land is said to be on lease to a farmer when the land is given to him for a specific period of time on rental basis. This means that the farmer has the right to use the land for agricultural purposes for a certain amount of time, usually several years, in exchange for paying a fee or rent to the owner of the land. At the end of the lease period, the farmer must return the land to the owner. This arrangement allows the farmer to use the land without having to purchase it outright, while also providing the owner with a source of income from the rent paid by the farmer.

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The most common factor affecting land use is population pressure. This means that as the number of people in an area increases, there is a greater demand for land to be used for residential, commercial, and industrial purposes. This pressure can lead to changes in land use, such as the conversion of farmland to urban areas, deforestation, and the development of new infrastructure. In simple terms, as the population grows, the demand for land increases, and this affects how the land is used.

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The easiest method of determining soil texture in the field is by feeling. This method involves taking a sample of soil and using your fingers to feel the size and shape of the individual soil particles. Based on the size and shape of the soil particles, you can determine whether the soil is sand, silt, or clay. Sand is the largest soil particle and feels gritty. Silt is a medium-sized soil particle and feels smooth. Clay is the smallest soil particle and feels sticky. By determining the dominant soil particle size, you can determine the soil texture and classify the soil as sandy, silty, or clayey. This method is quick, simple, and does not require any special equipment, making it an easy way to determine soil texture in the field.

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The amount of nitrogen in a 25kg bag of urea fertilizer can be calculated by multiplying the total weight of the bag by the percentage of nitrogen in the fertilizer. Since the urea fertilizer contains 46% nitrogen, we can express this as a decimal: 46% = 0.46. Next, we multiply the total weight of the bag (25kg) by the decimal equivalent of the nitrogen content (0.46): 25kg * 0.46 = 11.5kg So, a 25kg bag of urea fertilizer contains approximately 11.5kg of nitrogen.

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The main source of power for subsistence agriculture is man. Subsistence agriculture is a type of farming where the farmers grow crops and raise livestock for their own needs, rather than for sale. In this type of agriculture, the main source of power for planting and harvesting crops and caring for livestock is human labor. This can include manual labor such as plowing fields with a hand plow, planting seeds by hand, and carrying heavy loads.

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The alternate heating and cooling of rocks can result in a process called thermal stress. When rocks are subjected to changes in temperature, the different layers of the rock expand and contract at different rates. This can cause stress on the rock and over time, it can lead to cracking and breaking, a process known as fragmentation. This can happen as a result of volcanic activity, tectonic activity, or weathering and erosion. The rocks can also undergo cycles of heating and cooling and this can result in the formation of fractures and joints. In some cases, the heat can be so intense that it causes the rocks to melt, resulting in the formation of magma and new igneous rocks.

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Subsistence agriculture is characterized by small farm holdings and the production of food for the farmer's own use and consumption. Subsistence agriculture is a type of farming that is practiced on a small scale and is focused on providing food and basic necessities for the farmer and their family, rather than producing crops for sale or trade. Subsistence farmers typically cultivate small plots of land and use simple tools and techniques to grow crops and raise animals. In contrast, large scale agriculture is characterized by the use of machines and intensive use of inputs, such as fertilizers and pesticides, to maximize production and increase profits. While subsistence agriculture can provide food security for the farmer and their family, it can also result in low yields and limited economic opportunities. On the other hand, large scale agriculture can be more efficient and profitable, but can also lead to environmental degradation and social inequalities.