WAEC SSCE - Geography - 2002

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The shortest flying route between any two points on the earth's surface lies along a Great Circle. A Great Circle is the largest circle that can be drawn around the surface of a sphere, such as the Earth. It is formed by the intersection of a plane that passes through the center of the sphere and divides it into two equal halves. When we want to fly between two points on the Earth's surface, the shortest distance between them is along a Great Circle route. This is because a Great Circle route follows the shortest possible path on the curved surface of the Earth, rather than following a straight line on a flat map. For example, when you see a direct flight path from New York to Tokyo on a flat map, it might appear to be a straight line, but when you look at the same route on a globe, you'll notice that the route follows a curved line. This is because the shortest path between these two cities is along a Great Circle route. Therefore, the correct answer is: Great Circle.

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The main difference between towns and villages is that towns are urban areas with a higher population density, while villages are rural areas with a lower population density. Towns tend to have more modern infrastructure, higher levels of economic activity, and a greater range of services, such as healthcare, education, and entertainment. In contrast, villages tend to be more traditional, with a greater emphasis on agriculture and subsistence activities, and fewer modern amenities. While there may be variations in the demographic characteristics of towns and villages, such as the gender ratio or occupational profile, these are not the defining features of these settlements.

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Heavy rainfall is often associated with high temperature because warm air is capable of holding more moisture than cold air. When air temperature increases, the capacity of the air to hold water vapor also increases. This means that warm air can hold more moisture than cold air. As warm air rises, it cools down and the moisture it carries begins to condense, leading to the formation of clouds. If the temperature and humidity conditions are right, the water droplets in the clouds will grow in size and eventually fall to the ground as rain. Therefore, areas with high temperatures can experience heavy rainfall because the warm air in those areas can hold more moisture, leading to the formation of clouds and eventually, rain.

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Population density is the number of people living in a certain area, typically expressed as the number of individuals per unit of land area. To calculate population density, we need to divide the total population of a country by its land area. In this case, the population density of the country can be calculated as: Population density = Total population / Land area Substituting the given values, we get: Population density = 25,000,000 / 100,000 Population density = 250 people per square kilometer Therefore, the correct answer is: 250 persons per sq. km.

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Environmental controls are actions or measures taken to protect, manage or enhance the environment. Afforestation, preservation, and conservation are examples of environmental controls that are used to protect and enhance the environment. Afforestation involves planting trees in an area that previously had no trees, while preservation involves protecting an area from any form of degradation. Conservation involves the careful management of natural resources to prevent their depletion. On the other hand, degradation refers to the reduction in the quality of the environment, often caused by human activities. Therefore, degradation is not an environmental control but a negative outcome of the lack of environmental controls.

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Temperatures are high throughout the year in the equatorial areas mainly because insolation is constantly high. The equatorial areas are located near the equator, which receives direct sunlight throughout the year. This region experiences very little variation in the amount of sunlight it receives. As a result, temperatures in this region remain high throughout the year. This is because the high amount of insolation leads to a high rate of evaporation, which in turn results in high atmospheric moisture content. Although other factors such as permanent cloud cover and ocean currents may influence the climate in equatorial areas, they are not the main reason for the high temperatures. For instance, although cloud cover can lead to reduced insolation, the high amount of insolation in the equatorial areas overwhelms any cooling effect that the clouds may have. Similarly, although ocean currents may influence the climate in coastal regions, the high temperatures in equatorial areas extend far beyond the coastal regions and are not solely influenced by ocean currents.

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When magma solidifies at the crest of an anticline or at the bottom of a syncline, the feature formed is called a "laccolith". A laccolith is a type of igneous intrusion that forms when magma is injected into a sedimentary layer and spreads out in a lens-shaped mass between the layers, causing the overlying layers to bulge upward. The magma cools and solidifies underground, forming a dome-shaped feature. Unlike a batholith, which is a large, irregularly-shaped body of intrusive rock that forms deep underground, a laccolith is a smaller, more localized intrusion that is typically lens-shaped. A phacolith is a similar feature, but it forms along the fold axis of a syncline or anticline, rather than at the crest or bottom. A lopolith is a saucer-shaped intrusion that forms when magma is injected into a basin-shaped depression in the rock.

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Temperate statistics, which represent numerical data related to a range of temperatures or weather conditions, can best be represented with line graphs. Line graphs are effective in showing changes or trends over time, and are useful for displaying how temperature varies throughout the day, week, month, or year. They can also be used to compare temperature trends between different regions or time periods. Line graphs use a continuous line to connect the data points, allowing for easy interpretation and identification of patterns or trends.

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The movement and direction of ocean currents are affected by the rotation of the earth. This is because of a phenomenon known as the Coriolis effect. As the earth rotates, it causes the currents to move in a curved path. The Coriolis effect also causes the currents to move clockwise in the southern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere. The rate of evaporation of sea water, volume of ocean water, and relief of the ocean bed can also have an impact on ocean currents, but the rotation of the earth is the primary factor.

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The difference in the readings on the wet and dry-bulb thermometers is used to determine relative humidity. Relative humidity is a measure of the amount of moisture in the air compared to the maximum amount of moisture that the air could hold at a given temperature. It is expressed as a percentage, with 100% relative humidity being the point at which the air is fully saturated and cannot hold any more moisture. The wet and dry-bulb thermometers are used in a device called a hygrometer to measure relative humidity. The dry-bulb thermometer measures the actual air temperature, while the wet-bulb thermometer has a wick that is moistened with distilled water. As air passes over the wet bulb, the water evaporates, causing the temperature to drop. The amount of cooling that occurs depends on the relative humidity of the air, with more humidity resulting in less cooling. By comparing the readings on the dry-bulb and wet-bulb thermometers, it is possible to calculate the relative humidity of the air using a psychrometric chart or formula. This information is useful for predicting weather patterns, determining appropriate clothing for outdoor activities, and assessing the potential for moisture-related problems like mold growth or corrosion.

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The most important method of mining tin in Nigeria is the open cast mining. Open cast mining is a surface mining technique where large pits are dug to remove the mineral. This method is preferred for mining tin in Nigeria because it allows for the easy extraction of large quantities of ore, which can be mined quickly and efficiently. Additionally, open cast mining does not require as much manpower as other methods, making it a more cost-effective option.

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The population of India is mainly characterized by a high growth rate. This means that the number of individuals living in India is increasing rapidly. India has a large population, with estimates suggesting it is the second most populous country in the world after China. The high growth rate is mainly due to the high birth rate in the country. Despite some efforts to reduce birth rates through family planning programs, the population continues to grow at a fast rate. The population of India is also characterized by a youthful age structure, with a significant proportion of the population under the age of 30. This can have implications for issues such as education, employment, and social services.

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The tilting of the Earth's axis and the revolution of the Earth cause differences in the length of day and night. The Earth's axis is tilted at an angle of 23.5 degrees relative to its plane of orbit around the Sun. This means that as the Earth revolves around the Sun, different parts of the planet receive varying amounts of sunlight depending on their position relative to the Sun. During the summer solstice, the hemisphere tilted towards the Sun receives more direct sunlight, resulting in longer days and shorter nights. Conversely, during the winter solstice, the hemisphere tilted away from the Sun receives less direct sunlight, resulting in shorter days and longer nights. The revolution of the Earth also causes the length of day and night to vary as one moves closer to or farther away from the equator. This is because the Earth's rotation axis is perpendicular to the plane of its orbit, which means that the Sun's rays strike the equator more directly than they do at higher latitudes. Therefore, the tilting of the Earth's axis and the revolution of the Earth cause differences in the length of day and night, which have significant effects on the climate, plant growth, and animal behavior.

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The correct sequence in the process of denudation is: weathering, erosion, transportation, and deposition. Weathering is the initial process that breaks down rocks into smaller pieces, followed by erosion which involves the removal of these weathered materials by agents like water, wind, and ice. After erosion, the weathered materials are transported to a new location where they are deposited. Transportation can occur through various means like rivers, wind, glaciers, and gravity. Finally, the deposited materials accumulate over time to form new landforms.

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The variation in salinity of seawater depends on several factors, such as the rate of evaporation, the amount of freshwater supplied by rivers, and the rate of water mixing by ocean currents. However, the slope of the land does not affect the salinity of seawater. The slope of the land refers to the angle or incline of the land surface. This factor does not directly impact the salinity of seawater. Therefore, the answer is that the variation in salinity of seawater depends on all the factors mentioned except the slope of the land.

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The earth rotates on its own axis from west to east, completing one rotation every 24 hours. This movement is known as rotation. Rotation causes the alternation of day and night and gives rise to various atmospheric phenomena such as wind patterns and ocean currents. The other options, revolution, friction, and gravitation, are not related to the earth's movement on its own axis. Revolution refers to the earth's movement around the sun, while friction and gravitation are physical phenomena related to the interaction of objects in motion.

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Limestone is the rock most likely to be weathered by the process of solution. Limestone is a sedimentary rock that is made up of calcium carbonate, which is soluble in water that is slightly acidic. When water containing carbon dioxide from the air or soil dissolves in limestone, it causes a chemical reaction that breaks down the rock into smaller particles. This process is known as solution and is responsible for the formation of many caves and sinkholes in areas where limestone is found. In contrast, slate, graphite, and granite are not soluble in water and are not easily weathered by the process of solution.

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The correct order in which copper is produced is: blasting - crushing - grinding - floating - smelting. The process starts with blasting, which involves drilling and explosives to break up the rock. The resulting pieces are then crushed into smaller pieces using crushers. After crushing, the ore is ground into a fine powder in a grinding mill. The next step is called flotation, where chemicals are added to the ground ore to make the copper particles attach to bubbles, which are then separated from the non-copper particles. Finally, the copper concentrate is sent to a smelter where it is heated at high temperatures to melt and separate the copper from other minerals in the ore. Therefore, the correct answer is: blasting-crushing-grinding-floating-smelting.

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The largest concentration of human population is in South East Asia. This is due to several reasons such as favorable climate, availability of resources, fertile land, and economic opportunities. The region comprises countries such as China, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, which have some of the largest populations in the world. The region also has several large urban centers, including Tokyo, Jakarta, Mumbai, and Delhi, which attract people from rural areas seeking employment and better living standards. Additionally, the cultural and historical significance of the region has also contributed to the growth and concentration of human population in South East Asia.

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The option that is not a cause of desertification in West Africa is constant high temperature. Desertification is the process of fertile land turning into desert due to various factors, including human activities and climate change. Some of the main causes of desertification in West Africa include deforestation, overcultivation, and overgrazing. Deforestation reduces the amount of vegetation that holds the soil in place, making it more vulnerable to erosion and degradation. Overcultivation and overgrazing lead to soil depletion and compaction, which reduces its ability to hold water and support vegetation. While high temperatures can exacerbate the effects of these factors, it is not a direct cause of desertification.

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To answer this question, we need to determine the time difference between Accra (located on longitude 0°) and town X (located on longitude 1650E). There are 24 time zones on Earth, and each time zone is roughly 15 degrees of longitude wide. This means that for every 15 degrees of longitude that we travel eastward, we need to add 1 hour to the local time. To determine the time difference between Accra and town X, we need to calculate how many degrees of longitude separate them. Accra is located on longitude 0°, while town X is located on longitude 1650E. To convert this to degrees west of the Prime Meridian (which has a longitude of 0°), we can subtract 1650 from 360, which gives us 210 degrees. Since we are traveling eastward from Accra to town X, we need to add 1 hour for every 15 degrees of longitude. So, the time difference between Accra and town X can be calculated as: 210 degrees / 15 degrees per hour = 14 hours This means that town X is 14 hours ahead of Accra. If it is 3pm GMT on Sunday in Accra, then the local time in town X would be: 3pm GMT + 14 hours = 5am on Monday Therefore, the correct answer is: 2.00am on Monday.

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The most critical element in an ecosystem is the energy flow within the system. This is because all living organisms within the ecosystem require energy to survive, and this energy comes from the sun in the form of sunlight. Producers like plants use sunlight to create food through photosynthesis, which is then consumed by consumers like animals. Energy is transferred from one organism to another through the food chain, and when an organism dies, its energy is returned to the system through decomposition. Therefore, without energy flow, the ecosystem cannot sustain life.

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The most important cash crop grown in the Nile Basin is cotton. Cotton is a type of plant that produces fibers used to make textiles and clothing. It is a valuable cash crop because it can be sold for a high price on the market. The Nile Basin, which includes countries like Egypt, Sudan, and Ethiopia, has a climate that is well-suited for growing cotton. The warm temperatures and access to water from the Nile River provide ideal growing conditions for this crop. Cotton has been grown in this region for thousands of years and continues to be an important source of income for farmers in the Nile Basin.

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The option that is not a characteristic of the rain-forest is "absence of epiphytes." Epiphytes are plants that grow on other plants, such as mosses, ferns, and orchids. Rainforests are known for their rich diversity of plant and animal species, and epiphytes are a common sight in rainforests. They can be found growing on tree trunks, branches, and leaves, and they play an important role in the rainforest ecosystem by providing food and shelter for many animals. Therefore, the absence of epiphytes would not be a characteristic of the rainforest, as they are an important component of the ecosystem and a common sight in these types of environments.

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The service industry refers to businesses that provide services to consumers or other businesses. Banking is an example of a service industry, as it provides financial services such as loans, deposits, and investment advice.

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The statement is incorrect. Intensive farming is a type of agriculture that involves the use of high levels of inputs such as labor, fertilizers, and pesticides on a small area of land to maximize output. It is often practiced in areas where land is scarce or expensive, and the population is high. Intensive farming is commonly practiced in rural areas rather than urban centers, as urban centers usually have limited agricultural land. Therefore, the option "large population" might be associated with intensive farming, but the statement "usually practiced in urban centers" is incorrect.

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The downward-growing pinnacles that hang from the roofs of caves in limestone regions are called stalactites. Stalactites are formed by the slow dripping of water that contains dissolved calcium carbonate. As the water drips, it leaves behind small amounts of calcium carbonate, which gradually build up over time to form a cone-shaped structure that hangs from the ceiling of the cave. Stalactites can take many years to form and can grow to be several meters long, adding to the natural beauty and wonder of limestone caves.

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The existence of large lakes in the middle and lower portions of a river does not favor the formation of deltas. A delta is a landform that is formed at the mouth of a river where it flows into an ocean, sea, or lake. As the river reaches its mouth, it slows down and deposits sediment that it has carried from its upper course. Over time, these sediments accumulate and form a delta. A long upper course of a river and a lot of sediments in the lower course of a river both favor the formation of deltas because they provide a large amount of sediment that can be deposited at the river mouth. A reduction in river velocity at its lower course is also important because it allows the sediment to settle and accumulate. However, the existence of large lakes in the middle and lower portions of a river can prevent the formation of deltas because they can trap sediment before it reaches the river mouth. Sediment may be deposited in the lake instead of being carried to the river mouth, where it would be deposited to form a delta. Therefore, the presence of large lakes along the course of a river can interfere with the formation of a delta.

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When granite is subjected to intense heat or pressure, it forms a rock called gneiss. Granite is a type of igneous rock that is formed from cooled and solidified magma or lava. It is a hard and durable rock that is commonly used for construction purposes. When granite is subjected to high levels of heat and pressure over a long period of time, such as during mountain-building processes or when buried deep within the Earth's crust, its mineral composition and texture can be altered. Under these conditions, the minerals in the granite can recrystallize and become more aligned, creating a banded texture. This process of metamorphosis transforms the original granite into gneiss, which is a metamorphic rock that is characterized by its banded appearance and typically has a coarser texture than granite. Therefore, when granite is subjected to intense heat or pressure, it forms gneiss.

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Industries located in rural areas are often raw material-oriented. This means that they are based on natural resources that are found in the surrounding environment, such as agriculture, forestry, mining, or fishing. These industries typically rely on local resources and labor, and may produce goods that are sold locally or shipped to other markets. While some rural industries may be market-oriented or require high energy inputs, raw material-oriented industries are typically the most common in rural areas due to the availability of natural resources. Additionally, transport-oriented industries may be located in rural areas due to their proximity to major transportation routes or hubs, but this is less common than raw material-oriented industries.

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The planet Earth has a single satellite, which is called the Moon. A satellite is a natural or artificial object that orbits around a larger body, such as a planet. Jupiter has 79 known moons, Saturn has 82, and Uranus has 27. In contrast, the Earth has one large natural satellite, the Moon. The Moon is the fifth largest moon in the solar system and is thought to have formed about 4.5 billion years ago when a Mars-sized body collided with the Earth. It orbits around the Earth in a nearly circular path at an average distance of about 238,855 miles (384,400 kilometers). The Moon plays a significant role in the Earth's tides, and its gravitational pull affects the Earth's rotation and axis. It also has been explored by human spacecraft and is an important object of study for astronomers and planetary scientists.

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The leading producer of diamonds in Africa is "Zaire (Democratic Republic of Congo)." Zaire is one of the richest countries in Africa in terms of natural resources. It is home to some of the largest diamond mines in the world, including the famous Mbuji-Mayi mine. The country has a long history of diamond production and has been a major producer of the precious stone since the early 20th century. Diamonds are a major source of revenue for the country and play an important role in its economy. However, the diamond trade in Zaire has been associated with conflict and human rights abuses, with some rebel groups using the profits from diamond sales to fund their activities. Despite these challenges, the diamond industry remains an important source of income and employment for many people in Zaire.

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A feature of extrusive vulcanicity is a composite cone. Extrusive vulcanicity refers to volcanic activity that occurs on the Earth's surface, where magma, ash, and gas are ejected from the volcano. Composite cones, also known as stratovolcanoes, are formed from layers of lava, ash, and other volcanic materials that accumulate during eruptions. These cones are characterized by their steep sides and a symmetrical shape, making them some of the most recognizable volcanoes in the world. In contrast, lopoliths and batholiths are features of intrusive vulcanicity, which occurs when magma solidifies beneath the Earth's surface. Lopoliths are large, saucer-shaped intrusions that are concave upwards, while batholiths are massive bodies of intrusive igneous rock that extend over an area of at least 100 square kilometers. Sills are also a feature of intrusive vulcanicity and are horizontal sheets of magma that are forced between layers of existing rock. Overall, the key feature of extrusive vulcanicity is the formation of composite cones, which are created by the accumulation of volcanic materials during eruptions on the Earth's surface.

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The instrument used for measuring atmospheric pressure is called a barometer. Atmospheric pressure is the force exerted by the weight of the air on the Earth's surface. A barometer measures this pressure and is typically composed of a long glass tube that is closed at one end and open at the other end. The closed end of the tube is then placed in a container of mercury, which is a heavy liquid metal that is sensitive to changes in air pressure. As the air pressure increases, the weight of the air pushes down on the surface of the mercury, causing it to rise up the tube. Conversely, as the air pressure decreases, the weight of the air on the surface of the mercury decreases, causing the level of mercury in the tube to drop. The height of the mercury column in the tube is then used to measure the atmospheric pressure, with higher columns indicating higher pressures and lower columns indicating lower pressures. Therefore, a barometer is the instrument used for measuring atmospheric pressure.

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