JAMB UTME - History - 2019

One important characteristic of both recent and earlier Islamic reform movements is the emphasis on the

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The use of African languages as a medium of communication is the correct answer. Islamic reformers, both past and present, actively support the translation of the holy texts into Swahili, Hausa, Fulfude, Wolof, Bambara and Yoruba.

All the following except one were the motivating reasons behind the Great Trek

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The Great Trek was a mass migration of Boers (Dutch settlers) from British-controlled Cape Colony in the 1830s. The Boers were dissatisfied with British rule and sought to establish independent republics in the interior of South Africa. The motivating reasons behind the Great Trek were: - Insecurity about the conflict on the Eastern frontier of South Africa: The Boers were concerned about the aggression of the Zulu kingdom and other indigenous peoples, which threatened their security. - Restoration of economic, cultural, and political unity independent of the British power: The Boers sought to establish their own independent republics where they could control their own affairs and be free from British influence. - Threat of liberalism by the new colonial regime: The Boers were opposed to British policies such as the abolition of slavery, which they believed threatened their way of life. The option that is not a motivating reason behind the Great Trek is "the fear that the emigration might lead to a decline of civilization." There is no historical evidence to suggest that this was a motivating factor behind the Great Trek.

The inception of state creation in the Nigerian military era is traceable to the regime of

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The inception of state creation in Nigeria is traceable to the regime of General Yakubu Gowon, who was the head of state of Nigeria from 1966 to 1975. During his regime, the country witnessed a major reorganization of its administrative structure with the creation of 12 new states in 1967, in addition to the four existing ones at that time. The creation of these states was part of a strategy to promote national unity and reduce the concentration of power in the hands of a few. It was also aimed at addressing the concerns of ethnic and regional imbalances that had characterized Nigerian politics and governance in the past. Thus, it was under the regime of General Yakubu Gowon that state creation was first introduced in Nigeria, and it has since then become a significant aspect of the country's political development.

One of the following persons was not arrested over the May Day riots

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Arisekola Alao is the correct answer. On May 13, 1998 under the Abacha's regime, Comrade Ola Oni, a legendary radical lecturer and activist, Chief Bola Ige, Lam Adesina were notable persons arrested over the May Day riots in Ibadan. They were arraigned before the Chief Magistrate's Court, Iyaganku, Ibadan.

Under the chairmanship of ... the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) was formed

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None of the listed individuals served as the chairman during the formation of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). ECOWAS was formed on May 28, 1975, in Lagos, Nigeria, with the aim of promoting economic cooperation and integration among its member states in West Africa. However, the individual who played a pivotal role in its formation was General Yakubu Gowon, who was Nigeria's military head of state at the time.

Unarguably, the abolition of the slave trade in Britain directly stimulated the

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Penetration of European merchants capital into Nigeria is the correct answer. As slave trade was abolished, legitimate trade started and this encouraged the European merchants agenda for imperialism (i.e to establish industries, extract and trade natural resources) to smoothly penetrate Nigeria.

All the following except one spurred the nationalist drives in British West Africa

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The option that did not spur nationalist drives in British West Africa is "the adoption of the policy of Assimilation." The policy of Assimilation, which was adopted by the French in their colonies, aimed to transform the indigenous people into French people by replacing their traditional customs, language, and institutions with those of France. However, this policy was not adopted by the British in their colonies, including British West Africa. Instead, the British practiced indirect rule, which allowed the local traditional rulers to maintain their power while the British administered their colonies. The existence of diverse political parties, the tolerance of nationalist newspapers, and the unfair socio-political environment all contributed to the growth of nationalism in British West Africa. Diverse political parties gave a platform for different ethnic groups and interests to express their views and contest for power. Nationalist newspapers helped to spread ideas of nationalism and independence, while an unfair socio-political environment that favored British interests over local interests created discontent among the people, which fueled the nationalist drives.

The Colony and Protectorate of Lagos and the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria were merged in ... to form

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The Colony and Protectorate of Lagos and the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria were merged in 1906 to form the Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria. In the late 19th century, the British established a number of colonies and protectorates in what is now Nigeria, with the aim of controlling trade and exploiting natural resources. The Colony and Protectorate of Lagos, which had been established in 1861, was one of these territories, while the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria was formed in 1900. In 1906, the British government decided to merge these two territories to form the Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria. The merger was part of a broader effort to streamline British administration in Nigeria and create a more efficient colonial system. The new colony and protectorate was a vast territory that included a diverse array of ethnic and linguistic groups. It was governed by a governor, who was appointed by the British government, and had a legislative council that included both appointed and elected members. The Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria continued to exist until 1914, when it was merged with the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria to form the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria, which was administered as a single entity until Nigeria gained independence in 1960.

The end of the Era of Princes in Ethiopia was a key factor in

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The end of the Zamana Masaf∂nt (Era of Princes) led to the centralisation of state power in the hands of the Emperors of Ethiopia. This consolidation of power helped in confronting the Italo-Egyptian invasion in the 19th Century.

The most remarkable acheivement of the Buhari's Military regime is the

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The most remarkable achievement of the Buhari's Military regime is the "War Against Indiscipline." The "War Against Indiscipline" was a campaign launched by the Buhari regime in Nigeria to promote discipline and order in society. It aimed to address issues such as corruption, laziness, and lack of punctuality among the citizens. The campaign was known for its strict measures, such as fining or jailing those who broke the rules, and it helped to instill a sense of accountability and responsibility in the public. This campaign was widely credited with bringing about a significant improvement in the level of discipline and order in Nigeria, and it remains one of the most well-known legacies of the Buhari regime.

The Royal Niger Company was influential in the formation of Colonial Nigeria because it

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The Royal Niger Company enabled the British Empire to establish control over the lower Niger against the German competition led by Bismarck in the 1890s.Its company-controlled territories were made Protectorates and later amalgamated as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria.

Presently, about 65% of Africa's population is constituted by the

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Presently, about 65% of Africa's population is constituted by the "youths". The United Nations defines youth as persons between the ages of 15 and 24 years. According to the United Nations, Africa has the youngest population in the world, with an estimated 226 million youth aged between 15 and 24 years in 2020. This accounts for about 19% of the global youth population. Furthermore, the African continent has a rapidly growing population, with projections indicating that the population could double by 2050. This population growth presents both opportunities and challenges for the continent, particularly in terms of economic development, social services, and political stability. Therefore, out of the given options, the correct answer is "youths", as they constitute the largest proportion of Africa's population.

The Mahdiyya Movement in Sudan overthrew the ...

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The Mahdiyya Movement in Sudan overthrew the "Ottoman-Egyptian Regime in the early 1880s." The Mahdiyya Movement was a religious and political movement that emerged in Sudan in the late 19th century. It was led by Muhammad Ahmad, who proclaimed himself the Mahdi or "guided one" and sought to overthrow the Ottoman-Egyptian regime that was ruling over Sudan at the time. In 1881, the Mahdiyya Movement launched a successful uprising against the Ottoman-Egyptian forces, and in 1885, Muhammad Ahmad's forces captured and destroyed the city of Khartoum, killing its governor, British General Charles Gordon. The Mahdiyya Movement then established a theocratic state in Sudan, which lasted until 1898 when it was defeated by British forces in the Battle of Omdurman. Therefore, out of the given options, the correct answer is "Ottoman-Egyptian Regime in the early 1880s," as it was the regime that was overthrown by the Mahdiyya Movement in Sudan.

King Jaja of Opobo was forcibly removed for ...

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King Jaja of Opobo was forcibly removed by the British colonialists because of his obstruction of commerce. He was a powerful African king and leader of the Opobo city-state in what is now Nigeria. He controlled much of the trade in the region and imposed taxes on European traders, which caused conflict with the British colonial government. As a result, the British military forcibly removed him from power and exiled him to the island of Saint Vincent in the West Indies.

The Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria was the resultant merger of the

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Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria and the Northern Protectorate were the constituents of the area that later became Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria upon the amalgamation of Lord Lugard on January 1st 1914.

The most immediate reason for the declaration, by Ojukwu, of Eastern Nigeria as an independent State of Biafra was that

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Ojukwu, being Governor of the Eastern Region, immediately declared it an independence State of Biafra seeing as Gowon created twelve states in May 1976 without consultation. This, Ojukwu considered as the last straw.

All the following except one led to the re-emergence of old trade patterns under Omani rule

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All the following except one led to the re-emergence of old trade patterns under Omani rule: attack on the Portuguese in the 1640s. The re-emergence of old trade patterns under Omani rule was due to a number of factors, including the availability of capital from India, the increased demand for slaves, and the willingness of Africans in the interior to take slaves to the coast. These factors created a favorable environment for the revival of trade, which had declined under previous rule. The Omani empire took advantage of this situation and established itself as a major player in the trade of goods and slaves along the East African coast. The attack on the Portuguese in the 1640s, on the other hand, had little to do with the revival of trade patterns and was more related to the competition for control over the region and its resources.

Traditionally, the Efik people have accounts of their migration from the territory

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Ibibio and Igbo is the correct answer. Although the actual origins of the Efik people are unknown. However, historical oral traditions provide accounts of their migration from Igbo and Ibibio territory (to the North-west of Calabar) to their present location.

All but one of the following played vital roles in the expansion of the missionary movements into Africa

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The prevalence of western education is the correct answer. The European interest in expanding missionary works into Africa are as a result of the need to introduce legitimate commerce i.e putting an end to slave trade, eliminating superstitious beliefs and practices through Christianity and civilization, etc. Western education only came as a consequence of the missionary activities.

One of the following is not credited with the General Obasanjo's military regime

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The Structural Adjustment programme is the correct answer. It was a Programme inaugurated during the Ibrahim Babangida's regime.

The Lyttleton Constitution is often remarkable for all the following reasons except

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The establishment of a public service commission is the correct answer. This was a distinct achievement of the John Macpherson's 1951 Constitution.

Increase in the number of people living below the poverty line in Africa is particularly because

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It is largely and logically smart to trace Africa's poverty increase to the widespread unemployment rate of the youth - the largest proportion of the African population. N.B: as much as almost all of the options are right, the emphasis in the question is on 'particularly'.

Khedive Ismail appointed British officers in Sudan in order to

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Khedive Ismail appointed British officers in Sudan in order to fight against the lucrative slave trade. Khedive Ismail was the ruler of Egypt and Sudan in the late 19th century. During his reign, he sought to modernize and expand his territories, and he recognized that he needed the help of European powers to achieve his goals. In particular, he saw the need to control the slave trade in Sudan, which was a major source of income for local rulers and traders but was also a source of instability and violence. To address this problem, Khedive Ismail turned to the British, who had already established a presence in East Africa and were opposed to the slave trade. He appointed British officers to serve in the Sudanese government and military, hoping that their expertise and influence would help him to combat the trade and bring stability to the region. Under the leadership of these British officers, the Sudanese government launched a series of military campaigns against slave traders and rebellious tribes. These campaigns were often brutal and controversial, but they succeeded in suppressing the slave trade and consolidating the power of the Sudanese government. In summary, Khedive Ismail appointed British officers in Sudan in order to fight against the lucrative slave trade, which was a major source of instability in the region. By working with the British, he hoped to bring stability and order to the Sudanese territories and to modernize his government.

The National Democratic Coalition (NADECO) was formed

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The correct answer is May 15, 1994, the NADECO was established to press for the revalidation of the June 12, 1993 Presidential election and the reinstallation of all democratic structures.

The central agenda of the Muhammad Ali's hegemonic rule was the

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The central agenda of Muhammad Ali's hegemonic rule was the exploitation of natural resources for development finance in Egypt. Muhammad Ali was an Ottoman-Egyptian ruler who rose to power in the early 19th century and established a dynasty that lasted until the mid-20th century. He was known for his ambitious modernization program, which aimed to transform Egypt into a modern, industrialized nation. To finance this program, Muhammad Ali exploited Egypt's natural resources, including agricultural land, minerals, and labor, to generate revenue. He also established a centralized bureaucracy and military to maintain control over the country and to further his agenda of modernization. In this way, Muhammad Ali's rule marked a significant turning point in Egyptian history and set the stage for the country's continued development and modernization in the years to come.

Which one of the following is incorrect?

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The Alkali Courts were headed by the Alkali judges in the Hausa/Fulani Empire not the Hakimis, who were actually the head of districts.

The repeated attempts by Egypt and Italy to colonize Ethiopia led to the

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The repeated attempts by Egypt and Italy to colonize Ethiopia led to the Battle of Adwa. The Battle of Adwa was fought on March 1, 1896, between Ethiopian forces and the invading Italian army. It was a decisive victory for Ethiopia and marked the first time that an African country successfully defended itself against a European colonial power. This victory was significant in that it demonstrated the strength and resilience of the Ethiopian people, and it helped to preserve Ethiopia's independence and sovereignty. The Battle of Adwa is celebrated to this day as a national holiday in Ethiopia and is seen as a symbol of pride and resistance against colonialism.

The Nigerian Second Republic adopted a/an ... system of governance

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The Nigerian Second Republic, which existed from 1979 to 1983, adopted a Presidential system of governance that was modeled after the American system. This system featured an executive president who was both the head of state and head of government, a bicameral legislature, and an independent judiciary. Under this system, power was separated among the three branches of government, and each had checks and balances to prevent the abuse of power. The Presidential system was intended to promote stability and efficiency in governance by providing a clear separation of powers and a strong executive to enforce laws and policies.

One critical factor which spurred the abrupt termination of the Nigerian fledging democracy in the First Republic was the

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The correct answer is the nationwide corruption by the politicians. This gave the military coup plotters the leverage to overthrow the ruling government. N.B: The question tests your knowledge on what most importantly inspired the military disruption of the Nigerian growing democracy in the 1st Republic.

A Policy central to the Kanem-Borno Empire was that of

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A policy central to the Kanem-Borno Empire was that of imperial expansion and firearms trading. The Kanem-Borno Empire was a medieval state that existed in present-day Chad, Nigeria, Niger, and Cameroon from the 9th century to the 19th century. During its peak, the empire was a major center of trade and commerce, and it controlled a vast territory that stretched across the Sahel region of Africa. The empire's rulers were known for their military prowess, and they employed a variety of strategies to expand their territory and influence. One of the most important policies of the Kanem-Borno Empire was that of imperial expansion. The empire's rulers constantly sought to expand their territory and increase their power, often through military conquests and alliances with neighboring states. In addition to military campaigns, the empire's rulers also engaged in diplomacy and trade to expand their influence. Firearms trading was another central policy of the Kanem-Borno Empire. The empire was a major center of trade in the Sahel region, and its rulers were known for their ability to acquire and trade firearms, which gave them a significant military advantage over their rivals. Firearms were often acquired through trade with Arab and European merchants, and they were used extensively in the empire's military campaigns. In summary, the Kanem-Borno Empire's central policies included imperial expansion and firearms trading, which were essential to the empire's military and economic power.

Baptists, Methodists and the ... were among the first to engage in the Liberiian Christian Mission

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Episcopal Church is the correct answer. The Baptists, Methodists and Episcopalians were among the first to engage in Liberian Mission as a result of the missionary fervour that gripped Western Europe and America in the 19th Century.

The particular incident that led to Macaulay's imprisonment, twice, by the colonial power was

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In retaliation to the successful defence of Eshugbayi Eleko as the rightful king of Lagos and the humiliation this brought to the British officials, Macaulay was jailed twice by the colonial power thereafter.

Igbo's active resistance to the British Colonial rule is particularly because of the

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The Igbos challenged the British imperial rule as the system of governance did not sit well with the egalitarian nature of their society where no one is designated out-rightly as a political leader.

All the following except one are the communes of the colony of Senegal where the Policy of Assimilation was applied

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Out of the given options, all are communes of the colony of Senegal where the Policy of Assimilation was applied except "Kaolack." The Policy of Assimilation was a French colonial policy that aimed to assimilate the indigenous populations of their colonies into French culture and society. The policy was implemented in different ways in different colonies, but in Senegal, it was implemented through a system of communes. Under the system of communes, certain cities were designated as communes and were given a greater degree of autonomy and self-government. These communes were also opened up to non-French citizens, including the indigenous population, who could become full French citizens by adopting French culture and values. The four communes mentioned in the question, Saint Louis, Rufisque, Goree, and Kaolack, were all part of the colony of Senegal, but only the first three were the communes where the Policy of Assimilation was applied. Kaolack was not designated as a commune until 1914, which was after the implementation of the Policy of Assimilation. Therefore, the correct answer is "Kaolack," as it is the commune that was not part of the Policy of Assimilation in the colony of Senegal.

The First and Second World Wars were between ... respectively

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The First and Second World Wars were between 1914-1918 and 1939-1945 respectively. The First World War, also known as World War I, was a global conflict that lasted from 1914 to 1918. It involved the majority of the world's great powers, including Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and the British Empire, and it resulted in the deaths of millions of people and the reshaping of the political and social landscape of Europe. The Second World War, also known as World War II, was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the majority of the world's nations, including all of the great powers, and it resulted in even greater loss of life and the rise of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers. These two wars had a profound and lasting impact on the world and continue to shape the global political and economic landscape to this day.

The Vice President of Nigeria during the 2nd Republic was ... under the platform of the

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The Vice President of Nigeria during the 2nd Republic was Alex Ekwueme, under the platform of the National Party of Nigeria (NPN). The 2nd Republic was a short-lived civilian government in Nigeria from 1979 to 1983, and Alex Ekwueme served as Vice President under President Shehu Shagari, who was elected on the platform of the NPN. Ekwueme was a prominent architect, politician, and statesman who played a significant role in the political and economic development of Nigeria during the 2nd Republic.

The major administrative change made immediately after the 1914 Amalgamation was the?

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The major administrative change made immediately after the 1914 Amalgamation was the division of Nigeria into provinces. After the amalgamation of the Northern and Southern protectorates to form the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria in 1914, the British colonial government introduced a new administrative structure for the country. This involved dividing Nigeria into four provinces: the Northern Province, the Eastern Province, the Western Province, and the Lagos Colony. Each province was headed by a high commissioner who was responsible for overseeing the affairs of the province. The provinces were further divided into districts, each headed by a district officer, who was responsible for collecting taxes, maintaining law and order, and reporting to the high commissioner. The division of Nigeria into provinces was a significant change from the previous administrative structure, which had been organized along the lines of the Northern and Southern protectorates. The introduction of the province system was designed to make it easier for the colonial government to control and administer the newly amalgamated territory. Overall, the division of Nigeria into provinces was a major administrative change that marked the beginning of a new era in the governance of the country under British colonial rule.

In 17th Century, the Dutch settlers largely relied on ... to build up South Africa

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In the 17th century, Dutch settlers largely relied on black South African slaves to build up South Africa. The Dutch East India Company, which controlled the Cape Colony, needed a large workforce to establish a settlement and grow crops to supply their ships. To meet this demand, they imported slaves from Angola, Mozambique, and other parts of Africa to work on farms and in households. Over time, the slave population grew and became an essential part of the economy. They were used for a variety of tasks, such as farming, construction, and domestic work. Despite the harsh conditions and treatment, the slave population also contributed to the cultural diversity of the region. It's worth noting that while natural resources, government proceeds, and basic social infrastructure were also important factors in building up South Africa, in the 17th century, it was the labor of black South African slaves that played a crucial role in the development of the region.

The .... was the programme initiated to institutionalise the local government system in Nigeria

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The Local Government Reform of 1976 was the programme initiated to institutionalize the local government system in Nigeria. The Local Government Reform of 1976 was introduced by the military government of General Murtala Mohammed with the aim of decentralizing power and promoting grassroots development. The reform created a system of local governments across Nigeria, which were responsible for delivering basic services to their communities, such as water, sanitation, and primary healthcare. Under the reform, each state was divided into local government areas (LGAs), and each LGA was to have a democratically elected council responsible for governing the affairs of the local community. The councils were expected to generate revenue, manage local resources, and prioritize the needs of the community. The Local Government Reform of 1976 was a significant milestone in Nigeria's political history, as it marked a departure from the centralized governance that had characterized the country's post-independence period. The reform helped to bring governance closer to the people and empowered local communities to participate in decision-making and development. It's worth noting that while there was a Local Government Reform of 1979, it was a follow-up to the 1976 reform and did not introduce any significant changes to the local government system.

One of the following is attributable to the Great Trek

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The expansion of white communities in South Africa is attributable to the Great Trek. The Great Trek was a movement of Boers, or Afrikaner farmers, in the early 1800s who left the British-controlled Cape Colony to establish their own independent republics. This movement led to the expansion of white communities in South Africa, as the Boers established themselves in new territories and eventually formed the states of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. The Great Trek played a significant role in shaping the political and social landscape of South Africa, as it laid the foundation for the future conflicts between white settlers and the indigenous black population.