JAMB UTME - Geography - 2009

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The temperature at which condensation occurs when air is saturated is the dew point. When air is fully saturated, it can no longer hold water vapor and some of the water vapor turns into liquid droplets. This process is known as condensation. The temperature at which this occurs is called the dew point temperature. It is the temperature to which air must be cooled, at constant pressure, for it to become saturated and for condensation to occur. At the dew point temperature, the air becomes saturated with water vapor and any additional cooling will result in the formation of dew, fog, or frost.

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Spruce, pine, and fir are trees associated with the Coniferous forest. Coniferous forests are also called taiga or boreal forests, and they are characterized by coniferous trees that have needle-shaped leaves, which are well-suited to withstand cold and snowy weather. The coniferous forest is located in the northern hemisphere, in regions with long and cold winters and short summers. It covers vast areas of Canada, Russia, Scandinavia, and Alaska. The trees in this forest are important sources of timber and pulpwood.

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A population pyramid is a graphical representation of a country's population structure based on age and gender. A developed country's population pyramid has a narrow base, which indicates a low birth rate. This means that the country has a low fertility rate and a smaller percentage of younger people in the population. As a result, the country may face challenges with an aging population and a smaller workforce to support the needs of the elderly.

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A seif is a landform associated with wind erosion. Specifically, it is a long, narrow sand ridge that is oriented parallel to the prevailing wind direction. Seifs are typically found in deserts and are formed by wind eroding and depositing sand, creating a ridge that can be several meters high and hundreds of meters long.

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The main process of soil formation in humid tropics is laterization. Laterization occurs when soil is subjected to high temperatures and heavy rainfall over a long period of time. This process results in the leaching of important nutrients from the soil, leaving behind a soil that is rich in iron and aluminum oxides. These oxides give the soil its characteristic red or yellow color. The soil becomes hardened and compacted, and its ability to retain water is greatly reduced. This makes it difficult for plants to grow, and often leads to the formation of dense tropical rainforest ecosystems.

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The birth rate of a country is the number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in a given year. To calculate the birth rate, we divide the number of registered births by the total population and multiply by 1,000. In this case, the total population is 160 million, and the number of registered births is 4 million. Birth rate = (Number of registered births / Total population) x 1,000 Birth rate = (4,000,000 / 160,000,000) x 1,000 Birth rate = 25 per 1,000 Therefore, the birth rate of the country is 2.5%.

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The largest ocean in the world is the Pacific Ocean. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of all the world's oceans, covering an area of about 63.8 million square miles (165.2 million square kilometers). It is also the deepest ocean, with an average depth of about 12,080 feet (3,682 meters). The Pacific Ocean is located between Asia and Australia to the east, and the Americas to the west. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north and the Southern Ocean to the south. The ocean is named after the Latin word "pacificus," which means "peaceful," as it was originally named by the explorer Ferdinand Magellan due to its calm and tranquil waters. The Pacific Ocean is home to a wide range of marine life, including whales, dolphins, sharks, and sea turtles. It also plays an important role in the global climate system, with ocean currents and winds in the Pacific affecting weather patterns around the world. Overall, the Pacific Ocean is a vast and important part of the world's oceans, with a rich diversity of life and a significant impact on the planet's climate and weather.

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The classification of clouds is based on a combination of form, height, and appearance. The appearance of clouds refers to their texture and structure, which can help meteorologists identify different types of clouds. Clouds can have a variety of shapes, such as puffy or flat, and they can be composed of different layers or have distinct patterns. By examining the appearance of clouds, meteorologists can determine the atmospheric conditions that are associated with them, such as temperature, humidity, and wind patterns. This information is important for understanding weather patterns and making accurate weather forecasts. The height and form of clouds also play a role in their classification, as different types of clouds form at different altitudes and under different conditions.

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Flooding in coastal areas can best be checked by channelization. This involves constructing channels or canals that direct the flow of water away from the coastal areas. This helps to prevent the accumulation of water in low-lying areas and reduces the risk of flooding. Terracing involves creating steps or terraces on a slope to reduce soil erosion and prevent landslides. Tree planting helps to prevent erosion and reduce the amount of water runoff. Contour ploughing involves ploughing along the contour lines of a slope to prevent soil erosion and reduce water runoff. However, none of these methods is specifically designed to address the issue of coastal flooding.

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The main factor that is responsible for the relatively cool temperatures in East Africa is altitude. As the altitude increases, the temperature decreases. This is because the higher up in the atmosphere you go, the thinner the air becomes and the less heat it can trap. East Africa has a lot of high-altitude regions, such as the Ethiopian Highlands and the Kenyan Highlands, which can reach elevations of over 4,000 meters (13,000 feet) above sea level. As a result, these regions experience cooler temperatures compared to lower-lying areas at the same latitude. While factors such as ocean currents, latitude, and air masses can also affect temperature, altitude is the primary factor responsible for the relatively cool temperatures in East Africa.

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The system that provides both irrigation water and hydro-electricity is located in Aswan, Egypt. The Aswan High Dam is a large dam on the Nile River that was built in the 1960s. It provides water for irrigation to the surrounding farmland, which is important for agriculture in Egypt. In addition, the dam generates electricity through hydro-electric power, which is a renewable source of energy that uses the power of falling water to generate electricity. The Aswan High Dam is one of the largest dams in the world, and it has had a significant impact on the surrounding region. It has helped to control the flow of the Nile River and prevent flooding, which was a major problem in the past. It has also allowed for the expansion of agriculture and the growth of cities in the area. Overall, the Aswan High Dam is an important piece of infrastructure that provides both irrigation water and electricity to the region, and it has had a major impact on the development of Egypt.

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An example of a man-made lake is Lake Volta. Man-made lakes, also known as artificial lakes, are bodies of water that have been created by humans through the construction of dams or other barriers. These barriers impound water in a particular area, creating a reservoir that can be used for a variety of purposes, such as hydroelectric power generation, irrigation, and recreation. Lake Volta, located in Ghana, West Africa, is one of the largest man-made lakes in the world. It was created in 1965 with the construction of the Akosombo Dam on the Volta River. The lake has a surface area of 8,502 square kilometers and provides hydroelectric power to Ghana and neighboring countries. It also supports fishing and transportation activities, as well as recreational activities such as boating and fishing.

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A hygrometer is used to measure relative humidity. Relative humidity is the amount of water vapor present in the air compared to the maximum amount that the air could hold at a given temperature. Hygrometers measure this by sensing changes in the electrical resistance or capacitance of a material as it absorbs moisture from the air. They are commonly used in weather forecasting, indoor climate control, and in industries where humidity control is important, such as food processing and pharmaceuticals.

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Solar is a renewable source of power supply because it harnesses energy from the sun, which is a natural and virtually inexhaustible source of energy. Solar power is generated using photovoltaic (PV) panels, which convert sunlight into electricity. This electricity can be used to power homes, businesses, and other applications. Unlike non-renewable sources of energy, such as coal, gas, and nuclear, solar power does not produce greenhouse gas emissions or other pollutants, making it a much cleaner and sustainable energy source. Additionally, solar panels can be installed on rooftops or in other areas where there is ample sunlight, making it accessible to almost everyone.

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The low level of economic development in the Chad Basin of Nigeria is owing to its harsh climate. The Chad Basin has a hot and dry climate, with very little rainfall, making it difficult for agriculture to thrive. The harsh climate has also led to desertification and the encroachment of the Sahara desert, which further limits economic activities in the region. As a result, the region has low agricultural productivity, limited industrialization, and high poverty rates.

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Limestone and clay can metamorphose into marble and slate. During metamorphism, the minerals in limestone and clay are subjected to high pressure and temperature, leading to a change in their physical and chemical composition. Marble is formed when limestone is subjected to high temperatures and pressure, while slate is formed when clay is subjected to similar conditions. Therefore, depending on the degree of metamorphism, limestone and clay can turn into either marble, slate or a combination of both.

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The answer is anthracite. Anthracite is a hard, shiny, and carbon-rich organic rock that burns smokelessly. It is a type of coal that is highly metamorphosed and has a high carbon content, making it an excellent fuel source for heating and cooking. It is also used in the production of electricity and other industrial processes. Peat is a precursor to coal that is not yet fully carbonized, while rhyolite and marble are types of igneous and metamorphic rocks, respectively, that do not have the properties of coal.

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The rotation of the earth on its own axis is the reason for day and night. As the earth rotates, half of it is facing towards the sun (daytime) while the other half is facing away from the sun (nighttime). This rotation takes approximately 24 hours to complete, resulting in the familiar pattern of day and night that we experience every day. The varying lengths of day and night at different times of the year and the changes in the altitude of the midday sun at different times of the year are caused by the tilt of the earth's axis and its orbit around the sun, not just its rotation on its axis. The four seasons are also a result of this tilt and orbit.

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A major physical factor restricting the cultivation of perennial crops in the Sudan savannah of Nigeria is the seasonal pattern of rainfall. The Sudan savannah region of Nigeria experiences a distinct wet and dry season. During the wet season, there is plenty of rainfall, which can be favorable for crop growth. However, during the dry season, there is little to no rainfall, making it difficult for perennial crops to survive. Perennial crops, such as trees, have deep root systems that require a constant supply of water. In the Sudan savannah, the soil also tends to be sandy, which can exacerbate the problem of water retention. As a result, it is difficult to cultivate perennial crops in this region without irrigation or other water management strategies. While factors such as seasonal regime of streams and pest menace can also affect crop cultivation, the seasonal pattern of rainfall is the major physical factor that restricts the cultivation of perennial crops in the Sudan savannah of Nigeria.

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The area in Shaba province in the Democratic Republic of Congo, known for the production of copper, is Lumumbashi.

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A plug dome is a product of volcanicity. It is formed when magma that is rich in gas is squeezed out of a volcano and solidifies near the vent. The gas bubbles inside the magma cause it to be more viscous and sticky, which makes it pile up into a dome-shaped plug. As more magma is forced up from below, the plug can grow larger and larger until it eventually explodes, releasing ash, gas, and other volcanic materials. Plug domes are common features of stratovolcanoes, which are tall and steep volcanoes that are built up over time by successive eruptions of lava, ash, and other volcanic materials.

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The most critical element in an ecosystem is the energy flow within the system. Ecosystems are complex networks of living and non-living components that interact with each other. Energy flows through these components, from the sun to plants, to herbivores, to predators, and eventually to decomposers. Without energy, the components of the ecosystem cannot function and the system will collapse. Therefore, the energy flow is essential to maintain the stability and sustainability of an ecosystem.

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The state in Nigeria most vulnerable to drought and desertification is Yobe. Yobe is located in the northeastern region of Nigeria, and its climate is mostly hot and dry with very little rainfall. This makes it vulnerable to drought and desertification, which is the process by which fertile land turns into desert due to a lack of water and overuse of the land. The combination of low rainfall, high temperatures, and overgrazing has led to the desertification of large areas of land in Yobe. This has had a significant impact on the livelihoods of the people living in the state, as it has made it difficult for them to grow crops and raise livestock. Efforts are being made to combat desertification in Yobe and other parts of Nigeria through reforestation, irrigation projects, and sustainable land use practices. However, the state remains one of the most vulnerable to the effects of climate change and desertification in Nigeria.

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Sudan is a country in Africa with little or more potential for hydro-electricity generation. This is because Sudan has several rivers that could be harnessed for hydro-electric power, including the Blue Nile, White Nile, and Atbara River. Additionally, Sudan has already developed the Merowe Dam on the Nile River, which generates a significant amount of electricity for the country. Therefore, Sudan has the potential to further develop its hydro-electric power capacity to meet its growing energy needs.

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The craft industry associated with the late Ladi Kwali in Nigeria is pottery. Ladi Kwali was a highly skilled potter who gained international recognition for her mastery of the traditional techniques of pottery making in the Gwari tradition. She was famous for her use of the coiling technique, which involves rolling clay into long, thin coils and then layering them on top of each other to create the shape of the pot. She also used the traditional method of firing her pots in a pit kiln, which gives the finished product a distinctive smoky finish. Ladi Kwali's work helped to preserve the traditional techniques of pottery making in Nigeria and inspired many other potters to continue this important craft.

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The most important use of rocks in Nigeria is for building. Rocks are used as materials for construction of various structures such as houses, roads, bridges, dams, and other civil engineering projects. Rocks are readily available in many parts of Nigeria, and they are often cheaper than other construction materials such as bricks or cement. Additionally, rocks are durable and can withstand harsh weather conditions, making them ideal for building structures that need to last a long time. Overall, the use of rocks in construction is essential for the development of infrastructure in Nigeria.

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Detroit in the USA became prominent as a result of its automobile industries. It was home to the headquarters of major automobile manufacturers such as General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler. These companies played a crucial role in the growth and development of Detroit's economy and made it a hub for the production of cars and other automobile-related products. The success of the automobile industry in Detroit also led to the growth of other businesses, such as steel mills and other manufacturing plants, which further strengthened the city's economy.

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The best way to promote industrialization in Nigeria is through the development of iron and steel processing. Iron and steel are essential materials for industrial development and are used in the production of a wide range of products, including machinery, construction materials, and vehicles. By developing a strong iron and steel industry, Nigeria can support the growth of other industries and create jobs, boost economic growth, and reduce reliance on imports. Iron ore deposits are abundant in Nigeria, but the country has not fully exploited this resource due to a lack of infrastructure and technical expertise. However, with government support and investment, Nigeria can establish a viable iron and steel industry that can drive industrialization and economic development. Additionally, the development of the iron and steel industry can create opportunities for technological transfer, research and development, and the growth of local supply chains. Overall, investing in iron and steel processing is a crucial step towards promoting industrialization in Nigeria.

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The major primary activity in a coniferous forest is lumbering. Coniferous forests, also known as taiga or boreal forests, are dominated by cone-bearing trees such as pine, spruce, and fir. These trees are a valuable source of timber, which is used for a wide range of purposes including construction, furniture making, and paper manufacturing. Lumbering involves the cutting and harvesting of trees for commercial use. In a coniferous forest, this typically involves clearcutting, which is the removal of all trees in a given area. Once the trees have been felled, they are typically transported to sawmills for processing into lumber. While lumbering is the primary activity in a coniferous forest, other activities such as hunting and fishing may also take place. However, these are generally secondary activities that are pursued by local communities or recreational users, rather than commercial enterprises. Overall, the value of coniferous forests as a source of timber has made lumbering the dominant economic activity in many areas, particularly in regions where other primary activities such as agriculture or mining are less feasible. However, sustainable management practices are needed to ensure that these forests continue to provide valuable resources while also preserving their ecological and cultural significance.