JAMB UTME - History - 2020

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Freetown, which is the capital city of Sierra Leone, was used to facilitate the settlement of freed slaves from 1822 to the early 20th century. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, several British organizations and individuals began advocating for the abolition of the transatlantic slave trade and the emancipation of enslaved Africans. After the British Parliament passed the Slavery Abolition Act in 1833, which abolished slavery throughout the British Empire, many enslaved Africans were freed and needed a place to settle. In 1822, the British government established a settlement for freed slaves in Freetown, which had been founded by the Sierra Leone Company in 1792 as a home for repatriated Africans and other people of African descent. The freed slaves, known as the "recaptives," were resettled in Freetown and other parts of Sierra Leone. Freetown became a center of resettlement for freed slaves from all over West Africa, and the settlement of the recaptives continued until the early 20th century. Freetown also became a hub for the anti-slavery movement and the promotion of Christianity, as many of the recaptives were evangelized by Christian missionaries and educated in Christian schools. In summary, Freetown was used to facilitate the settlement of freed slaves from 1822 to the early 20th century, as the British government established a settlement for them in the city.

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The three existing groups before the creation of the Organization of African Unity in 1963 were the Casablanca Group, the Brazzaville Group, and the Monrovia Group. The Casablanca Group was made up of African countries that supported a more unified, federal approach to African independence and the formation of a united African state. It included countries such as Egypt, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Libya, and Morocco. The Brazzaville Group, on the other hand, was made up of African countries that supported a more gradual, step-by-step approach to African unity and independence. This group included countries such as Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Gabon, and Madagascar. The Monrovia Group was made up of African countries that were considered more aligned with the Western powers and supported a more conservative, non-aligned approach to African unity and independence. It included countries such as Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Senegal. These groups had different ideas about how to achieve African unity and independence, and their different perspectives and approaches eventually led to the formation of the Organization of African Unity in 1963, which aimed to promote unity and cooperation among African nations.

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The protectorate of Nigeria in 1914 became regions in 1946. This means that Nigeria, which was previously divided into different territories for administrative purposes, was restructured into larger geographic units known as regions. Each region had its own government and was made up of several provinces. The move towards regional governance was part of the process of granting more autonomy to the different parts of Nigeria and laying the foundations for its eventual independence from British colonial rule in 1960.

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The Muslim reform movement has grown due to inspiration from Pakistan, North Africa, and Arab countries. However, Argentina is not typically recognized as a source of inspiration for the Muslim reform movement. Pakistan, North Africa, and Arab countries have all seen significant political and social changes in recent years, which have led to increased interest in reforming traditional interpretations of Islam. These changes have been driven by a variety of factors, including political instability, economic hardship, and social inequality. As a result, many Muslims in these regions have sought new ways to practice their faith and have turned to reform movements as a means of achieving this. In contrast, Argentina is not typically recognized as a source of inspiration for the Muslim reform movement. While there is a small Muslim community in Argentina, it is not a major center of Islamic scholarship or activism. Therefore, it is less likely to be a source of inspiration for the Muslim reform movement compared to Pakistan, North Africa, and Arab countries.

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The crown colony system is a form of British direct rule over territory that was annexed by the British Empire. Under this system, a colony was ruled directly by a governor appointed by the British government, rather than through the use of traditional rulers or local elites. The governor had significant power over the colony's administration, including the power to make laws, establish courts, and appoint officials. This system was commonly used in Africa and other parts of the British Empire during the 19th and early 20th centuries.

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The strained relationship between Nigeria and Britain during Murtala/Obasanjo's regime in 1975 led to the nationalization of British petroleum and Barclays bank. This means that the Nigerian government took control of these companies and made them state-owned. This move was seen as a way for Nigeria to assert its independence from Britain and to take control of its own resources. The nationalization of these companies caused some tension between Nigeria and Britain, but it was also seen as a way to promote economic growth and development in Nigeria.

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The main party against apartheid in South Africa was the African National Congress (ANC). The ANC was a political party founded in 1912 that fought against the apartheid system, which was a system of racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa. The ANC led many peaceful protests and acts of civil disobedience, as well as armed resistance, in an effort to end apartheid and achieve equal rights for all South Africans, regardless of race. The ANC's efforts eventually led to the end of apartheid in the 1990s and the election of Nelson Mandela as the country's first black president in 1994.

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The Abacha regime adopted a confrontational posture with international organizations. This means that they were aggressive and uncooperative in their interactions with these organizations. They were more likely to challenge and resist the organizations' demands or requests, rather than complying with them. This confrontational approach may have been driven by a desire to assert their sovereignty or protect their interests, or simply a distrust of these international organizations.

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Major General Philip Effiong was the minister of defence staff of the Republic of Biafra and formally renounced the existence of the state in 1970. The Republic of Biafra was a short-lived state in southeastern Nigeria that existed from 1967 to 1970, during the Nigerian Civil War. Major General Philip Effiong was the last head of state of Biafra and served as the minister of defence staff during the war. In 1970, after a long and bloody conflict, Effiong formally renounced the existence of the Republic of Biafra, effectively bringing the war to an end and reuniting Nigeria. Effiong's decision was a significant moment in the history of Nigeria and helped to lay the foundations for the country's ongoing unity and stability.

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The General Assembly is not an organ of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). OPEC is an intergovernmental organization that was established to coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its member countries. The main organs of OPEC are the Conference, the Board of Governors, and the Secretariat. The Conference is the supreme authority of OPEC and is comprised of representatives from each member country. The Board of Governors is responsible for overseeing the implementation of OPEC's policies and decisions, while the Secretariat is responsible for carrying out the day-to-day work of the organization.

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The Scramble of Africans by Europeans in 1884/85 Berlin Conference made Nigeria a British West Africa colony. In the late 1800s, European countries were rushing to colonize and control as much of Africa as they could. They did this through a process known as the "Scramble for Africa". At the Berlin Conference of 1884/1885, European countries met and divided up Africa among themselves, with each country claiming certain territories. As a result of this scramble, Nigeria became a British colony in West Africa. The British ruled Nigeria until 1960, when the country gained its independence.

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The United Nations Organization emerged as a result of the collapse of the League of Nations (LON). The League of Nations was an international organization founded after World War I with the aim of promoting peace and cooperation between nations. However, it failed to prevent the outbreak of World War II and was dissolved in 1946. In response to the failures of the League of Nations, the United Nations was established in 1945 to replace it. The United Nations is an international organization consisting of 193 member states and is dedicated to promoting peace, security, and development around the world. Unlike the League of Nations, the United Nations has been successful in maintaining international peace and stability through diplomacy, conflict resolution, and peacekeeping efforts.

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The method of order used by Europeans to take over the present-day Nigeria was explorers, traders, missionaries, and imperialists. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, European powers, particularly Britain, France, and Germany, began to explore and colonize many parts of Africa. They sent out explorers to map and survey the land, followed by traders who established trading posts and began to trade with local communities. Missionaries also played a significant role in colonization, as they sought to convert Africans to Christianity and establish churches in the region. Finally, the imperialists came, backed by their respective governments, and established colonies and protectorates in Nigeria and other parts of Africa. The Europeans used force and coercion to maintain their dominance, and their methods of colonization had a profound impact on the social, economic, and political structures of the region that is still felt today.

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The first African to be ordained bishop by the Christian missionary school and consecrated as bishop of the Niger territory is Ajayi Crowther. Ajayi Crowther was a Yoruba man from western Nigeria who was captured as a slave when he was a child and taken to Sierra Leone. There, he was rescued by Christian missionaries and educated at the Fourah Bay College in Freetown, where he became a teacher and a Christian missionary. In 1843, Crowther was selected to be part of the Niger expedition, which aimed to explore and open up the River Niger for trade and missionary work. Crowther played a key role in the expedition, acting as an interpreter and mediator between the expedition members and the local communities they encountered. After the expedition, Crowther continued his work as a missionary and was ordained as a deacon in 1847 and later as a priest in 1852. In 1864, he was consecrated as the first African bishop of the Niger territory, which covered the area now known as Nigeria. Crowther is recognized as a pioneer in the spread of Christianity in Nigeria and played a key role in the translation of the Bible into Yoruba and other Nigerian languages. He is also remembered as a symbol of the resilience and determination of Africans in the face of slavery and colonialism.

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Before 1963, the Privy Council was the highest court in Nigeria. The Privy Council was a judicial body based in London, England, that served as the final court of appeal for the British Empire and Commonwealth countries, including Nigeria. The Privy Council was made up of senior judges and legal experts appointed by the British monarch. Nigerian cases that could not be resolved by the Supreme Court or the Court of Appeal were appealed to the Privy Council. However, in 1963, the Nigerian Constitution was amended to establish the Supreme Court of Nigeria as the final court of appeal in the country, effectively ending the appellate jurisdiction of the Privy Council in Nigeria.

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The Mfecane, also known as the Difaqane, happened between 1815 and 1840 in Southern Africa. During this period, there were widespread conflicts and migrations among various African ethnic groups in the region, including the Zulu, Sotho, Ndebele, and others. These conflicts were often sparked by competition over resources like land and cattle, and were exacerbated by the introduction of firearms by European traders. The Mfecane led to the displacement of many people, as well as the formation of new states and alliances. It also had long-lasting effects on the political and social structures of Southern Africa, shaping the region's history for generations to come.

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The person who formed the name Nigeria after the amalgamation of the Southern and Northern protectorates was Flora Shaw. She was a British journalist and writer who was married to Lord Lugard, the first Governor-General of Nigeria. In 1914, Lord Lugard oversaw the amalgamation of the Northern and Southern protectorates, which created the country now known as Nigeria. Flora Shaw, who was then a colonial correspondent for The Times newspaper, suggested the name "Nigeria" as a way to describe the newly created territory. The name "Nigeria" was derived from the Niger River, which flows through the country, and was suggested by Flora Shaw in an article she wrote for The Times. The name quickly gained acceptance and was adopted as the official name of the country after its amalgamation. In summary, Flora Shaw was the person who formed the name Nigeria after the amalgamation of the Southern and Northern protectorates. She suggested the name "Nigeria" as a way to describe the newly created territory, and the name was quickly adopted and became the official name of the country.

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The establishment of "Lagos Daily News" by Herbert Macaulay helped to fast-track the activity of nationalists in Nigeria. Herbert Macaulay was a prominent Nigerian nationalist who played a crucial role in the struggle for independence from British colonial rule. In 1925, he founded the Lagos Daily News, a newspaper that served as a platform for the expression of nationalist ideals and the dissemination of information on political developments in Nigeria. The Lagos Daily News provided a voice for the Nigerian nationalist movement and was instrumental in rallying public support for the cause of independence. It also helped to mobilize the masses and raise awareness of the issues facing the country. Through the Lagos Daily News, Macaulay was able to champion the cause of Nigerian nationalism and promote the political aspirations of his people. The newspaper was a powerful tool for political activism and played a significant role in the eventual attainment of independence for Nigeria in 1960. In summary, the establishment of the Lagos Daily News by Herbert Macaulay helped to fast-track the activity of nationalists in Nigeria by providing a voice for the nationalist movement and serving as a platform for the expression of political ideals and the dissemination of information on political developments.