JAMB UTME - Agricultural Science - 2021

Maelezo ya Majibu

The process in crops that is not sensitive to daylength is branching. Daylength, or photoperiod, is the length of time that a plant is exposed to light in a 24-hour period. Many crops, such as soybeans and corn, are sensitive to daylength and the changes in the amount of daylight they receive can trigger different physiological processes, such as flowering, fruiting, and growth. However, branching, or the formation of new shoots and stems from the parent plant, is not a process that is sensitive to daylength. Branching occurs as a result of other factors such as plant hormones, environmental conditions, and genetics. So, the answer to the question is branching.

Maelezo ya Majibu

Maelezo ya Majibu

Records of money transactions in a farming business are called farm accounts. Farm accounts refer to the records of all financial transactions in a farming business, including income, expenses, and other financial activities. These records are used to track the financial performance of the farm and to make informed decisions about future investments, expenses, and other financial matters. Farm inputs refer to the materials, equipment, and supplies that are used in the production of crops or livestock. Capital refers to the financial resources available to a farm, including savings, investments, and loans. Farm liabilities are debts or obligations that a farm owes to others, such as loans, bills, and other financial obligations. So, the answer to the question is farm accounts.

Maelezo ya Majibu

Maelezo ya Majibu

Maelezo ya Majibu

Maelezo ya Majibu

The horizon of a soil profile that encourages the greatest level of microbial activity is the A horizon. Soil horizons are defined layers in a soil profile, each with its own distinct physical and chemical properties. The A horizon, also known as the topsoil, is the topmost layer of the soil profile and is typically rich in organic matter, nutrients, and water. This layer is also where the majority of soil microbes, such as bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms, are found. The B horizon, also known as the subsoil, is below the A horizon and is typically more compact and less porous than the A horizon. It contains relatively low levels of organic matter and is not as conducive to microbial activity as the A horizon. The C horizon is the layer of soil material that is below the B horizon and is composed of partially weathered rock fragments and mineral particles. This layer typically has low levels of organic matter and is not as conducive to microbial activity as the A horizon. The D horizon is not present in all soils and is typically composed of consolidated bedrock. This layer is not conducive to microbial activity as it is typically inhospitable to life due to its lack of water and organic matter. So, the answer to the question is the A horizon.

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The correct answer is: Igneous rock. Igneous rock is a type of rock that forms from the solidification of magma or lava. Magma is molten rock that is found underneath the Earth's crust. When the magma rises to the surface and cools down, it solidifies into a rock that we call igneous rock. Examples of igneous rocks include granite, basalt, and pumice. Metamorphic rock, on the other hand, is a type of rock that forms from the alteration of existing rocks due to heat, pressure, and/or chemical processes. These rocks are transformed from one type of rock into another. Sedimentary rock is a type of rock that forms from the accumulation and compression of sediment, such as sand, mud, and other organic materials. These rocks are often found in layers and can contain fossils. Caleima rock is not a recognized type of rock.

Maelezo ya Majibu

Maelezo ya Majibu

The average weather condition of a place, measured over a long period of time, is called climate. Climate refers to the long-term patterns of temperature, precipitation, wind, and other meteorological conditions in a specific region. Climate is different from weather, which is the condition of the atmosphere at a specific time and place. Climate is determined by a variety of factors, including the geography of a region, its distance from the equator, and the prevailing winds and ocean currents. Climate is a complex system and it can take many years of data and observation to understand it completely. Understanding a region's climate is important for a variety of reasons, including agriculture, transportation, and energy production.

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The easiest method of determining soil texture in the field is by feeling. This method involves taking a sample of soil and using your fingers to feel the size and shape of the individual soil particles. Based on the size and shape of the soil particles, you can determine whether the soil is sand, silt, or clay. Sand is the largest soil particle and feels gritty. Silt is a medium-sized soil particle and feels smooth. Clay is the smallest soil particle and feels sticky. By determining the dominant soil particle size, you can determine the soil texture and classify the soil as sandy, silty, or clayey. This method is quick, simple, and does not require any special equipment, making it an easy way to determine soil texture in the field.

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The most common factor affecting land use is population pressure. This means that as the number of people in an area increases, there is a greater demand for land to be used for residential, commercial, and industrial purposes. This pressure can lead to changes in land use, such as the conversion of farmland to urban areas, deforestation, and the development of new infrastructure. In simple terms, as the population grows, the demand for land increases, and this affects how the land is used.

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Layer's ration contains more limestone than grower's ration because limestone supplies sufficient minerals to layers for shell formation. Layers are chickens that are specifically raised for egg production, while growers are chickens that are raised for meat production. The composition of the feed for these two types of chickens is different, with layer's ration containing more calcium in the form of limestone. Calcium is an essential mineral for the formation of eggshells, and it is important for layers to have a constant supply of calcium in their diet. The higher level of limestone in layer's ration helps to ensure that the layers have access to the calcium they need for strong and healthy eggshells. On the other hand, growers do not require as much calcium in their diet as layers, so their ration contains less limestone.

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Maelezo ya Majibu

The option that does not describe the effect of practicing crop rotation is "adding humus to the soil." Crop rotation involves planting different crops in a specific sequence in a certain area over time. The purpose of this is to maintain and improve soil fertility, control soil erosion, and prevent the build-up of pests and diseases. By rotating crops, the soil is given a chance to rest and recover nutrients that were taken away by previous crops, leading to healthier soil and better crop growth. On the other hand, adding humus to the soil involves adding organic matter such as compost, leaves, or manure to the soil. This helps to improve soil structure, water retention, and nutrient availability. While adding humus to the soil can complement the effects of crop rotation, it is not a direct result of practicing crop rotation.

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Maelezo ya Majibu

The correct order for land preparation is: land clearing → ploughing → harrowing → ridging. Land clearing involves removing trees, bushes, and other vegetation from the land to make it ready for farming. Ploughing is the process of breaking up the soil using a plough to make it easier to plant seeds and improve water and air penetration. Harrowing is the process of breaking up any clumps of soil formed after ploughing and smoothing out the soil surface. Ridging involves creating raised beds or mounds of soil in the field to improve drainage and to provide a place for planting crops. By following this order, the soil is properly prepared for planting and the crops are more likely to grow well and produce a good harvest.

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The study of insect pests of crops is called entomology. Entomology is the scientific study of insects, including their biology, behavior, evolution, and ecological relationships. Within entomology, there is a subfield that focuses specifically on insects that cause harm to crops, livestock, and other agricultural products. This subfield is called agricultural entomology and it focuses on the study of insect pests and their management. Pathology is the study of diseases and their causes, while agronomy is the science and technology of producing and using plants for food, fuel, and other products. Synecology is the study of ecological communities and their interactions. So, the answer to the question is entomology.

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Maelezo ya Majibu

Storm is not an example of edaphic factors. Edaphic factors refer to the soil and other physical and chemical characteristics of the land, such as rocks and topography, that influence the growth and development of plants and other organisms in an ecosystem. Storms, on the other hand, are events that occur in the atmosphere, such as heavy rainfall, strong winds, and lightning, and they do not directly influence the soil and land characteristics.

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Foot and mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cattle, as well as other cloven-hoofed animals such as pigs, sheep, and goats. The most common symptoms of foot and mouth disease in cattle include excessive production of saliva, sores on the feet and tongue, and lameness. However, blood-stained diarrhea is not typically a symptom of foot and mouth disease in cattle. While diarrhea can occur as a result of other diseases or health conditions, it is not a common symptom of foot and mouth disease. If a farmer notices blood in the diarrhea of their cattle, it is important to seek veterinary advice to determine the underlying cause and provide appropriate treatment.

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A subsidy in agricultural enterprise is a financial benefit provided by the government to support the agricultural sector. It can take many forms, but one example is the supply of fertilizers to farmers at a reduced price. In this scenario, the government reduces the cost of fertilizers for farmers by providing subsidies, making it more affordable for them to purchase the necessary inputs to grow their crops. This helps to improve the overall productivity and competitiveness of the agricultural sector, and can have a positive impact on the lives of farmers and the local economy. The other options listed (borrowing of money from a thrift society, provision of money to farmers through commercial banks, and provision of services through cooperative societies) are not considered subsidies in the strictest sense. However, they may still provide valuable support to farmers and the agricultural sector in other ways.

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The practice of bee farming is called apiculture. Apiculture, also known as beekeeping, is the maintenance and management of bee colonies for the production of honey, beeswax, and other bee products. Beekeepers typically raise bees in hives, and they may also use various techniques to increase the productivity and health of the colonies. Heliculture is the cultivation of snails, typically for their meat and eggs. Forestry is the practice of managing forests and woodlands, while agronomy is the science of managing and utilizing land for the production of crops and livestock. These practices are not related to apiculture or beekeeping.

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The primary role of agriculture is the provision of food for man and his animals. Agriculture is the science and practice of cultivating the land and raising crops and livestock for human and animal consumption. The primary purpose of agriculture is to produce food to feed the growing population and provide sustenance for both people and animals. Agriculture plays a critical role in ensuring food security and meeting the basic nutritional needs of populations around the world. While agriculture can also provide foreign exchange earnings, raw materials for industries, and employment and income for farmers, these are secondary to its main role of providing food. Agriculture is an essential part of our global food system and is essential for ensuring that people have access to the sustenance they need to live healthy lives.

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Slate is formed from shale. Shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock composed of compacted mud and clay. Over time, heat and pressure cause the minerals in the shale to recrystallize, resulting in the formation of slate. The new rock has a fine-grained texture and is relatively dense and strong, making it useful for roofing, flooring, and other applications. Unlike marble, quartzite, and limestone, slate is not a metamorphic rock, but rather a sedimentary rock that has undergone a specific type of metamorphism.

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The characteristic symptoms of mosaic disease of crops can be observed on the leaves of plants. This disease is caused by viruses and is characterized by the appearance of yellow or greenish-yellow patches or mottling on the leaves. The leaves may also become curled, stunted or distorted. This discoloration and distortion is referred to as the "mosaic" pattern, hence the name of the disease. The virus can spread quickly throughout the plant, affecting its overall growth and yield. In some cases, the fruits of the plant may also be affected.

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The adult male cattle is called a bull. A bull is a male cattle that has reached adulthood and is used for breeding and for producing beef. Bulls are typically larger and stronger than cows (female cattle) and have distinctive characteristics such as horns and a hump on their shoulders. They play an important role in the agriculture industry, as they are used for breeding to produce more cattle for dairy, beef, and other agricultural purposes. Ram is a term used for adult male sheep, while boar is a term used for adult male pigs. Duck is a type of waterbird and not a type of cattle.

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Rain water is made available to crops through root absorption. This is the process where plant roots take in water from the soil. The plant roots absorb the rain water and use it to grow and support the plant. The water is transported from the roots to the leaves, flowers and fruits through a system of tubes in the plant called the xylem. This water is then used by the plant to carry out important functions such as photosynthesis and transpiration. Transpiration is the process where water is released from the leaves into the atmosphere through tiny pores. This helps to regulate the temperature of the plant and also returns some of the water back to the atmosphere, where it can be reused as rain.

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A piece of land is said to be on lease to a farmer when the land is given to him for a specific period of time on rental basis. This means that the farmer has the right to use the land for agricultural purposes for a certain amount of time, usually several years, in exchange for paying a fee or rent to the owner of the land. At the end of the lease period, the farmer must return the land to the owner. This arrangement allows the farmer to use the land without having to purchase it outright, while also providing the owner with a source of income from the rent paid by the farmer.

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A dragnet can be used for total harvesting of a pond. A dragnet is a type of fishing gear that consists of a large net that is pulled through the water by a boat or by people on the shore. The net is designed to catch all types of fish in the pond, making it an effective way to harvest a large quantity of fish in a short amount of time. Hook and line and harpoon fishing gears are typically used for catching specific types of fish, rather than for total harvesting of a pond. Basket traps are often used to catch crustaceans and other small aquatic animals, rather than fish. While dragnet fishing can be an effective way to harvest a large quantity of fish, it can also have negative impacts on the ecosystem if it is not managed properly. Overfishing and destruction of habitats can result if dragnet fishing is not regulated and monitored.

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The practice of mating closely related animals is called inbreeding. Inbreeding is when two animals that are closely related, such as siblings or parent and offspring, are bred together. This increases the likelihood that their offspring will have similar traits and characteristics because they share many of the same genes. While inbreeding can lead to the expression of desirable traits, it can also increase the risk of genetic disorders and other health problems. For this reason, many breeders prefer to use outbreeding, or mating animals that are not closely related, to promote genetic diversity and reduce the risk of health problems in their offspring.

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The natural resource utilized for production refers to the resources that are found in nature and used to produce goods and services. These resources include land, water, minerals, forests, and other raw materials that are necessary for production. They are the foundation for economic activity, as they provide the raw materials and energy needed to produce goods and services. They are finite, meaning that they are limited in availability and once used, they cannot be replenished. Therefore, it is important to use them in a sustainable manner, to ensure that they are available for future generations.

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The main processes involved in the marketing of cotton do not include wedding. Wedding is not a process that is typically associated with the marketing of cotton. The marketing of cotton typically involves several key processes, including processing, grading, and packaging. Processing involves cleaning and preparing the cotton fibers for use in various products. This may include spinning the cotton into yarn or thread, and weaving or knitting the cotton into fabric. Grading involves evaluating the quality of the cotton fibers and sorting them into different grades based on factors such as length, strength, and color. This helps to ensure that the cotton fibers are used in the most appropriate applications and that customers receive the best quality products. Packaging involves packaging the cotton fibers or products made from cotton into bags or other containers for storage and transportation. This helps to protect the cotton from damage and contamination during transit and storage, and makes it easier for customers to handle and use the cotton in their own operations.

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Planting different varieties of timber is not a problem of forest management. It is actually a solution to the problem. The idea behind planting different varieties of timber is to improve the health and diversity of the forest ecosystem, which can make it more resilient to pests, disease, and other threats. By planting different types of trees, forest managers can also create a more varied and sustainable source of wood and other forest products, which can help to support local communities and economies.

Maelezo ya Majibu

Maelezo ya Majibu

A friend of a farmer is the earthworm. Earthworms are beneficial to farmers because they help to improve soil fertility. They do this by consuming organic matter in the soil and excreting it as nutrient-rich castings that can be absorbed by plants. Additionally, earthworms burrow through the soil, creating channels for air and water to flow, which can help to increase soil aeration and drainage. This leads to a healthier soil structure, which can result in better plant growth and higher crop yields. For these reasons, earthworms are often referred to as "nature's tillers" and are considered to be valuable allies for farmers.

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Callosobruchus maculatus is a common pest of cowpea. Cowpea is a type of bean that is widely grown and consumed in many parts of the world. Callosobruchus maculatus is a tiny beetle that feeds on the seeds of the cowpea plant. This insect can cause serious damage to the crop, reducing the yield and quality of the beans. The beetle lays its eggs on the surface of the cowpea seeds, and when the eggs hatch, the larvae burrow into the seed and start feeding on it. This feeding can damage the seed and make it unviable, reducing the yield of the crop.

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The surveying equipment used for measuring angles during farm surveying is a Theodolite. A Theodolite is a precision instrument used to measure both horizontal and vertical angles. It consists of a rotating tripod mounted telescope that can be swiveled both vertically and horizontally. The Theodolite is used to determine angles between points on the land, which is important in farm surveying to calculate the slope of the land, the direction of water flow, and other important aspects of land management. The Theodolite makes precise measurements by using a system of crosshairs and a protractor-like scale. This information is used to create maps and plans for the farm, which helps farmers to make informed decisions about planting crops, managing water resources, and other important tasks.

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The salvage value of a tractor can be calculated by subtracting the depreciation value from the initial cost. The initial cost of the tractor is ₦50,000, and the depreciation value after a year of use is ₦10,580. To calculate the salvage value, we subtract the depreciation value from the initial cost: ₦50,000 - ₦10,580 = ₦39,420 Therefore, the salvage value of the tractor after a year of use is ₦39,420.

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Lions, elephants, and donkeys are usually kept in game reserves. Game reserves are areas of land where wild animals are protected and kept in their natural habitats. These animals are usually native to the region and are kept safe from hunting or other human activities that may harm them. The purpose of game reserves is to conserve the animals and their ecosystems for future generations to enjoy and appreciate.