WAEC SSCE - Geography - 2010

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The process of removing soluble substances such as mineral salts from the topsoil into lower layers of the soil is called "leaching." This process occurs when excess water, often from rainfall or irrigation, moves through the soil, carrying with it the dissolved minerals and nutrients. These soluble substances are transported downwards and deposited in the lower layers of the soil, making them less available to plant roots in the topsoil. This can have both positive and negative effects on plants and the environment. While leaching can help to prevent the accumulation of excess nutrients, it can also lead to a loss of valuable minerals from the topsoil, reducing soil fertility and plant growth.

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One of the major problems of manufacturing industries in Tropical Africa is inadequate raw materials. Raw materials are the basic materials that are used in the production of goods. Inadequate raw materials can hinder the smooth functioning of manufacturing industries, especially in tropical Africa where there may be limited access to certain raw materials needed for manufacturing. This can result in a higher cost of production and the need to import raw materials, which can further increase costs and reduce competitiveness. Additionally, inadequate raw materials can limit the range of products that can be manufactured and lead to a heavy reliance on a few products, which can be risky for the long-term sustainability of the industry.

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The correct answer is attrition. Attrition is a physical weathering process that occurs when rocks are broken down into smaller pieces through abrasion, collision, or friction. On the other hand, the other options listed are all processes of chemical weathering, which involves the breakdown of rocks through chemical reactions with water, air, or other substances. For example, oxidation is the reaction of oxygen with minerals in rocks to form oxides or rust, hydration involves the reaction of water with minerals to form new compounds, and carbonation is the reaction of carbon dioxide with water to form carbonic acid, which can dissolve certain types of rocks.

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Lumbering, which is the commercial cutting and harvesting of trees for timber, is an important economic activity in the tropical rainforest vegetation belt. The tropical rainforest is a dense forest characterized by tall trees and a diverse range of flora and fauna. The region is home to a variety of tree species, including hardwoods like mahogany, teak, and rosewood, which are highly valued for their durability and beauty. Lumbering is a major economic activity in the region, as the timber is used for a variety of purposes such as construction, furniture making, and paper production.

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The most important trading partner of Anglophone West African Countries is the "United Kingdom." This is because most of these countries were colonized by the British, and they have maintained strong economic ties with the UK even after gaining independence. The UK is a major importer of West African products such as oil, cocoa, and minerals, and it also exports a variety of goods and services to the region. Additionally, the UK has historical, cultural, and linguistic ties to Anglophone West Africa, which further strengthens the trade relationship between the two regions.

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The northern and southern limits of the apparent movement of the sun are marked by the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. These are imaginary lines located at 23.5 degrees north and south of the equator, respectively. The Tropic of Cancer marks the northernmost point where the sun appears directly overhead during the summer solstice in the northern hemisphere, while the Tropic of Capricorn marks the southernmost point where the sun appears directly overhead during the summer solstice in the southern hemisphere. These lines also mark the limits of the tropical zone, where the climate is generally hot and humid.

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Nature mostly intervenes in the state of balance in land ecosystem through climatic change. The balance in a land ecosystem is determined by a delicate interplay between various living and non-living components. These include plants, animals, soil, air, water, and sunlight. Any change in one of these components can affect the balance of the entire ecosystem. Climatic change is one of the major factors that can disrupt the balance of a land ecosystem. Changes in temperature, rainfall, and other climatic conditions can affect the growth and reproduction of plants and animals, alter the composition of soil and water, and impact the overall productivity of the ecosystem. This can lead to a cascade of effects, causing changes in food chains, biodiversity, and even the physical structure of the ecosystem. Thus, climatic change can have significant impacts on the functioning and stability of land ecosystems.

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The correct order of increasing settlement size is: isolated farmstead - hamlet - village - town. An isolated farmstead is a single farm or homestead that is located in a remote or isolated area, often without any nearby settlements. A hamlet is a small settlement that consists of a few houses, and it usually lacks the basic amenities like schools, hospitals, and markets. A village is a larger settlement than a hamlet, and it usually has a population that ranges from a few hundred to a few thousand people. A village has basic amenities like schools, hospitals, and markets, but it may not have more advanced facilities like a large hospital or a university. A town is a larger settlement than a village, and it usually has a population that ranges from a few thousand to tens of thousands of people. A town has more advanced amenities and facilities than a village, such as large hospitals, universities, and shopping centers. Therefore, the order that represents an increasing order in the size of settlement is isolated farmstead - hamlet - village - town.

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The best explanation for the influx of refugees from Liberia to Ghana is the great suffering in Liberia from ethnic tension and civil war. Between 1989 and 2003, Liberia experienced two devastating civil wars that left hundreds of thousands of people dead and displaced millions more. The wars were fueled by ethnic tensions and political instability, and they caused widespread suffering and displacement. Many Liberians fled their homes and sought refuge in neighboring countries, including Ghana. Ghana has a history of welcoming refugees and providing them with assistance and support. During the Liberian civil wars, Ghana provided shelter, food, and medical care to thousands of Liberian refugees who had fled the violence and instability in their own country. Therefore, the correct answer is "great suffering in Liberia from ethnic tension and civil war".

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The northeastern seaboard of the USA has a very dense population. This region, also known as the Northeast Megalopolis, is a heavily urbanized area that includes cities such as New York, Boston, and Philadelphia. It is home to over 50 million people and is one of the most densely populated regions in the world. The Northeast Megalopolis has a long history of industrialization and urbanization, which has contributed to its high population density. Additionally, the region has a highly developed transportation infrastructure and is a center for commerce, finance, and culture, which attracts people from all over the world.

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The most important active factor of soil formation is climate. Climate affects soil formation by influencing the rate and type of weathering, organic matter accumulation, and leaching. Temperature and precipitation are the two key elements of climate that influence soil formation. High temperature and rainfall increase the rate of weathering, while cold temperatures slow it down. Additionally, high rainfall promotes leaching and organic matter accumulation, resulting in thicker and darker soils. Hence, climate is considered the most important factor affecting soil formation.

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Since the time at Point X is noon, we can assume that it is at the Prime Meridian (longitude 0). This means that for every 15 degrees of longitude, there is a time difference of one hour. If it is 10.00 pm at Point Y, this means that there is a time difference of 10 hours from Point X. Therefore, we can calculate the longitude difference between Point X and Point Y by multiplying the time difference by 15 degrees per hour: 10 hours * 15 degrees per hour = 150 degrees Since Point X is at longitude 0, we can find the longitude of Point Y by adding the longitude difference: 0 degrees + 150 degrees = 150 degrees East Therefore, the answer is: 1500E

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The statement describes the tropical rain forest. Tropical rain forests are dense and luxuriant forests that are characterized by high rainfall, high humidity, and high temperatures throughout the year. These forests contain a great variety of plants, including broad-leaved trees, and are home to a wide variety of animal species. They are found in tropical regions around the equator, and are one of the most biologically diverse ecosystems on the planet.

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The option that is not a major benefit of savanna vegetation is "aqua culture". Savanna vegetation is a type of grassland with scattered trees, found in regions with seasonal rainfall. The major benefits of savanna vegetation are: 1. Livestock farming: Savanna vegetation provides a natural habitat for many grazing animals, such as zebras, giraffes, and antelopes, which are an important source of meat and dairy products for humans. 2. Arable crop cultivation: Savanna soils are generally fertile and can be used for crop cultivation, particularly in areas where rainfall is sufficient for agriculture. 3. Game reserves: Savanna vegetation is a popular tourist attraction, and many savanna areas have been set aside as game reserves or national parks to protect the wildlife and provide recreational opportunities. 4. Biodiversity: Savanna vegetation supports a high level of biodiversity, with many species of plants and animals adapted to the unique climate and soil conditions of the region. On the other hand, "aqua culture" refers to the cultivation of aquatic organisms, such as fish and shellfish, in controlled environments such as ponds, tanks, or ocean pens. This practice is not commonly associated with savanna vegetation, as savannas are generally characterized by dry grasslands with few bodies of water suitable for aquaculture. Therefore, "aqua culture" is not a major benefit of savanna vegetation.

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The form of precipitation that is not included in the given options is "dust". Precipitation refers to any form of water that falls from the atmosphere and reaches the surface of the Earth. This can include rain, snow, sleet, and hail, all of which are forms of water in different states. Hail is a type of precipitation that falls as small pellets of ice during thunderstorms. Snow is another type of precipitation that forms when water vapor in the atmosphere freezes and falls to the ground as ice crystals. Dew, on the other hand, is not considered a form of precipitation because it does not fall from the atmosphere. Rather, it forms when water vapor condenses on surfaces during the night when the temperature drops. Finally, dust is not considered a form of precipitation because it is not made of water. Rather, it consists of tiny particles of soil, dirt, and other materials that are blown around by the wind. While dust can fall from the atmosphere and settle on surfaces, it is not classified as a form of precipitation. Therefore, the correct answer is "dust".

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The study of the continuous interaction between living things and their environments is known as ecology. Ecology is a branch of biology that focuses on the study of living organisms and their interactions with each other and their physical environment. It encompasses various aspects such as the study of ecosystems, biotic and abiotic factors that affect living organisms, energy flow, nutrient cycling, and biodiversity. Ecologists study the relationships between living things and their environment to better understand how different species interact with each other and how they are affected by changes in their environment, such as climate change or human activities.

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Lumbering, also known as logging or timber harvesting, is the process of felling trees and processing them into timber and other wood products. One outstanding benefit of lumbering to an economy is that it earns foreign exchange. This is because timber and wood products can be exported to other countries, generating revenue and boosting the country's foreign exchange reserves.

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The fold mountains found in Africa is the Atlas Mountains. The Atlas Mountains are a range that stretches across three countries: Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. They extend for about 2,500 km (1,600 miles) through these countries, with their highest peak reaching 4,167 meters (13,671 feet) in elevation. The Atlas Mountains were formed by the collision of the African and Eurasian tectonic plates and are a relatively young mountain range compared to other major ranges in the world.

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The role of transport in economic development of any nation includes several factors that promote economic growth and development. These include the movement of goods and services, the opening up of new lands and areas, and the provision of employment. However, national disintegration is not a major benefit of transport. Rather, transport helps to connect and unify different parts of a nation, which can promote social and economic cohesion. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is "national disintegration."

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Cameroun is not a member of ECOWAS. ECOWAS stands for Economic Community of West African States, and it is a regional intergovernmental organization that was established to promote economic cooperation and integration among its member states in West Africa. Although Cameroun is located in West Africa, it is not a member of ECOWAS. Instead, Cameroun is a member of the Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC), which is a regional organization that promotes economic integration and cooperation among its member states in Central Africa. In summary, Nigeria, Ghana, and Liberia are members of ECOWAS, while Cameroun is not a member of this organization.

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A great circle is the largest circle that can be drawn on a sphere, and its center coincides with the center of the sphere. It is formed by the intersection of the sphere with a plane that passes through the center. The only line among the options that is a great circle is the Equator, which is the largest circle that can be drawn around the Earth, dividing it into two hemispheres: the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. The Tropic of Cancer, Tropic of Capricorn, and Arctic Circle are all smaller circles that can be drawn around the Earth, and are therefore not great circles.

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The landform that is not produced by faulting is a sill. Sills are horizontal intrusions of magma that solidify between layers of sedimentary or volcanic rock. They are not formed by faulting, which occurs when rocks along a fault line move relative to one another due to tectonic forces. On the other hand, a fault scarp is a cliff or steep slope that is created by the displacement of rock along a fault line. A rift valley is a lowland region that forms between two diverging tectonic plates. A horst is a raised block of land that is bounded by normal faults. Therefore, the correct answer is sill.

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A true bearing is the angle between the direction of an object from the observer's position and the direction pointing towards True North. True North is the direction towards the geographic North Pole, and it is not affected by magnetic variation, which is the angle between magnetic North and True North. Magnetic North is the direction towards the Earth's magnetic North Pole, which is not located at the geographic North Pole. Therefore, a true bearing is not affected by magnetic variation, but it is important to take magnetic variation into account when using a compass to determine a magnetic bearing. The Southern Hemisphere is a geographic region and is not directly related to the concept of true bearing.

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Lumbering, also known as logging, is a very important activity in Liberia. Liberia is a country in West Africa with abundant forests covering over 45% of its land area. The country's forest resources are a vital source of livelihood and income for many Liberians, as well as a key contributor to the country's economy. The forests of Liberia are home to a wide variety of plant and animal species, some of which are unique to the region. However, unsustainable logging practices have led to deforestation and environmental degradation in the country. The Liberian government and international organizations are working to promote sustainable logging practices and protect the country's forest resources.

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The smallest ocean in the world is the Arctic Ocean. It is located in the northern hemisphere and is surrounded by parts of Europe, Asia, and North America. It covers an area of approximately 14.05 million square kilometers, which is about 3.5% of the total area covered by all the oceans on Earth. The Arctic Ocean is much smaller than the other major oceans, such as the Pacific and the Atlantic, which both cover much larger areas. The Indian Ocean is also larger than the Arctic Ocean. However, despite its relatively small size, the Arctic Ocean is an important body of water that plays a crucial role in regulating the Earth's climate and supporting a unique ecosystem of plants and animals. Therefore, the correct answer is the Arctic Ocean.

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The true characteristic of sedimentary rocks is that they are laid down in strata. Sedimentary rocks are formed through the accumulation and lithification (compaction and cementation) of sediment, which may come from weathering and erosion of pre-existing rocks, or from the remains of plants and animals. As the sediment settles, it forms layers, or strata, which are often visible in the rock. These layers can provide important information about the history of the area, including changes in the environment, climate, and sea level. Sedimentary rocks can include a variety of rock types, such as sandstone, shale, limestone, and conglomerate. They can be found all over the world and are often used as building materials, such as in construction of buildings and roads.

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The process of providing water to farmlands in areas with insufficient rainfall is known as irrigation. It involves the artificial distribution of water to crops using channels, pipes, or other methods. The goal of irrigation is to ensure that crops have enough water to grow and develop properly. This is particularly important in arid or semi-arid regions where natural rainfall is not sufficient for agriculture. By providing water to crops through irrigation, farmers can increase their yields and improve food security.

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All the options listed are benefits of irrigation farming except for "making farmers depend solely on rainfall." Irrigation farming involves the controlled application of water to crops to supplement natural rainfall, which allows for more efficient water use and better crop yields. With irrigation, farmers can plant crops all year round, not just during the rainy season, making early planting possible. Additionally, irrigation can lead to bumper harvests, as crops receive adequate water and nutrients. Furthermore, irrigation farming can provide employment opportunities, as additional labor may be required for digging canals, constructing dams, and operating irrigation systems. However, irrigation farming does not make farmers depend solely on rainfall, as the purpose of irrigation is to supplement and enhance rainfall, not replace it.

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The statement describes the equatorial climate. This climate is characterized by high temperatures, high humidity, and heavy rainfall throughout the year. The temperature remains fairly constant, with small variations due to altitude. The equatorial climate is usually found in areas close to the equator, such as Central Africa, the Amazon basin, and parts of Southeast Asia.

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The part of the lithosphere which forms the ocean floor is called "sima." The lithosphere is the outermost layer of the Earth, which includes the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle. The crust can be divided into two parts: sial and sima. Sial refers to the continental crust, which is primarily composed of lighter, less dense rocks such as granite. Sima, on the other hand, refers to the oceanic crust, which is primarily composed of heavier, more dense rocks such as basalt. The ocean floor is made up of sima, which is formed by volcanic activity at mid-ocean ridges. As magma rises to the surface, it cools and solidifies to form new oceanic crust. Over time, the ocean floor spreads out as new crust is formed at the ridges and older crust is pushed away from the ridge and subducted back into the mantle at deep-sea trenches. In summary, the part of the lithosphere which forms the ocean floor is sima, which is the part of the crust primarily composed of heavier, more dense rocks such as basalt.

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The statement best describes sea transport. Sea transport is the slowest and cheapest means of transportation and is ideal for transporting large quantities of bulky goods over long distances between countries. It involves the movement of goods and people by sea using ships or boats. Sea transport is suitable for the transportation of heavy and bulky goods such as machinery, automobiles, and minerals. It is also an efficient way to transport goods between countries as it can carry a large amount of cargo at once.

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