JAMB UTME - History - 2023

Which social group in Nigeria was most affected by the introduction of the indirect rule system?

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The social group in Nigeria most affected by the introduction of the indirect rule system was the traditional rulers.

Apartheid in South Africa was a system that institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination. What year did it officially begin?

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The correct answer is 1948. Apartheid officially began in South Africa in 1948.
Apartheid was a system that enforced racial segregation and discrimination. It was implemented by the National Party government, which came into power in that year. Under apartheid, different racial groups were classified and separated. This led to the creation of separate residential areas, schools, and even public facilities like hospitals and transportation.
The purpose of apartheid was to maintain white supremacy and control over the non-white population. The government created laws and policies that restricted the rights and freedoms of non-white individuals and communities. Segregation was enforced through various means, such as the infamous pass laws that controlled the movement of non-white individuals.
Apartheid lasted for several decades, with its effects deeply impacting the lives of millions of South Africans. It was a system of oppression and discrimination that was officially abolished with the election of Nelson Mandela as the President of South Africa in 1994.
In summary, apartheid in South Africa officially began in 1948 with the implementation of laws and policies that enforced racial segregation and discrimination.

What was the primary economic activity of the Nupe people during this period?

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The primary economic activity of the Nupe people during this period was farming. Farming was the main way they supported themselves and their community. They cultivated crops such as yams, millet, sorghum, and maize. These crops provided them with food for themselves and their families, as well as surplus that they could trade with other communities. Farming also allowed them to have a stable source of income and helped to ensure their survival.

During the Great Trek, the Voortrekkers clashed with the indigenous Zulu people. Who was the Zulu king at that time?

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During the Great Trek, the Voortrekkers clashed with the indigenous Zulu people. The Zulu king at that time was Dingane kaSenzangakhona.
Dingane was the half-brother of Shaka Zulu and ascended to the Zulu throne after Shaka's assassination in 1828. He ruled as king from 1828 to 1840.
The conflict between the Voortrekkers and the Zulu people began when the Voortrekkers, who were Dutch-speaking settlers from the Cape Colony, started moving eastward in search of new land. They came into contact with various African tribes, including the Zulu people.
The Voortrekkers encountered resistance from the Zulu kingdom, as Dingane saw them as a threat to his authority and control over the land. In 1838, tensions escalated and culminated in the Battle of Blood River, where the Voortrekkers, led by Andries Pretorius, defeated the Zulu forces.
In summary, the Zulu king during the time of the Great Trek was Dingane kaSenzangakhona. The conflict between the Voortrekkers and the Zulu people was a result of competing interests and the desire for land. The Battle of Blood River marked a significant event in the history of South Africa as it shaped the future dynamics between the Voortrekkers and Zulu kingdom.

Sierra Leone is home to a rich musical tradition, with one popular genre known as

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The popular genre of music in Sierra Leone is known as 'Palm-wine' music or 'Maringa'.

Which Christian missionary is known for translating the Bible into several indigenous Liberian languages?

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The Christian missionary who is known for translating the Bible into several indigenous Liberian languages is Samuel Ajayi Crowther.
Samuel Ajayi Crowther was a Yoruba man who was captured and sold into slavery at a young age. He was later rescued and educated by the Church Missionary Society (CMS) in Sierra Leone.
Crowther learned multiple indigenous languages and became a skilled linguist. He was appointed by the CMS to return to his homeland in Nigeria as a missionary. However, he was determined to help spread Christianity in other parts of Africa as well, including Liberia.
In Liberia, Crowther faced the challenge of communicating the Bible to the local people in their own languages. He recognized the importance of translating the Bible into indigenous languages so that it could be understood and embraced by the people.
Crowther dedicated his efforts to translating the Bible into several indigenous Liberian languages, including Vai, Mende, and Igbo. This was crucial in bringing the message of Christianity to the local communities and helping them connect with the teachings of the Bible.
His translations were instrumental in not only spreading Christianity but also preserving and promoting the cultural and linguistic diversity of Liberia. Crowther's work continues to have a lasting impact, as these translations are still being used and appreciated by the indigenous communities in Liberia today.
In summary, Samuel Ajayi Crowther is known for his significant contribution to Christian missionary work in Liberia by translating the Bible into several indigenous Liberian languages.

The Great Walls of Kano, ancient defensive walls, were built to protect the city from potential attacks in what century?

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The Great Walls of Kano were defensive walls built to protect the city of Kano, in present-day Nigeria, from potential attacks. They were built in the 15th century.

Muhammadu Buhari served as Nigeria's military head of state during which period?

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Muhammadu Buhari served as Nigeria's military head of state from 1983 to 1985. During this period, there was a military takeover of the Nigerian government, and Buhari was appointed as the head of state.
As the military head of state, Buhari implemented policies aimed at tackling corruption and improving discipline in the country. He introduced the War Against Indiscipline (WAI), a program that emphasized discipline and integrity in public life. This program aimed to instill a sense of order and accountability among Nigerians.
Buhari's government also implemented economic policies to address Nigeria's economic challenges at the time. He introduced austerity measures to curb government spending and improve fiscal discipline. However, these policies led to social unrest and dissatisfaction among Nigerians.
Buhari's tenure as the military head of state ended in 1985 when he was overthrown in a coup led by General Ibrahim Babangida.
In summary, Muhammadu Buhari served as Nigeria's military head of state from 1983 to 1985. His tenure was marked by efforts to tackle corruption, improve discipline, and address economic challenges.

Which of the following was a significant effect of colonial education in Nigeria?

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One significant effect of colonial education in Nigeria was the limited access to education for the masses. The colonial education system was designed to serve the interests of the colonial powers and was not widely accessible to the general population. It was mainly focused on providing basic literacy skills and training in trades and professions that served the colonial administration.

Who was the leader of the opposition in Nigeria during the Second Republic?

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During the Second Republic in Nigeria, the leader of the opposition was Obafemi Awolowo.
Obafemi Awolowo was a prominent Nigerian politician and statesman who played a significant role in Nigeria's politics during the 20th century. He was the leader of the Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN), which served as the main opposition party during the Second Republic.
As the leader of the opposition, Awolowo actively engaged in political activities that opposed the ruling party, the National Party of Nigeria (NPN), led by Shehu Shagari. He advocated for progressive policies and principles that would benefit the Nigerian people.
Awolowo's leadership in the opposition was characterized by his commitment to democracy, good governance, and social justice. He championed policies that aimed to address socioeconomic inequalities and promote economic development.
His contributions as the leader of the opposition in Nigeria during the Second Republic played a crucial role in shaping the country's political landscape and providing an alternative voice to the ruling party. Awolowo's ideas and influence continue to resonate in Nigerian politics even after his time as the leader of the opposition.
In summary, Obafemi Awolowo was the leader of the opposition in Nigeria during the Second Republic. He was a prominent Nigerian politician known for his progressive policies and commitment to democracy and social justice.

Which British explorer is credited with the "discovery" of the Niger River, sparking further interest in the Nigeria Area?

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The British explorer who is credited with the "discovery" of the Niger River and sparking further interest in the Nigeria area is David Livingstone. He was a Scottish missionary and explorer who travelled extensively throughout southern Africa in the 19th century.
Livingstone embarked on several expeditions with the aim of exploring and studying the African continent. One of his most significant journeys took place in 1854 when he ventured inland from the west coast of Africa with the goal of finding the source of the Niger River.
During his exploration, Livingstone encountered the Niger River and became the first European to navigate its entire length. His discovery of the river opened up a new understanding of the geographical landscape of Africa and fueled curiosity about the interior regions. It also highlighted the potential for trade and further exploration in the Nigeria area.
Furthermore, Livingstone's expedition and subsequent reports increased international interest in Africa, particularly among other explorers, scientists, and European nations. His exploration contributed to the mapping and knowledge of the continent, and ultimately played a role in the colonization of Africa by European powers.
In summary, it was David Livingstone who discovered and navigated the Niger River, leading to heightened interest and exploration of the Nigeria area.

Which major international power supported Biafra during the Civil War?

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During the Nigerian Civil War, which took place from 1967 to 1970, the country of France provided major support to the breakaway state of Biafra. France's support for Biafra was mainly driven by political and economic interests.
Politically, France saw an opportunity to weaken the influence of their rival, the United Kingdom, which was a prominent supporter of the Nigerian government. By supporting Biafra, France sought to assert its own influence in the region and challenge the UK's dominance.
Economically, France had significant interests in the oil resources of Biafra, which were located mainly in the southeastern region of Nigeria. The French oil company, Total, had made substantial investments in the region and saw Biafra as a potential ally in securing its oil interests.
To support Biafra, France provided military assistance, including arms, ammunition, and military advisors. French military advisors trained and provided guidance to Biafran troops. France also helped facilitate the transfer of weapons and supplies to Biafra through clandestine means.
It is important to note that while France was the major supporter of Biafra, other countries such as China, the United Kingdom, and the United States supported the Nigerian government during the war. However, the level of support from these countries was not as significant or direct as that provided by France.
In summary, the major international power that supported Biafra during the Nigerian Civil War was France. France's support was driven by political and economic interests, aimed at challenging the United Kingdom's influence in the region and securing its own economic interests, particularly in the oil resources of Biafra.

Which organization played a crucial role in the fight against apartheid in South Africa and was led by Nelson Mandela?

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The organization that played a crucial role in the fight against apartheid in South Africa and was led by Nelson Mandela is the African National Congress (ANC).
The ANC has a long and rich history, dating back to its formation in 1912. Its primary objective has always been to fight for the rights and liberation of the black majority in South Africa. Throughout the years, the ANC has employed various strategies to achieve its goals, including peaceful protests, boycotts, strikes, and armed resistance.
Under Mandela's leadership, the ANC became even more influential in the fight against apartheid. Mandela joined the ANC in the 1940s and advocated for nonviolent resistance. However, when peaceful methods proved ineffective, he helped establish the military wing of the ANC known as Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK). This armed wing carried out acts of sabotage against government institutions and infrastructure.
Mandela and other ANC leaders were arrested and went through a highly publicized trial known as the Rivonia Trial. Despite being sentenced to life imprisonment, Mandela's leadership and the ANC's continued efforts rallied support from both domestic and international communities. The ANC's determination and the sacrifices made by its members became a symbol of resistance against apartheid.
It is important to note that while the ANC played a significant role in the fight against apartheid, it was not the only organization involved. Other organizations like the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) and trade unions also contributed to the anti-apartheid movement. However, the ANC, under the leadership of Nelson Mandela, emerged as a central force in the struggle for equality and played a crucial role in ultimately bringing an end to apartheid in South Africa.

Which of the following trade commodities was highly sought after and contributed to the rise of several states in the Nigeria area up to 1800?

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Salt was a highly sought-after trade commodity that contributed to the rise of several states in the Nigeria area up to 1800. Salt was used as a medium of exchange in many parts of West Africa.

What was the purpose of the Pan-African Congresses that began in 1900?

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The purpose of the Pan-African Congresses that began in 1900 was to discuss strategies for African independence and unity. These congresses aimed to bring together African leaders, intellectuals, and activists from around the world to address the issues of colonization, racial discrimination, and exploitation faced by Africans. The congresses provided a platform for discussing and planning ways to achieve political independence, economic development, and social equality for African people. They also aimed to foster solidarity and promote unity among African nations and communities. Overall, the Pan-African Congresses played a crucial role in mobilizing and organizing the African independence movements and advocating for the rights and liberation of African people.

Which military leader introduced the "War Against Indiscipline" campaign in the 1980s?

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The military leader who introduced the "War Against Indiscipline" campaign in the 1980s was General Muhammadu Buhari.
Under the leadership of General Muhammadu Buhari, a campaign called the "War Against Indiscipline" was launched in the 1980s in Nigeria. This campaign was aimed at promoting discipline and orderliness in the society.
The "War Against Indiscipline" campaign was a response to the perceived decline in moral values and the need to instill a sense of discipline and accountability in the Nigerian society. It focused on various aspects of daily life including punctuality, cleanliness, obedience to traffic rules, and respect for authority.
The campaign emphasized the importance of integrity, hard work, and discipline as essential values for the development and progress of the nation. It sought to create a culture of discipline and orderliness through various strategies such as public enlightenment programs, public service reform, and strict enforcement of rules and regulations.
One popular aspect of the campaign was the introduction of the "National Pledge," which was recited daily in schools and public gatherings to promote patriotism and a sense of national pride.
The "War Against Indiscipline" campaign aimed to transform Nigeria into a disciplined and prosperous nation by instilling values of discipline, honesty, and hard work in the society. It emphasized the need for individuals to take responsibility for their actions and work towards the common good.
Overall, General Muhammadu Buhari introduced the "War Against Indiscipline" campaign in the 1980s as a means to promote discipline and orderliness in Nigerian society and to lay the foundation for the development and progress of the nation.

The decline of the Songhai Empire in the 16th century was partly due to

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The decline of the Songhai Empire in the 16th century was partly due to internal unrest and external attacks. There were a few factors that contributed to this decline.
Internally, the Songhai Empire faced challenges such as political instability and succession disputes. After the death of Emperor Askia Muhammad in 1528, there was a power struggle for the throne, which weakened the empire's leadership. This internal unrest weakened the empire's ability to govern effectively and respond to external threats.
Externally, the Songhai Empire faced attacks from neighboring states. The neighboring states, including the Mossi Kingdoms and the Kingdom of Morocco, saw the weakened state of the Songhai Empire as an opportunity to expand their own territories. These attacks put further pressure on the empire and contributed to its downfall.
In addition to these internal and external challenges, the decline of the Songhai Empire was also influenced by other factors, such as the disruption of trade routes and the introduction of firearms by the Moroccan forces. The Moroccan forces, equipped with firearms, had a significant advantage over the Songhai army, which predominantly relied on traditional weapons.
Overall, the decline of the Songhai Empire in the 16th century was a result of a combination of internal unrest and external attacks. The internal conflicts weakened the empire's leadership and governance, while the external attacks further destabilized the empire and eventually led to its downfall.

The British colonial policy of "indirect rule" was first implemented in Nigeria by Lugard in which region?

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The British colonial policy of 'indirect rule' was first implemented in Nigeria by Lord Lugard in the Northern region, specifically in Kano. Indirect rule is a system of governance used by the British to control parts of their colonial empire, particularly in Africa and Asia, through pre-existing local power structures. These dependencies were often called 'protectorates' or 'trucial states'.

The colonization of Liberia began in what year?

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The colonization of Liberia began in 1822.
Liberia was founded as a colony for free African Americans and freed slaves from the United States. It was established by the American Colonization Society, which aimed to provide a new home for free Blacks living in the United States.
The first group of settlers, consisting of both free African Americans and freed slaves, arrived in Liberia in 1822. They settled in the area that is now Monrovia, the capital city of Liberia. The settlement was named "Liberia," derived from the Latin word for freedom.
Over the following years, more settlers arrived in Liberia, seeking freedom and a new start. The settlers established a government and implemented rules and laws based on the American system. They aimed to create a society where formerly enslaved individuals could live as free citizens.
Liberia declared its independence from the American Colonization Society in 1847, becoming the first independent republic in Africa. However, it is important to note that the colonization process began in 1822, laying the foundation for the establishment of an independent nation.
Therefore, the correct answer is 1822.

Which Islamic reform movement aimed to purify the practice of Islam from local customs and traditions in West Africa during the 18th and 19th centuries?

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The Mahdist Movement was an Islamic reform movement that aimed to purify the practice of Islam from local customs and traditions in West Africa during the 18th and 19th centuries. The movement was led by Muhammad Ahmad bin Abd Allah, who declared himself the Mahdi, the prophesied redeemer of Islam who will appear at end times to rid the world of evil and injustice.

The Efik Kingdom had a highly developed system of writing known as

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The highly developed system of writing in the Efik Kingdom was known as Nsibidi. Nsibidi is a symbolic script that originated within the Efik people of southeastern Nigeria. It was used primarily by secret societies and served as a means of communication, education, and decoration.
Nsibidi is characterized by a series of pictorial symbols that represent words, ideas, and concepts. These symbols were inscribed on various surfaces such as wood, cloth, pottery, and walls. Each symbol had a specific meaning and could be combined to convey complex messages.
What made Nsibidi unique was its secrecy. The knowledge of how to interpret the symbols was restricted to certain individuals within the society. This exclusivity added an element of mystique and power to the script.
Unfortunately, the specific origin and development of Nsibidi are still not well understood. It remains an important cultural and historical artifact of the Efik people and has gained recognition as a valuable part of Nigeria's heritage.
In summary, the Efik Kingdom had a highly developed system of writing known as Nsibidi. It was a symbolic script consisting of pictorial symbols that conveyed words, ideas, and concepts. The knowledge of interpreting Nsibidi was restricted to specific individuals, giving it an element of secrecy and power.

What significant event occurred during the Murtala/Obasanjo regime's early days in office?

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During the early days of the Murtala/Obasanjo regime, one of the significant events was the release of political prisoners. This was part of the regime's efforts to promote national reconciliation and unity.

What was the primary reason for the military takeover by the Abacha regime?

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The primary reason for the military takeover by the Abacha regime was to restore democracy. This is a common reason given by military regimes when they seize power, often citing corruption, inefficiency, or instability in the existing democratic government. However, it's important to note that the actual outcomes of such takeovers often do not align with these stated goals.

The system of Government in the Sokoto Caliphate was

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The system of Government in the Sokoto Caliphate was Totalitarianism.
In a totalitarian system, the government has complete control over the lives of its citizens. The Sokoto Caliphate was ruled by a single religious and political leader known as the Caliph, who had absolute authority and power. The Caliph made all important decisions and had control over various aspects of society, including politics, religion, and the economy.
The Caliphate had a hierarchical structure with the Caliph at the top, followed by regional rulers known as Emirs, who were responsible for governing specific territories within the Caliphate. The Emirs were appointed by the Caliph and had to follow his directives and policies.
The Caliphate was a theocracy, meaning that the government was based on religious principles. Islamic law, known as Sharia, was the foundation of the legal system in the Sokoto Caliphate. The Caliph and his appointed officials ensured that the laws and teachings of Islam were enforced and upheld throughout the Caliphate.
The Sokoto Caliphate operated under a centralized system of administration, with officials and administrators appointed by the Caliph to manage and govern different areas of the Caliphate. This allowed for effective control and coordination of the government's activities.
Overall, the system of government in the Sokoto Caliphate was characterized by centralized authority, religious principles, and the absolute power of the Caliph, making it a totalitarian system.

The Richards Constitution of 1946 introduced a new political structure in Nigeria. What was a major criticism of this constitution by Nigerian nationalists?

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The major criticism of the Richards Constitution of 1946 by Nigerian nationalists was that it failed to recognize the diversity of ethnic groups in Nigeria.
In a simple and comprehensive way, this means that the constitution did not take into account the different cultural, ethnic, and religious backgrounds of the various groups in Nigeria. Nigeria is made up of many different ethnic groups with their own traditions, languages, and customs. There was a concern that the constitution would not provide equal representation and protection for all these groups and their interests.
Another criticism was that the constitution favored the interests of urban elites over rural populations. Urban elites are usually wealthy and influential individuals who live in cities and have more access to resources and political power. The nationalists felt that the constitution would primarily benefit the urban elites while neglecting the needs and concerns of the majority of the population living in rural areas.
Furthermore, the Richards Constitution restricted the activities of nationalist organizations. This means that the constitution imposed limitations on the activities and campaigning of groups that were seeking independence and fighting for the rights of Nigerians. These restrictions hindered the ability of nationalists to express their views and organize effectively.
Lastly, the nationalists also criticized the constitution for granting too much power to regional governments. This means that the constitution gave significant authority and autonomy to the regional governments within Nigeria. The nationalists believed that this excessive power would hinder the development of a strong central government and could potentially lead to regionalism and disunity.
In summary, the major criticism of the Richards Constitution by Nigerian nationalists was that it failed to recognize the diversity of ethnic groups in Nigeria, favored the interests of urban elites over rural populations, restricted the activities of nationalist organizations, and granted too much power to regional governments. This meant that the constitution did not adequately address the concerns and interests of the entire Nigerian population, leading to dissatisfaction among the nationalists.

Which of the following was a significant trading commodity in the Nigeria area before 1800?

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The significant trading commodity in the Nigeria area before 1800 was Kola nuts. Kola nuts have a long history of being an important trade item in Nigeria and other parts of West Africa. They were highly sought after for their cultural, social, and economic value.
Kola nuts were considered a symbol of hospitality and used in traditional ceremonies and social gatherings. They were often offered as a gesture of welcome and respect to visitors and guests. In addition to their cultural significance, kola nuts were also used for medicinal purposes due to their stimulant properties.
From an economic perspective, kola nuts played a vital role in trade within and beyond the Nigeria area. They were used as a form of currency and medium of exchange in commercial transactions. Kola nuts were highly valued and used in bartering for other goods and services.
The demand for kola nuts extended beyond local communities. They were exported to other regions in Africa and Europe, where they were sought after for their various uses. European traders recognized the economic value of kola nuts and included them in the trade networks.
Overall, kola nuts were a significant trading commodity in the Nigeria area before 1800 due to their cultural, social, and economic importance.

What contributed significantly to the rise of early states in Nigeria?

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The rise of early states in Nigeria was significantly influenced by several factors.
Agricultural advancements played a crucial role in the emergence of these states. The development of agriculture allowed people to settle in one place and establish permanent settlements. This led to the formation of communities, which eventually evolved into states. With agriculture, people could produce surplus food, leading to population growth and specialization of labor.
Arab trade routes also played a significant role in the rise of early states in Nigeria. The Arab trade routes brought wealth and cultural exchange to the region. The trade of goods, such as salt, textiles, and precious metals, led to economic growth and the rise of wealthy trading cities. This economic prosperity and the interactions with Arab traders contributed to the formation and development of powerful states.
European colonization had a major impact on the political landscape of Nigeria. The arrival of European powers, such as Britain, France, and Portugal, disrupted existing political structures and led to the creation of colonial territories. This colonization process shaped the boundaries and identities of the present-day Nigerian states. After gaining independence, these colonial territories became the basis for the states of Nigeria.
It is important to note that the industrial revolution did not directly contribute to the rise of early states in Nigeria. The industrial revolution occurred primarily in Europe, and its effects on Nigeria were more indirect. The industrial revolution created a demand for raw materials, leading to increased trade with Nigeria. This trade, in turn, influenced the development of Nigerian states, especially in the coastal regions that were more involved in international trade.
In summary, the rise of early states in Nigeria was primarily influenced by agricultural advancements, Arab trade routes, and European colonization. These factors shaped the political, economic, and cultural landscapes of Nigeria and set the foundation for the states we see today.

Which constitutional conference in London paved the way for Nigeria's independence?

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The London Conference that paved the way for Nigeria's independence was the London Conference of 1957. This conference was significant because it laid the groundwork for Nigeria to gain independence from British colonial rule.
During this conference, Nigerian leaders and British officials came together to discuss the future of Nigeria and its move towards self-governance. The conference aimed to give Nigeria more control over its own affairs and determine the path towards independence.
One of the key outcomes of the conference was the establishment of the Macpherson Constitution in 1951, which granted Nigeria with a more representative form of government. This marked a significant step towards self-governance and greater political independence.
The London Conference of 1957 also provided an opportunity for Nigerian leaders to negotiate and advocate for their demands and aspirations for independence. It allowed them to voice their concerns and work towards a consensus on the path towards self-rule.
Ultimately, the discussions and agreements reached during the London Conference of 1957 set the stage for Nigeria's independence, which was achieved on October 1, 1960. This historic event marked Nigeria's transition from a British colony to an independent nation.

During the Second Republic, Nigeria experienced a boom in which sector?

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During the Second Republic in Nigeria, the sector that experienced a significant boom was oil and gas.
Oil and gas became the main driver of Nigeria's economy during this period. Nigeria possesses vast reserves of oil, and its production and exportation increased significantly during the Second Republic. This boom in the oil and gas sector brought about a surge in revenue for the country.
The exploration and production of oil created numerous job opportunities and attracted foreign investment. As a result, the economy experienced rapid growth, and there was an increase in infrastructure development, such as roads, schools, and hospitals.
The revenue generated from the oil and gas sector also played a crucial role in funding government projects and programs. However, it is important to note that the over-reliance on oil revenue also led to neglect and underdevelopment in other sectors, such as agriculture and manufacturing.
Overall, the boom in the oil and gas sector during Nigeria's Second Republic had a profound impact on the country's economy, transforming it into one of the largest oil producers in Africa and a major player in the global oil industry.

Who was the Zulu king responsible for the expansion of the Zulu Kingdom during the MFECANE?

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The Zulu king responsible for the expansion of the Zulu Kingdom during the MFECANE was Shaka Zulu. Shaka Zulu is often credited with transforming the Zulu tribe into a powerful and centralized kingdom in the early 19th century. He came to power around 1818 and implemented various military and social reforms that greatly expanded the Zulu Kingdom's influence and territory. Shaka Zulu introduced a new military formation called the iklwa, which was a short stabbing spear. This weapon, along with innovative battle tactics, allowed the Zulu warriors to become extremely effective in battle. Under Shaka Zulu's leadership, the Zulu Kingdom successfully conquered neighboring tribes and assimilated them into a centralized system. These conquests not only expanded the Zulu Kingdom's territory but also increased its wealth and influence. Shaka Zulu's reign was marked by military prowess, strong leadership, and significant territorial expansion, making him the key figure responsible for the Zulu Kingdom's growth during the MFECANE.

The "Magna Carta," signed in 1215, limited the power of which monarch?

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The "Magna Carta," signed in 1215, limited the power of King John of England.
The Magna Carta was an important document in English history that established certain rights and limitations on the power of the monarch. King John was the ruler of England at the time, and he faced significant opposition from the barons (wealthy landowners) who were unhappy with his rule.
At the time, King John had been making decisions without consulting the nobles or taking their opinions into consideration. This led to discontent among the barons who felt that their rights were being disregarded. In response, they forced the king to sign the Magna Carta.
The Magna Carta had several key provisions, including: - Protection of the Church's rights - Assurances of due process and the right to a fair trial - Limitations on the power of the king to impose taxes without consent - Establishment of property rights and protections against unfair seizures
These provisions aimed to prevent King John from exercising absolute power and to protect the rights and privileges of the English nobility and clergy. While the Magna Carta didn't immediately lead to a complete shift in power, it laid the foundation for future limitations on the monarchy and the development of democratic principles.
In summary, the Magna Carta was a document that limited the power of King John of England, as it sought to establish rights and protections for the barons and the Church against arbitrary actions by the monarch.

Which influential leader in the Sokoto Caliphate was responsible for administration and justice?

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In the Sokoto Caliphate, the Waziri was responsible for administration and justice. The Waziri was the vizier or minister of the Caliphate, and his duties included overseeing the administration of the state and ensuring justice was served.

What event marked the official end of apartheid in South Africa?

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The event that marked the official end of apartheid in South Africa was the release of Nelson Mandela from prison.
Nelson Mandela was a prominent anti-apartheid activist who fought for the rights of black South Africans. He was imprisoned for 27 years by the apartheid government for his activism.
His release on February 11, 1990 was a significant turning point in South African history. It symbolized the beginning of the dismantling of apartheid and signaled a shift towards a more inclusive and democratic society. Mandela's release brought hope and unity to people across the country.
After his release, Mandela played a crucial role in negotiating with the apartheid government to end racial segregation and establish a democratic system. He became the country's first black president in 1994, marking a new era of equality and justice for all South Africans.
The release of Mandela was a pivotal moment in South Africa's history, representing the end of the oppressive apartheid regime and the beginning of a new era of freedom and equality.

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Abeokuta was the last Yoruba city-state to fall to British colonial rule in the late 19th century. The British had already established control over other Yoruba city-states like Lagos, Oyo, and Ibadan. However, Abeokuta resisted British rule for a long time before finally succumbing to it.

Which colonial policy was implemented to extract resources and labor from Nigeria for Britain's benefit?

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The colonial policy implemented by Britain in Nigeria was Indirect Rule. This system was introduced by Lord Lugard, the first Governor-General of Nigeria. Under this system, traditional rulers were allowed to govern their people as long as they followed British guidelines. This policy was primarily used to extract resources and labor from Nigeria for Britain's benefit.

During The Great Trek, the Boers clashed with which indigenous African groups?

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During The Great Trek, the Boers clashed with the Zulu and Xhosa indigenous African groups.
The Great Trek was a significant historical event that took place in the early 19th century when the Boers, who were Dutch settlers in South Africa, moved away from British-controlled areas in search of independence and new opportunities. As they embarked on this journey, they encountered various African tribes along the way.
The Zulu and Xhosa tribes were two of the most influential and powerful indigenous African groups in the region at that time. The clashes between the Boers and these tribes stemmed from several reasons, including territorial disputes, competition for resources, and cultural differences.
The Zulu people, led by their mighty king Shaka, were known for their military prowess and expansionist ambitions. They fiercely defended their territory and were not willing to cede it to the Boers without a fight. The Boers clashed with the Zulu in several battles, such as the Battle of Blood River in 1838.
Similarly, the Xhosa people also resisted the encroachment of the Boers into their land. The Xhosa Wars, which spanned several decades, were a series of conflicts between the Xhosa and the Boers, as well as the British colonizers. These wars were marked by violence and displacement as both sides fought for control over land and resources.
Overall, the clashes between the Boers and the Zulu and Xhosa tribes during The Great Trek were a result of the tensions and conflicts arising from territorial expansion and differing cultural perspectives.

Lake Victoria, one of the largest freshwater lakes in the world, is shared by three countries. Which of the following countries is NOT among them?

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Lake Victoria, one of the largest freshwater lakes in the world, is shared by three countries. These countries are Uganda, Tanzania, and Kenya. None of the countries listed in the options, Mozambique, is among them. Therefore, the correct answer is Mozambique because it does not share Lake Victoria.

The ancient city of Carthage, once a powerful Phoenician civilization, was located in modern-day

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The ancient city of Carthage, which was a powerful Phoenician civilization, was located in modern-day Tunisia.

The Rwandan genocide in 1994 resulted in the mass killing of which ethnic group?

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The Rwandan genocide in 1994 resulted in the mass killing of the Tutsis.
During this period, tensions between the two main ethnic groups in Rwanda, the Tutsis and the Hutus, reached a boiling point. The Tutsis were a minority ethnic group, making up about 14% of the population, while the Hutus were the majority, constituting around 85%.
The genocide was fueled by deep-seated ethnic hatred and political manipulation. The Hutu-led government at the time, with the support of extremist militia groups, orchestrated a planned and systematic campaign of violence against the Tutsis. It is estimated that within a span of approximately 100 days, around 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus were killed.
The killings were brutal and relentless, with Tutsis being targeted solely because of their ethnicity. Mass killings took place in homes, churches, schools, and other public places, as well as on the streets. The killers used machetes, guns, and other crude weapons to carry out their acts of violence.
The international community was criticized for its lack of intervention during the genocide, and it remains one of the darkest chapters in modern history. The long-lasting effects of the genocide are still felt today, with Rwanda working towards reconciliation and healing.

How did the amalgamation affect the traditional political systems in Nigeria?

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The amalgamation of Nigeria in 1914 by Lord Lugard led to the formation of a new political system. It brought together the Northern and Southern Protectorates and the Colony of Lagos under a single administration, creating a political entity and system that was different from the traditional systems.