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Question 1 Report
Nitrogen is made available to plants in the form of nitrates through the process of
Answer Details
Question 2 Report
At which of the following ages are gilts normally mated?
Answer Details
Gilts are female pigs that have not yet given birth. Normally, they are mated between the ages of 8-12 months. At this age, they have reached sexual maturity and are able to conceive and carry a pregnancy to full term. Mating them earlier than 8 months may result in poor conception and litter sizes, while waiting until they are over 12 months may result in reduced fertility and increased risk of complications during pregnancy and farrowing. Therefore, the best age range for mating gilts is between 8 and 12 months.
Question 3 Report
Most farmers in Nigeria are hesitant in adopting new farming techniques because they
Answer Details
Most farmers in Nigeria are hesitant in adopting new farming techniques because they are poor and cannot afford to take risks. This is because trying out new techniques may involve additional expenses and there is no guarantee of success. Many farmers in Nigeria live on subsistence farming and their income may not be sufficient to cover their basic needs, let alone to invest in new technologies. Additionally, they may not have access to credit facilities to support their farming activities. Therefore, they tend to stick to traditional farming techniques that they are familiar with and have been using for generations.
Question 4 Report
Low fibre and high energy feeds are classified as
Answer Details
Low fibre and high energy feeds are classified as "concentrates". Concentrates are feeds that are high in energy and low in fibre, with a low content of crude fiber, and include grains and oilseeds. They are used to supplement the diets of animals and are typically given in smaller amounts than roughages or basal feeds, which are high in fibre and low in energy. The main function of concentrates is to supply energy and protein to meet the animal's nutritional requirements. They can be used to supplement grazing or forage diets, or as the main source of nutrition in confinement feeding systems.
Question 6 Report
Which of the following environmental factors is likely to have the greatest influence on crop production in Nigeria?
Answer Details
Among the environmental factors listed, moisture is likely to have the greatest influence on crop production in Nigeria. Nigeria has a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, and rainfall is generally the most limiting factor for agricultural production. Insufficient rainfall or prolonged droughts can cause crops to wither and die, leading to reduced yields and even crop failure. On the other hand, excessive rainfall can cause flooding and waterlogging, which can also damage crops. Therefore, moisture management is critical for successful crop production in Nigeria.
Question 7 Report
Which of the following is not a factor affecting fertility in farm animals?
Answer Details
Question 8 Report
The average seed rate for maize is 25 kg per hectare. Allowing for a seed wastage of 5 per cent.How many kilogram of seeds would be required in planting 10 hectares of farmland?
Answer Details
The average seed rate for maize is 25 kg per hectare, which means 25 kg of maize seeds are required to plant 1 hectare of farmland. Now, to plant 10 hectares of farmland, we need to multiply the seed requirement for 1 hectare by 10. So, Seed requirement for 10 hectares = 25 kg/ha x 10 ha = 250 kg However, we also need to account for the seed wastage of 5%. This means that 5% of the total seed requirement will be wasted, and we need to add this to the original requirement. Seed wastage = 5% of 250 kg = (5/100) x 250 kg = 12.5 kg Total seed requirement with wastage = 250 kg + 12.5 kg = 262.5 kg Therefore, the answer is 262.5 kg, which is option E.
Question 9 Report
The growing of both forest and agricultural crops on the same piece of land is termed
Answer Details
The term used to describe the growing of both forest and agricultural crops on the same piece of land is "taungya system". This is a type of agroforestry system in which farmers establish and maintain agricultural crops in the understory of a forest while the forest trees are still growing. The agricultural crops are typically planted in the forest during the first few years of its establishment and are later harvested as the forest matures. This system is commonly used in tropical regions to provide both food and income for farmers while also promoting forest conservation and management.
Question 10 Report
The expression of a gene in the phenotype irrespective of whether the cell is homozygous or heterozygous is known as
Answer Details
The expression of a gene in the phenotype irrespective of whether the cell is homozygous or heterozygous is known as dominance. In genetics, dominance is a concept that describes how some alleles (versions of a gene) are expressed over others. If one allele is dominant, it will be expressed in the phenotype even if it is paired with a different allele that is recessive. This means that the presence of a dominant allele can mask the expression of a recessive allele in the phenotype. Dominance can be complete, where the dominant allele completely masks the expression of the recessive allele, or it can be partial, where the dominant allele only partially masks the expression of the recessive allele.
Question 11 Report
Which of the following constitutes a direct monetary cash assistance from government to farmers?
Answer Details
Out of the given options, only "loans" can be considered as direct monetary cash assistance from the government to farmers. Agricultural development programmes, extension services, supply of inputs, and tractor hiring services do not involve direct monetary cash assistance, but rather provide various forms of support such as training, technical assistance, or equipment. Loans, on the other hand, involve the government providing money to farmers, which can be used for various purposes such as buying inputs, equipment, or other farming-related expenses.
Question 12 Report
The commonest ectoparasites of birds are
Question 13 Report
The parent material of a soil is formed from the disintegration of
Answer Details
The parent material of a soil is formed from the disintegration of rock. Over time, physical and chemical weathering of rocks lead to the formation of parent materials which eventually form soils. The composition and characteristics of the parent material contribute to the properties of the soil, including texture, structure, nutrient content, and water-holding capacity. The type of rock that breaks down and the extent of weathering that occurs influences the type of soil that will be formed.
Question 14 Report
The desirable characteristics of forage crops include the following except
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Forage crops are plants that are primarily grown to feed animals. They are a crucial source of nutrients for animals such as cows, sheep, goats, and horses. When selecting forage crops, farmers look for certain desirable characteristics that can ensure maximum yield and good nutrition for their animals. Palatability refers to the taste and smell of the forage crop, which affects whether animals will eat it or not. Dependability refers to the ability of the forage crop to produce consistent yields, even under variable environmental conditions. High yield is another important characteristic that ensures that there is enough forage to feed the animals. Resistance to trampling is also a desirable characteristic because animals may walk over the forage crop, which can damage or destroy it. On the other hand, poor reproductive ability is not a desirable characteristic for forage crops. This is because forage crops are typically harvested before they can produce seeds, so their reproductive ability is not important. Instead, farmers look for plants that produce a lot of biomass and are able to regrow quickly after harvest. Therefore, "poor reproductive ability" is the characteristic that is not desirable among forage crops.
Question 15 Report
Which of the following crops is a raw material for production of chocolate?
Answer Details
The crop that is a raw material for the production of chocolate is cocoa. Cocoa beans are extracted from the cocoa plant, which are then processed into cocoa powder and cocoa butter - both essential ingredients for making chocolate. Therefore, option D - cocoa - is the correct answer.
Question 16 Report
A protozoan diseases of livestock not transmitted by a vector is
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Coccidiosis is a protozoan disease of livestock that is not transmitted by a vector. This disease is caused by a parasite that multiplies in the intestine of animals such as cattle, sheep, and goats. It is usually spread through contaminated feed or water, and it affects the absorption of nutrients, causing diarrhea and dehydration. Although it is not transmitted by a vector, coccidiosis can still spread quickly within a herd if proper sanitation measures are not taken. Treatment usually involves the use of drugs to control the parasite and supportive care to manage the symptoms.
Question 17 Report
The symptoms of vitamin deficiency diseases in livestock includes the following
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Question 19 Report
Which of the following is not a factor of improvement in breeding cattle?
Answer Details
The factor of improvement in breeding cattle refers to the traits that breeders aim to enhance through selective breeding. These traits include high milk yield, fast growth, disease resistance, and good temperament, among others. Among the options provided, bloat, night blindness, milk fever, infertility, and anemia are all health conditions that can negatively impact the breeding potential of cattle. Bloat is a condition where the animal's stomach fills with gas and can be fatal if not treated quickly. Night blindness, caused by vitamin A deficiency, can reduce the animal's ability to see and lead to accidents or difficulty finding food. Milk fever is a metabolic disorder that can occur after calving and cause muscle weakness and decreased milk production. Infertility can affect both male and female cattle, and it can be caused by various factors such as disease, genetics, or poor nutrition. Anemia is a condition where the animal lacks sufficient red blood cells to transport oxygen to body tissues, which can cause weakness, fatigue, and decreased productivity. Therefore, the answer to the question is that "bloat" is not a factor of improvement in breeding cattle. Rather, it is a health condition that needs to be prevented or treated in order to maintain the health and productivity of the animal.
Question 20 Report
Which of the following is not a factor of improvement in breeding cattle?
Answer Details
Question 21 Report
Which of the following sources of farm power cannot be effectively used for processing agricultural products?
Question 22 Report
The best tool(s) a farmer should use to measure out a large farm accurately include(s) the
Answer Details
To measure out a large farm accurately, a farmer should use tools that provide precise measurements and cover large distances. Therefore, a measuring tape and ranging poles would be the best tools to use. A measuring tape provides accurate measurements, while ranging poles help cover large distances, which makes it easier to measure large farms. A garden line may not be long enough to cover large distances accurately, and using it alone may not provide accurate measurements. Therefore, options 1, 3, and 4 may not be the best tools to use. may be effective, but it may not be as accurate as using ranging poles and a measuring tape.
Question 24 Report
The exotic breeds of rabbits found in Nigeria include the following except
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The answer is "Rhode Island Red" because it is a breed of chicken, not a breed of rabbit. The question is asking for the exotic breeds of rabbits found in Nigeria, and all the other options are breeds of rabbits, except for Rhode Island Red which is a breed of chicken.
Question 25 Report
Peasant farmers sell almost all their produce immediately after harvesting because
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Peasant farmers sell almost all their produce immediately after harvesting because of inadequate storage facilities. They do not have proper storage facilities to preserve their produce, and stored produce may be lost to pests, lose their quality or may not fetch high prices in the market. Additionally, the commonest method of land tenure in Nigeria is communal landholding, and peasant farmers may not have exclusive rights to the land they farm. As a result, they may not have the resources to invest in storage facilities. Therefore, they choose to sell their produce immediately after harvest to avoid losses due to poor storage.
Question 26 Report
Which of the following is a day-to-day record of work on a farmer's farm?
Answer Details
The day-to-day record of work on a farmer's farm is called a "labour diary." This record is used to keep track of the work done on the farm each day, including tasks performed, hours worked, and the number of workers involved. It is an important tool for the farmer to monitor the progress of work and ensure that tasks are completed on schedule. The other options listed - crop yield book, farm inventory, produce account, and profit and loss account - are all different types of records that a farmer might keep, but they do not specifically track the day-to-day work on the farm.
Question 27 Report
Why should a seed-producing farmer spray an insecticide on his crops only when the bees are not around?
Answer Details
A seed-producing farmer should spray insecticides on his crops only when the bees are not around because bees are important for pollination of his crops. Bees are responsible for transferring pollen from male flowers to female flowers, which leads to the fertilization of the plant and the production of seeds. If the insecticide is sprayed when the bees are around, it may kill them or deter them from visiting the flowers, which would negatively impact the pollination process and ultimately reduce the yield of the crop. Therefore, it is important for farmers to time their insecticide application carefully and avoid spraying when bees are present. This helps to ensure that the crops receive adequate pollination and that the yield is maximized.
Question 28 Report
The commonest method of land tenure in Nigeria is
Answer Details
The commonest method of land tenure in Nigeria is inheritance. Inheritance involves the transfer of land from parents to children, and it is a traditional method of land transfer that has been in existence for generations. Land is considered a family asset that is passed down from one generation to another, and it is governed by customary laws and practices. This method of land tenure is prevalent in rural areas where there is a strong attachment to family land and cultural practices. However, there are also other methods of land tenure in Nigeria, including lease, outright purchase, pledge, and state allocation, but they are not as common as inheritance.
Question 29 Report
The factor that does not influence land use is
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The factor that does not influence land use is population graph. While topography, population pressure, forest establishment, and soil type are all factors that can affect land use, population graph is not a recognized term or concept in the context of land use. It is unclear what is meant by population graph in this context. Therefore, it cannot be considered a factor that influences land use.
Question 30 Report
The disease which most attacks groundnut is called
Answer Details
The disease that most commonly attacks groundnut is called rosette. It is a viral disease transmitted by aphids, and it causes severe damage to the leaves, stems, and roots of the plant. The disease gets its name from the characteristic rosette-like growth pattern of the plant, with small, deformed leaves clustered at the top. Rosette disease can lead to stunted growth, reduced yield, and in severe cases, death of the plant.
Question 31 Report
Minerals such as contained in oyster shell help animals to
Answer Details
The minerals contained in oyster shells help animals to develop their bones and teeth. Oyster shells are a rich source of minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium that are essential for the growth and development of bones and teeth in animals. These minerals are also important for maintaining strong bones and teeth throughout an animal's life. Therefore, consuming oyster shells or adding them to an animal's diet can help ensure that they are getting enough of these important minerals to develop and maintain healthy bones and teeth.
Question 32 Report
Which of the following is not an effect of burning on the soil?
Answer Details
The option that is not an effect of burning on the soil is "increasing the organic matter in the soil". Burning of vegetation, also known as bush burning, has negative effects on soil fertility and ecosystem in general. It reduces soil organic matter, exposes the soil to erosion, increases soil acidity, and can lead to the loss of beneficial soil microorganisms. Therefore, burning of vegetation is generally discouraged in agriculture and land management practices.
Question 33 Report
The cross-section of a segment of soil showing the horizons or layers is known as the soil
Answer Details
The correct answer is "profile". A soil profile is a vertical section of the soil, from the surface down to the parent material, that displays a sequence of soil layers or horizons. These layers are differentiated from each other by their physical, chemical, and biological properties, and are used to study and classify soils. A soil profile is an important tool for understanding soil characteristics, such as soil structure, texture, depth, and fertility, and for identifying soil management practices that can be used to improve soil health and productivity.
Question 34 Report
The best method(s) of regulating fish capture is/are
Answer Details
The best method(s) of regulating fish capture is/are quota and mesh-size control. Quotas refer to the limits set on the amount of fish that can be caught during a particular period, while mesh-size control refers to the use of fishing nets with a specific mesh size to prevent catching undersized or juvenile fish. These methods aim to maintain sustainable fishing practices by ensuring that fish populations are not overexploited or depleted. Gill netting and electro-fishing, active netting, and passive netting can lead to unintended bycatch and harm to non-target species. The beach seine method is also known to have negative impacts on the environment and other marine organisms. Therefore, quota and mesh-size control are considered the best methods for regulating fish capture.
Question 35 Report
Which of the following is not an effect on man of the various preventive and control measures of diseases and pests of crops?
Answer Details
The correct option is "poor utilization". Preventive and control measures of diseases and pests of crops are taken to ensure healthy and abundant crop yields. These measures include the use of pesticides, fungicides, and herbicides. While these chemicals may have adverse effects on the environment, such as air pollution and water poisoning, they do not directly lead to poor utilization of crops by humans. The other options, such as food contamination and poor health, are potential negative effects of the use of these chemicals.
Question 36 Report
the factors that can predispose animals to diseases include the following except
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The question is asking which of the following is NOT a factor that can predispose animals to diseases. The correct answer is "immunity", as immunity is a protective factor that can prevent animals from contracting diseases, rather than a factor that can predispose them to diseases. In simple terms, the other options - poor housing, malnutrition, physical injuries, and unfavorable weather - can all weaken an animal's immune system and make them more susceptible to contracting diseases.
Question 37 Report
The following are advantages of the sprinkler method of irrigation except
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The question is asking for an option that is NOT an advantage of the sprinkler method of irrigation. Based on the options provided, the last option "method may be difficult for local farmers to use" is the answer. The sprinkler method of irrigation has several advantages, including the ability to control the rate of water application, the portability of the sprinkler system, and the option to make the system automatic. Additionally, this method can be used on land with varying topography where traditional furrow irrigation is difficult to implement. However, one disadvantage of the sprinkler method is that it may be difficult for some local farmers to use due to the high cost of equipment and maintenance.
Question 38 Report
The following factors should be considered when selecting a farm animal irrespective of the use management and cost except
Answer Details
Question 39 Report
Which of the following is not used for identification purpose in livestock?
Answer Details
Shearing is not used for identification purpose in livestock. Shearing is the process of removing wool, hair or fur from the body of an animal, usually for commercial purposes. On the other hand, tattooing, branding, tagging and notching are commonly used methods of identifying livestock for various purposes such as ownership, breeding, health management and monitoring, and disease control.
Question 40 Report
Contact insecticides are used to control
Question 41 Report
Slate is derived from
Answer Details
Slate is a fine-grained, foliated, homogeneous metamorphic rock derived from shale through a low-grade regional metamorphism process. The original shale deposits were subjected to heat and pressure, causing them to transform into slate. This transformation process involves the recrystallization of the minerals in the shale, resulting in the formation of a dense, fine-grained rock with excellent cleavage. Therefore, the correct option is shale.
Question 42 Report
The units of inheritance which determine the various characteristics of crop are called
Answer Details
Question 43 Report
The part of the ruminant stomach from which digestive juices secreted is the
Answer Details
The part of the ruminant stomach from which digestive juices are secreted is the abomasum. The abomasum is also called the "true stomach" of the ruminant because it functions similarly to the monogastric stomach found in non-ruminant animals. In contrast, the rumen, reticulum, and omasum are specialized compartments of the ruminant stomach where fermentation of ingested food occurs, with the aid of microorganisms. The paunch is another name for the rumen.
Question 44 Report
Thrips cause serious mechanical damages to crops by their
Answer Details
Thrips cause serious mechanical damages to crops by their feeding activities on flowers, leaves, and fruits. Thrips are small insects that feed on the surface of plants by piercing and sucking the sap out of the cells. This can cause deformities, stunted growth, discoloration, and even death of the plants. Thrips also scrape the surface of the plants with their mouthparts, which can create scarring, silvering, or bronzing of the leaves. These damages can reduce the quality and quantity of the crop yield, and can also make the plants more susceptible to secondary infections by fungi and bacteria.
Question 45 Report
The most important limitation of agricultural mechanization is
Answer Details
The most important limitation of agricultural mechanization is small holdings. Agricultural mechanization requires significant capital investment in machinery and equipment, and it is more economical when practiced on large-scale farms. Small-scale farmers, who often have limited resources and land, may find it difficult to invest in such equipment. As a result, they may not be able to enjoy the benefits of mechanization, such as increased productivity, efficiency, and reduced labor costs.
Question 47 Report
Vegetables propagation can be carried out through the following processes except
Answer Details
Question 48 Report
A forest established for watershed management will perform the following functions except
Answer Details
A forest established for watershed management will perform all of the functions listed except for controlling fish population. Forests can help to reduce water pollution, control erosion, maintain a steady stream flow, and reduce evaporation by increasing infiltration and slowing down the movement of water across the land. However, controlling fish population is not a typical function of a forest established for watershed management, as this is generally managed through other means such as fishing regulations and habitat restoration projects.
Question 49 Report
In the establishment of pastures, it is best to
Answer Details
It is best to plant a mixture of grasses and legumes in the establishment of pastures. This is because grasses and legumes complement each other in terms of nutrient content, growth habit, and ecological requirements. Legumes have the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen, which is important for the growth of both grasses and legumes. Additionally, the legumes provide protein-rich forage for livestock, which can improve their productivity. On the other hand, grasses provide the bulk of the forage and can help to reduce weed growth by shading out weed seeds. Therefore, a mixture of grasses and legumes is ideal for sustainable pasture management.
Question 50 Report
If a crop requires 1.5 kg phosphorus per hectare, how many kg of manure will be required per hectare if 1 kg manure contains 0.49 kg of phosphorus?
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Question 51 Report
The act of giving birth in rabbits is known as
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The act of giving birth in rabbits is known as "kindling". It is important to note that different animals have specific terms for giving birth. For rabbits, the term kindling is commonly used.
Question 53 Report
Rhizobium supplies nitrogen to leguminous plants by
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Rhizobium is a type of bacteria that lives in the root nodules of leguminous plants. It is able to fix atmospheric nitrogen, which means it can convert nitrogen gas from the air into a form of nitrogen that plants can use. This process of nitrogen fixation is very important for leguminous plants because it allows them to obtain nitrogen without having to rely on external sources such as fertilizers. The nitrogen that Rhizobium supplies to the plant is in the form of ammonium ions which the plant can absorb and use to synthesize amino acids, proteins, and other important compounds. So, the correct answer is "fixing atmospheric nitrogen".
Question 54 Report
Which of the following breeds of cattle is regarded as the best dairy breed in Nigeria?
Answer Details
The breed of cattle regarded as the best dairy breed in Nigeria is the White Fulani. This breed of cattle is known for its high milk yield and adaptability to different environments. White Fulani cows are usually large and have a white coat with a hump on their back. They are found in many parts of Nigeria and are preferred by dairy farmers because of their milk production efficiency.
Question 55 Report
The process of meiosis in plants ensures the production of reproduction of reproductive cells with
Answer Details
The process of meiosis in plants ensures the production of reproductive cells with half the number of chromosomes of the parent plant. During meiosis, the cell undergoes two rounds of division, which results in the production of four haploid cells (cells with half the number of chromosomes). This is important for sexual reproduction, as it ensures that when the sperm and egg cells unite, the resulting offspring will have the correct number of chromosomes.
Question 56 Report
The process whereby rocks are broken down into small particles through both physical and chemical factors is known as
Answer Details
The process whereby rocks are broken down into small particles through both physical and chemical factors is known as weathering. Physical factors that cause weathering include temperature changes, wind, and water, while chemical factors include acid rain, oxidation, and plant roots. These factors work together to break down the rock into smaller particles that eventually form soil.
Question 57 Report
The instrument used to measure the relative humidity is
Answer Details
The instrument used to measure the relative humidity is a hygrometer. A hygrometer is an instrument used to measure the amount of water vapor in the air or the humidity. There are different types of hygrometers, such as mechanical and electronic, but they all measure the humidity of the air.
Question 58 Report
Some of the by-products of fish include the following except
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The question is asking for a by-product of fish that is NOT listed among the options. The correct answer is "leather", as it is not typically considered a by-product of fish. Fish by-products are often obtained from processing fish for food or other uses. Fish meal, fish silage, glue, and oil are all examples of common by-products of fish. Fish meal is a high-protein supplement used in animal feed, while fish silage is used as a fertilizer or soil conditioner. Fish glue can be used as a wood adhesive or in the manufacture of paper, and fish oil is commonly used as a nutritional supplement for humans and animals. However, leather is not typically produced from fish, making it the correct answer to the question.
Question 59 Report
(a) What is meant by agricultural extension ? (b) Discuss briefly how the following can be used disseminating new idea and techniques to farmers in Nigeria. (i) mass media; (ii) individual method; (iii) group method
(a) Agricultural extension refers to the process of transferring knowledge and technology related to agriculture from research centers to farmers. It involves the use of various methods and techniques to teach farmers how to adopt new and improved farming practices, technologies, and innovations.
(b) The following methods can be used to disseminate new ideas and techniques to farmers in Nigeria:
In conclusion, agricultural extension is crucial in disseminating new ideas and techniques to farmers in Nigeria. The use of various methods and techniques such as mass media, individual method, and group method can enhance the effectiveness of agricultural extension services.
Answer Details
(a) Agricultural extension refers to the process of transferring knowledge and technology related to agriculture from research centers to farmers. It involves the use of various methods and techniques to teach farmers how to adopt new and improved farming practices, technologies, and innovations.
(b) The following methods can be used to disseminate new ideas and techniques to farmers in Nigeria:
In conclusion, agricultural extension is crucial in disseminating new ideas and techniques to farmers in Nigeria. The use of various methods and techniques such as mass media, individual method, and group method can enhance the effectiveness of agricultural extension services.
Question 60 Report
(a) What is weathering ?
(b) Enumerate three processes involved in rock weathering
(c) List and discuss briefly the agents of two of these processes
(a) Weathering is the process by which rocks and minerals are broken down into smaller pieces or dissolved by physical, chemical or biological processes, in response to the conditions of the environment in which they exist.
(b) The three processes involved in rock weathering are:
(c) The agents of mechanical weathering are physical forces such as temperature changes, wind, water, and ice. For example, freeze-thaw cycles occur when water freezes in rock crevices and then expands as it turns into ice, causing the rock to crack and break apart.
The agents of chemical weathering are chemical compounds such as water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and acids. For example, carbon dioxide in the air combines with water to form carbonic acid, which can dissolve minerals in rocks such as limestone, leading to their erosion and breakdown over time. Another example is acid rain, which results from the combination of rainwater with pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, leading to the corrosion and breakdown of rocks and other structures.
Answer Details
(a) Weathering is the process by which rocks and minerals are broken down into smaller pieces or dissolved by physical, chemical or biological processes, in response to the conditions of the environment in which they exist.
(b) The three processes involved in rock weathering are:
(c) The agents of mechanical weathering are physical forces such as temperature changes, wind, water, and ice. For example, freeze-thaw cycles occur when water freezes in rock crevices and then expands as it turns into ice, causing the rock to crack and break apart.
The agents of chemical weathering are chemical compounds such as water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and acids. For example, carbon dioxide in the air combines with water to form carbonic acid, which can dissolve minerals in rocks such as limestone, leading to their erosion and breakdown over time. Another example is acid rain, which results from the combination of rainwater with pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, leading to the corrosion and breakdown of rocks and other structures.
Question 61 Report
Define farm records and farm accounts. (b) Give seven reasons for keeping such records.
(a) Farm records refer to the systematic recording of important information related to farming activities, such as crop production, livestock management, and financial transactions. Farm accounts, on the other hand, refer to the systematic recording and management of financial transactions related to farm operations.
(b) There are several reasons for keeping farm records and accounts, including:
Overall, keeping accurate and up-to-date farm records and accounts is essential for effective farm management and decision-making.
Answer Details
(a) Farm records refer to the systematic recording of important information related to farming activities, such as crop production, livestock management, and financial transactions. Farm accounts, on the other hand, refer to the systematic recording and management of financial transactions related to farm operations.
(b) There are several reasons for keeping farm records and accounts, including:
Overall, keeping accurate and up-to-date farm records and accounts is essential for effective farm management and decision-making.
Question 62 Report
Discuss rinderpest disease of livestock under the following sub-headings: (a) Causal organism; (b) Transmission c) Symptoms (d) Effects and economic importance (e) Control
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(a) Causal organism: Rinderpest is caused by a virus called the rinderpest virus, which belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family.
(b) Transmission: The virus is highly contagious and is transmitted through contact with infected animals, their bodily fluids or excretions, and contaminated equipment or surroundings.
(c) Symptoms: Rinderpest has an incubation period of about 3-9 days, after which the animal starts to exhibit symptoms such as fever, loss of appetite, nasal and ocular discharges, diarrhea, and severe dehydration. The animal may also develop sores in the mouth and on the skin. In the later stages of the disease, the animal may show neurological signs such as paralysis and convulsions.
(d) Effects and economic importance: Rinderpest is a highly fatal disease that can wipe out entire herds of cattle, buffalo, and other cloven-hoofed animals. It has caused devastating losses in the past, leading to famine and poverty in many regions of the world. The disease has also had a significant impact on the economies of affected countries, reducing the availability of meat, milk, and draft power.
(e) Control: The most effective way to control rinderpest is through vaccination. Mass vaccination campaigns have been successful in eradicating the disease from many parts of the world. Other control measures include quarantine of infected animals, movement restrictions, and disinfection of contaminated equipment and surroundings.
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(a) Causal organism: Rinderpest is caused by a virus called the rinderpest virus, which belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family.
(b) Transmission: The virus is highly contagious and is transmitted through contact with infected animals, their bodily fluids or excretions, and contaminated equipment or surroundings.
(c) Symptoms: Rinderpest has an incubation period of about 3-9 days, after which the animal starts to exhibit symptoms such as fever, loss of appetite, nasal and ocular discharges, diarrhea, and severe dehydration. The animal may also develop sores in the mouth and on the skin. In the later stages of the disease, the animal may show neurological signs such as paralysis and convulsions.
(d) Effects and economic importance: Rinderpest is a highly fatal disease that can wipe out entire herds of cattle, buffalo, and other cloven-hoofed animals. It has caused devastating losses in the past, leading to famine and poverty in many regions of the world. The disease has also had a significant impact on the economies of affected countries, reducing the availability of meat, milk, and draft power.
(e) Control: The most effective way to control rinderpest is through vaccination. Mass vaccination campaigns have been successful in eradicating the disease from many parts of the world. Other control measures include quarantine of infected animals, movement restrictions, and disinfection of contaminated equipment and surroundings.
```Question 63 Report
Describe briefly the economic importance and the control measures of the following: (a) Stem borers of cereal, (b) Grain weevils of stored produce: (c) Cotton stainer; (d) Cassava mealy bug
(a) Stem borers of cereal: Stem borers are a group of insects that cause significant economic losses to cereal crops such as maize, rice, and sorghum. They bore into the stems of these plants and feed on the vascular tissues, causing stunting, wilting, and even death of the plants. This can result in reduced yields and quality of the affected crops. Control measures include the use of resistant varieties, cultural practices such as crop rotation, and the application of insecticides.
(b) Grain weevils of stored produce: Grain weevils are a common pest of stored grains such as maize, rice, and wheat. They feed on the kernels of these grains, reducing their quality and making them unsuitable for consumption or sale. Control measures include proper storage techniques such as drying and fumigation, as well as the use of insecticides.
(c) Cotton stainer: Cotton stainers are insects that feed on cotton plants and stain the fibers with a reddish-brown color, reducing the value and marketability of the cotton. They also reduce yields by damaging the developing bolls. Control measures include the use of resistant varieties, cultural practices such as crop rotation and weed control, and the application of insecticides.
(d) Cassava mealy bug: Cassava mealy bug is a serious pest of cassava, a staple crop in many African countries. It feeds on the leaves and stems of cassava, causing stunting and reduced yields. Control measures include the use of resistant varieties, cultural practices such as intercropping with legumes, and the application of insecticides. In addition, the introduction of natural enemies such as parasitic wasps has been successful in controlling the pest in some areas.
Answer Details
(a) Stem borers of cereal: Stem borers are a group of insects that cause significant economic losses to cereal crops such as maize, rice, and sorghum. They bore into the stems of these plants and feed on the vascular tissues, causing stunting, wilting, and even death of the plants. This can result in reduced yields and quality of the affected crops. Control measures include the use of resistant varieties, cultural practices such as crop rotation, and the application of insecticides.
(b) Grain weevils of stored produce: Grain weevils are a common pest of stored grains such as maize, rice, and wheat. They feed on the kernels of these grains, reducing their quality and making them unsuitable for consumption or sale. Control measures include proper storage techniques such as drying and fumigation, as well as the use of insecticides.
(c) Cotton stainer: Cotton stainers are insects that feed on cotton plants and stain the fibers with a reddish-brown color, reducing the value and marketability of the cotton. They also reduce yields by damaging the developing bolls. Control measures include the use of resistant varieties, cultural practices such as crop rotation and weed control, and the application of insecticides.
(d) Cassava mealy bug: Cassava mealy bug is a serious pest of cassava, a staple crop in many African countries. It feeds on the leaves and stems of cassava, causing stunting and reduced yields. Control measures include the use of resistant varieties, cultural practices such as intercropping with legumes, and the application of insecticides. In addition, the introduction of natural enemies such as parasitic wasps has been successful in controlling the pest in some areas.
Question 64 Report
(a) Distinguish between irrigation and drainage (b) State and explain four systems of irrigation and two of drainage.
a) Irrigation and drainage are two distinct processes in agriculture. Irrigation is the process of applying water to plants through various methods to supplement natural rainfall and ensure optimal plant growth and yield. On the other hand, drainage is the process of removing excess water from the soil or land to prevent waterlogging, soil salinity, and other problems that can lead to poor plant growth.
b) There are several systems of irrigation and drainage, and some of them are:
Systems of Irrigation:
Systems of Drainage:
In summary, irrigation involves the application of water to plants, while drainage involves the removal of excess water from the soil. Flood, sprinkler, drip, and center pivot irrigation are some of the systems of irrigation, while surface and subsurface drainage are some of the systems of drainage.
Answer Details
a) Irrigation and drainage are two distinct processes in agriculture. Irrigation is the process of applying water to plants through various methods to supplement natural rainfall and ensure optimal plant growth and yield. On the other hand, drainage is the process of removing excess water from the soil or land to prevent waterlogging, soil salinity, and other problems that can lead to poor plant growth.
b) There are several systems of irrigation and drainage, and some of them are:
Systems of Irrigation:
Systems of Drainage:
In summary, irrigation involves the application of water to plants, while drainage involves the removal of excess water from the soil. Flood, sprinkler, drip, and center pivot irrigation are some of the systems of irrigation, while surface and subsurface drainage are some of the systems of drainage.
Question 65 Report
Write short notes on the following: (a) Selective exploration; (b) Deforestation; (c) Regeneration (d) Afforestation
(a) Selective exploration refers to the process of extracting resources from an area by selectively removing only certain trees or other natural resources, while leaving the rest of the area undisturbed. This is commonly used in forestry and mining operations to minimize environmental damage and ensure sustainability.
(b) Deforestation is the process of clearing forests and trees on a large scale, usually to make room for agriculture, urbanization, or other forms of human development. Deforestation has significant environmental impacts, including soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, and climate change.
(c) Regeneration refers to the natural regrowth and recovery of an ecosystem after it has been damaged or disturbed. This can happen after a natural disaster, such as a forest fire or hurricane, or as a result of human activities like logging or mining. Regeneration is important for maintaining ecosystem health and biodiversity.
(d) Afforestation is the process of planting trees in an area where there was no previous forest cover. Afforestation can help combat climate change by sequestering carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, as well as provide habitat for wildlife, protect soil from erosion, and improve air and water quality.
Answer Details
(a) Selective exploration refers to the process of extracting resources from an area by selectively removing only certain trees or other natural resources, while leaving the rest of the area undisturbed. This is commonly used in forestry and mining operations to minimize environmental damage and ensure sustainability.
(b) Deforestation is the process of clearing forests and trees on a large scale, usually to make room for agriculture, urbanization, or other forms of human development. Deforestation has significant environmental impacts, including soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, and climate change.
(c) Regeneration refers to the natural regrowth and recovery of an ecosystem after it has been damaged or disturbed. This can happen after a natural disaster, such as a forest fire or hurricane, or as a result of human activities like logging or mining. Regeneration is important for maintaining ecosystem health and biodiversity.
(d) Afforestation is the process of planting trees in an area where there was no previous forest cover. Afforestation can help combat climate change by sequestering carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, as well as provide habitat for wildlife, protect soil from erosion, and improve air and water quality.
Question 66 Report
List and explain the four major systems of land tenure in Nigeria.
Land tenure refers to the system of rules and regulations that govern the use, ownership, and transfer of land. In Nigeria, there are four major systems of land tenure, which are:
Each system of land tenure has its advantages and disadvantages. For instance, traditional/communal land tenure promotes social cohesion and community development, but may not be conducive to individual investment and economic growth. Individual land tenure, on the other hand, encourages individual investment and economic growth, but may lead to land speculation and inequality. Leasehold land tenure provides a middle ground between individual and communal ownership, but may limit long-term investment and development. Government land tenure can facilitate planned development and control over land use, but may be prone to corruption and misuse of power.
Answer Details
Land tenure refers to the system of rules and regulations that govern the use, ownership, and transfer of land. In Nigeria, there are four major systems of land tenure, which are:
Each system of land tenure has its advantages and disadvantages. For instance, traditional/communal land tenure promotes social cohesion and community development, but may not be conducive to individual investment and economic growth. Individual land tenure, on the other hand, encourages individual investment and economic growth, but may lead to land speculation and inequality. Leasehold land tenure provides a middle ground between individual and communal ownership, but may limit long-term investment and development. Government land tenure can facilitate planned development and control over land use, but may be prone to corruption and misuse of power.
Question 67 Report
a) Describe five factors required for establishing a fish pond (b) Enumerate six management practices for maintain-rig high fish yield
(a) Five factors required for establishing a fish pond are:
(b) Six management practices for maintaining high fish yield are:
Answer Details
(a) Five factors required for establishing a fish pond are:
(b) Six management practices for maintaining high fish yield are:
Question 68 Report
Write short notes on the following sources of farm power:(a) Work animals; (b) Machine engines, (c) Water (d) Sun
(a) Work animals: Animals such as oxen, horses, and donkeys have been used as a source of farm power for centuries. They can be used for plowing, harrowing, planting, and transportation of farm produce. The advantage of work animals is that they do not require fuel and can be fed on farm-grown crops. However, they require proper care and maintenance, and their use can be limited by their physical strength and endurance.
(b) Machine engines: Machine engines such as tractors, combine harvesters, and tillers are popular sources of farm power in modern agriculture. They are efficient, reliable, and can perform a wide range of tasks. The engines are powered by diesel, gasoline, or electricity. Their advantages include increased productivity, reduced labor requirements, and faster completion of farm tasks. However, they require significant capital investment and skilled operators to maintain them.
(c) Water: Water can be used as a source of farm power through the use of watermills and hydroelectric generators. Watermills can be used to grind grains and pump water for irrigation. Hydroelectric generators can provide electricity for farm operations. The advantage of water power is that it is renewable and does not require fuel. However, it is limited by the availability of water sources and the topography of the farm.
(d) Sun: Solar power can be used to provide electricity for farm operations. Solar panels can be used to power lights, pumps, and other electrical equipment. The advantage of solar power is that it is renewable and does not produce greenhouse gas emissions. However, it requires significant capital investment and is limited by the availability of sunlight.
Answer Details
(a) Work animals: Animals such as oxen, horses, and donkeys have been used as a source of farm power for centuries. They can be used for plowing, harrowing, planting, and transportation of farm produce. The advantage of work animals is that they do not require fuel and can be fed on farm-grown crops. However, they require proper care and maintenance, and their use can be limited by their physical strength and endurance.
(b) Machine engines: Machine engines such as tractors, combine harvesters, and tillers are popular sources of farm power in modern agriculture. They are efficient, reliable, and can perform a wide range of tasks. The engines are powered by diesel, gasoline, or electricity. Their advantages include increased productivity, reduced labor requirements, and faster completion of farm tasks. However, they require significant capital investment and skilled operators to maintain them.
(c) Water: Water can be used as a source of farm power through the use of watermills and hydroelectric generators. Watermills can be used to grind grains and pump water for irrigation. Hydroelectric generators can provide electricity for farm operations. The advantage of water power is that it is renewable and does not require fuel. However, it is limited by the availability of water sources and the topography of the farm.
(d) Sun: Solar power can be used to provide electricity for farm operations. Solar panels can be used to power lights, pumps, and other electrical equipment. The advantage of solar power is that it is renewable and does not produce greenhouse gas emissions. However, it requires significant capital investment and is limited by the availability of sunlight.
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