JAMB UTME - History - 2012

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The Africans transported across the Atlantic as slaves were mostly able-bodied men. Slavery was a system where people were forcibly taken from Africa, and then sold as property to work on plantations in the Americas. Plantation owners needed strong, healthy workers to do physically demanding labor, such as planting and harvesting crops. This is why they mostly chose able-bodied men, who were seen as the most capable of doing hard labor. The slave trade was a brutal and inhumane practice that lasted for centuries and had a profound impact on both Africa and the Americas.

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The Berber scholar, al-Mukhtar, contributed to the success of the Masina Jihad by preparing the ground through the Qadiriyyah Brotherhood. The Masina Jihad was a religious movement in West Africa led by Seku Ahmadu, who sought to establish an Islamic state. Al-Mukhtar, who was a leader of the Qadiriyyah Brotherhood, played an important role in mobilizing support for the movement by spreading its teachings and helping to establish a network of followers. The Qadiriyyah Brotherhood was a Sufi order that emphasized the importance of spiritual purity and the unity of all Muslims. Al-Mukhtar used his influence within the order to promote the Masina Jihad and to encourage people to join the movement. His efforts helped to lay the groundwork for the success of the Masina Jihad, which was able to establish a powerful Islamic state in the region.

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The French colonial policy of assimilation failed in Africa mainly because African culture was deeply rooted. Assimilation was a policy that aimed to turn African colonies into French territories by imposing French language, culture, and values on the African population. However, this approach did not work because African societies had their own distinct cultures that they valued and wanted to preserve. Additionally, the policy was often not consistently implemented or was opposed by African elites who wanted to maintain their own power and influence. The costs of implementing the policy also made it difficult to sustain in the long term. These factors contributed to the failure of the French colonial policy of assimilation in Africa.

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The establishment of Freetown in 1822 facilitated the settlement of freed slaves. Freetown was established as a place where freed slaves from Britain and other countries could start new lives. The city served as a safe haven for people who had been freed from slavery and was seen as a symbol of hope for those still enslaved. The settlement of freed slaves in Freetown helped to create a thriving community and laid the foundation for the growth of Sierra Leone as a nation.

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A major consequence of the Great Trek was the expansion of white communities in South Africa. The Great Trek was a mass migration of Boers (Dutch settlers) from the British-controlled Cape Colony in South Africa to the interior of the continent. The Boers were seeking new lands and greater independence from British rule. As a result of the Great Trek, white communities expanded into the interior of South Africa and established the Boer republics of the Orange Free State and the South African Republic (Transvaal). This expansion had significant implications for the indigenous African populations, who were often displaced or subjected to colonial rule.

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During the 1979 elections, an important function of FEDECO (Federal Electoral Commission of Nigeria) was delineating electoral constituencies. This means that FEDECO was responsible for creating and defining the boundaries of the various electoral districts or constituencies in the country. This was a crucial function because it ensured that each constituency had an equal number of voters and that there was a fair distribution of electoral power among the different regions of Nigeria. This function was essential for the conduct of a free and fair election in the country.

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The reason why nationalist activities developed earlier in British West Africa than in French West Africa was due to the systems of administration adopted by the colonial powers. The British had a more indirect approach to administration, allowing for more local autonomy and gradual development of African leadership. On the other hand, the French had a more direct and centralized approach, exerting more control over their colonies and suppressing African leadership. This led to a slower development of nationalist sentiment in French West Africa compared to British West Africa.

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King Leopold's colonial ventures in the Congo were aimed at carving out an empire for himself. Leopold was the king of Belgium, and he was interested in establishing a colony that would provide him with personal wealth and prestige. He used the pretext of humanitarianism and the desire to "civilize" the African people to obtain international recognition and support for his project. In reality, Leopold's exploitation of the Congo's natural resources, particularly rubber, led to widespread abuse and brutality towards the Congolese people, including forced labor, mutilation, and mass killings. Leopold's focus was on enriching himself rather than promoting the welfare of the Congolese people. While there were some efforts to introduce Western education to the Congo, this was primarily to benefit Leopold's interests rather than to improve the lives of the Congolese.

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In pre-colonial Nigeria, intergroup contacts were mostly encouraged by marriage ties. This means that people from different groups would marry each other, which would create a bond between their families and promote peaceful relationships between the groups. Additionally, intermarriage would often lead to economic and political ties between the groups, as well as the exchange of cultural practices and traditions. These interactions helped to create a sense of unity and cooperation among the various groups in Nigeria. While economic interdependence and political ties were also important factors in promoting intergroup contacts, marriage ties played a particularly significant role in bringing people from different groups together.

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The protests by trade unions in Nigeria during the colonial period were aimed at obtaining specific benefits for members. These benefits included better working conditions, higher wages, and job security. The trade unions also fought against unfair labor practices by employers, such as arbitrary dismissals, long working hours, and poor working conditions. Through their protests and strikes, the trade unions were able to negotiate better working conditions for their members and improve the overall labor standards in Nigeria. However, the trade unions' activities also contributed to the larger movement for political independence, as they challenged the colonial authorities' economic and political power.

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Rabeh had an efficient army at that time and his immediate aim certainly did not include establishing any contact with the Sokoto caliphate as he saw himself as another Muslim reformer.

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One of the main aims of the British conquest of Buganda was to prevent other Europeans from controlling the source of the Nile. The Nile River was an important resource for the British Empire, and they wanted to make sure that they had control over it. The Kingdom of Buganda was located in the region around the Nile, and the British saw it as a strategic place to establish their influence. By conquering Buganda, the British were able to secure their control over the Nile and prevent other European powers from getting a foothold in the region. This helped to further solidify their position in the area and ensure their access to the resources of the Nile.

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Morocco was of strategic importance to the European countries because it provided an entrance to the Mediterranean. This means that European countries were interested in controlling Morocco because it was located on the northwestern coast of Africa and provided easy access to the Mediterranean Sea. The Mediterranean was a crucial route for trade and transportation, and controlling Morocco allowed European powers to gain control over this important area. Additionally, Morocco's strategic location made it a valuable site for military bases and naval operations, further increasing its importance to European powers. While Morocco has some mineral resources and good climatic conditions, it was primarily its location that made it so valuable to European countries.

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The most important source of the history of the Hausa states is The Kano Chronicle. This is a collection of historical records and accounts of events that took place in the ancient city-state of Kano, which is located in what is now northern Nigeria. The Chronicle contains information about the origins of the Hausa people, the development of the various Hausa city-states, and the political and social systems that existed in the region. The Kano Chronicle is considered to be the most important source of information about the history of the Hausa states because it was written by local historians who had access to first-hand accounts of the events they recorded. Unlike the European and Arab accounts, which were written by outsiders who had limited knowledge of the region, the Kano Chronicle was written by people who were intimately familiar with the customs, traditions, and political systems of the Hausa people. In summary, while other sources of information about the Hausa states are also important, the Kano Chronicle is the most valuable because it provides a detailed and accurate account of the history and culture of the Hausa people.

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The Ijebu and Egba were fiercely opposed to Ibadan’s attempt to procure arms and ammunition directly from
Lagos to prosecute her wars.

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Israel defeated the joint army of the six Arab nations in 1967 and again in 1973 and went ahead to annex some
important regions of Egypt.

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There was no relationship between the Oranmiyan and Ogiso Dynasties the letter of which had been superceded by the republican system; and Oranmiyan connection with Benin history produced similarities in life and Benin art as well as in their political structures

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Coal is a very heavy mineral which cannot be carried by road transport

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Alhaji Muhammadu Ribadu and Chief Festus Okotie-Eboh served as federal ministers under the Tafawa Balewa Administration in Nigeria.

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Following the Industrial Revolution, the European countries needed raw materials for their industries not slaves who used to provide cheap manual labour.

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The Nok civilization is a complex and sophisticated culture that existed in what is now Nigeria over 2,000 years ago. It suggests that Nigeria has a rich history and has passed through different stages of development, including the Stone Age. The Nok people were not from the East, but they developed their own unique civilization that was not directly related to that of Greece. However, they did have their own advanced social, political, and economic systems, as well as a rich cultural heritage that is still studied today.

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The Mahdists revolt in the Sudan was successful due to a combination of factors. One of the main reasons was the widespread support they enjoyed from the local population, who believed in their superior faith. Additionally, the Egyptian army that was sent to suppress the revolt was poorly trained and ill-equipped. Finally, General Gordon, who was appointed to lead the British relief expedition, was unable to effectively defend Khartoum and was seen as an incompetent commander. All these factors together contributed to the success of the Mahdists revolt in the Sudan.

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The main goal of the British expedition against the Aro was to eliminate all opposition to their presence in the hinterland. The Aro were a powerful and influential group in southeastern Nigeria, and they controlled trade routes and engaged in slave trading. The British saw the Aro as a threat to their presence in the region and sought to eliminate this opposition in order to secure their own power and control. The expedition against the Aro was a military campaign aimed at neutralizing their power and establishing British control in the region.

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He aimed to achieve this through the ‘Operation Feed the Nation’ scheme..

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It, among other things not listed here except the correct option, sought the establishment of a legislative house in each of the four British colonial
territories.

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During the colonial period in Nigeria, agricultural policy was primarily designed to provide raw materials for British industries. The British colonial government wanted to extract resources from Nigeria to support their own economy, and agriculture was seen as a way to do that. The policies were not focused on raising the financial base of the country or making the Nigerian economy competitive in the world market. Instead, they were designed to benefit the British economy. The idea of demonstrating Britain's concern for the development of its colonies was not a primary goal of the agricultural policies in Nigeria during the colonial period.

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The Ekiti Parapo was a coalition of Ekiti towns in the 19th century Yoruba land. The primary aim of the Ekiti Parapo was to check the expansionist agenda of the Ibadan empire, which was seeking to conquer and dominate the smaller kingdoms in the region. Therefore, the correct option is "reducing the powers of Ibadan." The Ekiti Parapo was not formed to check European inroads into Yorubaland, restore the dignity of the Alaafin, or form a federated government.

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The European consuls were to ensure compliance with commercial treaties signed between their countries and the Omani rulers and to protect citizens of their countries from molestations.

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The development of micro-liths is associated with the Late Stone Age. Micro-liths are small stone tools, typically less than 5 cm in length, that were produced using a technique called micro-blade technology. This involved the production of small, parallel-sided blades from specially prepared cores, which could then be used as tools or affixed to a handle to create composite tools. Micro-liths were used by hunter-gatherer societies during the Late Stone Age to create a variety of tools, such as arrowheads, scrapers, and knives. This technology allowed for more efficient use of raw materials, as well as increased precision and versatility in tool making. Micro-liths are also associated with the emergence of more complex social and economic systems during this period, as they allowed for increased specialization and the development of trade networks.

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One of the demands of the National Congress of British West Africa was the election of Africans into each colony’s council. This means that the Congress wanted African people to be able to participate in the governing and decision-making processes in their colonies. This demand was a call for greater political representation and inclusion for African people in their own communities.

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European powers held conferences in which they signed treaties among themselves to settle disagreements
among them over rival claims laid to African territories.

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In Africa, colonial authorities introduced modern means of transportation to promote import-export trade. These modern modes of transportation such as railroads, ports, and roads allowed for easier movement of goods from one place to another, both within the continent and across the seas. This increased the volume of trade, enabling African countries to export raw materials to the colonial powers and import manufactured goods in return. This process boosted the economies of colonial powers at the expense of the colonized nations. While the introduction of modern means of transportation may have had some impact on the development of internal markets, increased farmers' purchasing power, and encouraged urban development, these were not the main reasons for their introduction.

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In the nineteenth century, Egyptian nationalism primarily aimed at ensuring independence for Egypt. Egyptian nationalists wanted to end the country's status as a subject state under Ottoman rule and gain greater control over Egypt's own affairs. They were motivated by a desire for self-rule, a sense of national pride, and a rejection of foreign interference in their country's politics and economy. While the nationalists also had other goals, such as creating a constitutional government and limiting the power of the monarchy, these were seen as means to the larger end of achieving independence. Similarly, controlling the Suez Canal, while an important strategic objective, was not the primary aim of Egyptian nationalism at this time. The ultimate goal was to secure Egypt's sovereignty and national identity.

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A major reason for the military intervention in Nigeria's politics in 1966 was the crisis of the 1964 General Elections. The elections were marred by widespread irregularities, electoral malpractice, and violence, which led to a loss of confidence in the political system. This crisis created a power vacuum, which was exploited by the military to take control of the government. While it is true that Nigeria had a pro-West posture in its foreign policy, the over-bearing power of traditional rulers, and an attempt by the government to retire top military officers, these were not the main reasons for the military intervention in 1966. The crisis of the 1964 General Elections was the main factor that led to the intervention.

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Control of the economy would grant them unhindered access to raw materials for the European industries
and ready markets for the products from the industries.

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The nationalist movement in Nigeria during the post-war period was primarily led by the intelligentsia. The intelligentsia consisted of educated and politically conscious Nigerians who were committed to the idea of Nigerian independence from British colonial rule. These individuals were often university graduates, lawyers, journalists, and civil servants, and they used their positions of influence to promote nationalist ideas and advocate for self-government. They formed political parties such as the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) and the Action Group (AG), which became instrumental in pushing for Nigerian independence. While other groups such as businessmen, students, and local chiefs also played important roles in the nationalist movement, it was the intelligentsia who provided the intellectual and ideological leadership that drove the movement forward.

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The 1960 Sharpeville revolt was specifically against pass laws. Pass laws were a system of regulations that required black South Africans to carry a pass book at all times, which contained their personal information and employment history. These laws restricted the movement of black South Africans and made it difficult for them to find work and travel freely. The Sharpeville revolt was a peaceful demonstration against these laws, but it turned violent when police opened fire on the protesters, killing 69 people and injuring many more. The event became a turning point in South Africa's history, leading to increased international pressure and eventually the end of apartheid.

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The Battle of Tel el-Kebir was fought between the British and the Urabists. It took place on September 13, 1882, near the village of Tel el-Kebir in Egypt. The Urabi Revolt, led by Colonel Ahmed Urabi, had challenged the Khedive Tawfiq's authority, leading to a political crisis in Egypt. The British, who had economic and strategic interests in Egypt, saw the Urabi Revolt as a threat to their interests and decided to intervene. The British forces, led by General Garnet Wolseley, launched a surprise attack on the Urabist army and defeated them, putting an end to the Urabi Revolt and re-establishing British control over Egypt. The Battle of Tel el-Kebir is considered to be a significant event in Egyptian and British history, as it marked the beginning of British colonial rule in Egypt.

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