JAMB UTME - History - 2020

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The Mfecane, also known as the Difaqane, happened between 1815 and 1840 in Southern Africa. During this period, there were widespread conflicts and migrations among various African ethnic groups in the region, including the Zulu, Sotho, Ndebele, and others. These conflicts were often sparked by competition over resources like land and cattle, and were exacerbated by the introduction of firearms by European traders. The Mfecane led to the displacement of many people, as well as the formation of new states and alliances. It also had long-lasting effects on the political and social structures of Southern Africa, shaping the region's history for generations to come.

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The first regime to successfully transfer power back to civil rule was Murtala/Obasanjo's regime. Murtala Ramat Muhammed became the head of state of Nigeria in a military coup in July 1975. He ruled for about 8 months before he was assassinated. Olusegun Obasanjo, his deputy, took over and ruled for about two and a half years before he handed over power to a civilian government in 1979, marking the end of military rule in Nigeria and the beginning of the country's second republic.

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Imperialism is the economic control and exploitation of foreign lands arising from necessity to reverse the impediment to the accumulation of capital. Imperialism is a system in which a more powerful country extends its economic and political control over other countries or territories. It often involves the use of military force to acquire and maintain control of foreign lands, resources, and markets. Imperialism arose as a necessity for capitalist countries to find new markets for their products and new sources of raw materials to fuel their industries. Imperialism is often characterized by the exploitation of the labor and resources of the colonized people for the benefit of the imperial power.

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The Clifford Constitution of 1922 is considered a landmark in Nigerian history because it made way for the elective principle. This meant that for the first time, people were able to directly elect some of their representatives to the legislative council. Prior to this, all members of the legislative council were appointed by the governor. The introduction of the elective principle marked a significant step towards greater democratic representation and participation in the governance of the country.

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The Scramble of Africans by Europeans in 1884/85 Berlin Conference made Nigeria a British West Africa colony. In the late 1800s, European countries were rushing to colonize and control as much of Africa as they could. They did this through a process known as the "Scramble for Africa". At the Berlin Conference of 1884/1885, European countries met and divided up Africa among themselves, with each country claiming certain territories. As a result of this scramble, Nigeria became a British colony in West Africa. The British ruled Nigeria until 1960, when the country gained its independence.

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The first capital of the Kanem-Bornu empire was Njimi. Kanem-Bornu was a medieval empire that existed in what is now Chad and Nigeria. Njimi was the first capital of the empire, where the ruling king and government were based. Over time, the capital was moved to different locations, but Njimi remained an important city in the empire's history.

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The Portuguese were the first set of people to land on the present day Nigeria territory for trading activities. In the late 15th century, the Portuguese began exploring the West African coast, seeking a direct sea route to Asia for trade. In 1471, the Portuguese explorer, Rui de Sequeira, landed on the coast of what is now Nigeria and established trade relations with the local people. The Portuguese were particularly interested in trading for gold, ivory, and pepper, which they found in abundance in the region. They established trade posts and forts along the coast, including in Lagos, which became a major center for trade and commerce. The Portuguese also introduced Christianity to the region and attempted to establish a permanent settlement in the area, but they were met with resistance from the local rulers and were eventually driven out. Overall, the Portuguese played a significant role in the early European exploration and exploitation of West Africa, including what is now Nigeria. They were the first Europeans to establish contact with the local people and to begin trading for valuable resources in the region.

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The second military coup d'état in Nigeria took place on July 29, 1966. This coup was carried out by a group of military officers, mainly from the Igbo ethnic group, in response to the first military coup which had taken place on January 15, 1966. The January 1966 coup was led by mostly Igbo officers who overthrew the democratic government of Nigeria, which led to the assassination of several prominent Nigerian politicians from the Northern and Western regions. The July 1966 coup was a retaliatory response by Northern Nigerian military officers who overthrew the military government that came to power after the January coup. The coup was a violent and bloody one, and it led to the death of the then Head of State, Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, who was from the Igbo ethnic group. This event further exacerbated the already-tense ethnic and regional divisions within Nigeria, which ultimately led to the outbreak of the Nigerian Civil War in 1967.

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The trans-Atlantic slave trade was replaced with a search for raw materials by the British due to the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution, which began in Britain in the late 18th century, brought about a massive increase in the demand for raw materials to fuel the growth of new industries. The British, who were at the forefront of this economic transformation, began to look for new sources of raw materials to feed their growing factories. This led to a shift away from the trans-Atlantic slave trade, which had been a major source of labor for British colonies in the Americas, and towards the search for raw materials in other parts of the world. This change had a profound impact on the global economy and shaped the course of world history in the 19th and 20th centuries.

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Freetown, which is the capital city of Sierra Leone, was used to facilitate the settlement of freed slaves from 1822 to the early 20th century. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, several British organizations and individuals began advocating for the abolition of the transatlantic slave trade and the emancipation of enslaved Africans. After the British Parliament passed the Slavery Abolition Act in 1833, which abolished slavery throughout the British Empire, many enslaved Africans were freed and needed a place to settle. In 1822, the British government established a settlement for freed slaves in Freetown, which had been founded by the Sierra Leone Company in 1792 as a home for repatriated Africans and other people of African descent. The freed slaves, known as the "recaptives," were resettled in Freetown and other parts of Sierra Leone. Freetown became a center of resettlement for freed slaves from all over West Africa, and the settlement of the recaptives continued until the early 20th century. Freetown also became a hub for the anti-slavery movement and the promotion of Christianity, as many of the recaptives were evangelized by Christian missionaries and educated in Christian schools. In summary, Freetown was used to facilitate the settlement of freed slaves from 1822 to the early 20th century, as the British government established a settlement for them in the city.

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Most Omanis belong to the Ibadhi Muslim faith and are regarded as the followers of Abdullah Ibn Ibad. Ibadism is a branch of Islam that emerged in the early Islamic period and is distinct from the more widely known Sunni and Shia branches. Ibadis believe in the importance of consensus and consultation in matters of governance, and they reject the use of violence in religious disputes. Abdullah Ibn Ibad was a scholar who lived in the early Islamic period and is considered the founder of the Ibadhi branch of Islam. The majority of Oman's population is Ibadhi, and the country has a long history of tolerance and coexistence between different religious communities.

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The Maasai tribe of East Africa speaks the Maa language, which belongs to the Nilotic family of African tribes. The Nilotic family is a group of several hundred indigenous ethnic groups that inhabit the Nile Valley and surrounding areas of East Africa, including Kenya and Tanzania. Maa is a tonal language that is primarily spoken by the Maasai people, who are known for their semi-nomadic lifestyle and traditional cultural practices such as cattle-herding and pastoralism. While Swahili is also widely spoken in East Africa, it belongs to the Bantu family of languages, which is distinct from the Nilotic family to which Maa belongs. Bini is a language spoken in Nigeria, and Berber is spoken in North Africa.

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The correct answer is "Queen mother, Magira," as she played a prominent role in the government of the Kanem-Borno empire. The Kanem-Borno empire was a pre-colonial state located in what is now northeastern Nigeria and eastern Chad. It was known for its powerful military and extensive trade networks, and it controlled a large area of the Sahel region of Africa. Queen mother Magira was a key figure in the Kanem-Borno empire's government, serving as an advisor to the king and playing an important role in the selection of his successors. She was also responsible for overseeing the education and training of young princes, helping to ensure that they were prepared to take on the responsibilities of ruling the empire. Magira's position as queen mother gave her a great deal of influence and power within the empire, and her role in governance was widely recognized and respected. Her contributions to the Kanem-Borno empire's political and cultural life have been recognized by historians and scholars, making her a significant figure in the history of Africa.

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The Mahdist rebellion against the Egyptian authority was successful due to widespread support. The Mahdist rebellion was a religious and political movement that began in the late 19th century in Sudan. The movement was led by Muhammad Ahmad, who claimed to be the Mahdi or savior of Islam. The Mahdi and his followers were opposed to the Egyptian authorities, who were seen as corrupt and oppressive. One of the main reasons for the success of the Mahdist rebellion was the widespread support it received from the Sudanese people. The Mahdi was able to mobilize large numbers of people by appealing to their religious beliefs and promising to overthrow the Egyptian authorities and establish a just and fair Islamic state. The Mahdi's message resonated with many Sudanese who were unhappy with the Egyptian authorities and saw the Mahdi as a legitimate leader who could bring about positive change. In addition to the support of the people, the Mahdi's forces were also successful in military engagements with the Egyptian authorities. The Mahdi and his followers were able to defeat Egyptian armies in several battles, which further strengthened their position and weakened the authority of the Egyptian government. While the leadership skills of Gordon, the British Governor-General of Sudan, have been questioned in the aftermath of the rebellion, it is important to note that the rebellion was largely a result of popular dissatisfaction with the Egyptian authorities and their policies in Sudan.

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Major General Philip Effiong was the minister of defence staff of the Republic of Biafra and formally renounced the existence of the state in 1970. The Republic of Biafra was a short-lived state in southeastern Nigeria that existed from 1967 to 1970, during the Nigerian Civil War. Major General Philip Effiong was the last head of state of Biafra and served as the minister of defence staff during the war. In 1970, after a long and bloody conflict, Effiong formally renounced the existence of the Republic of Biafra, effectively bringing the war to an end and reuniting Nigeria. Effiong's decision was a significant moment in the history of Nigeria and helped to lay the foundations for the country's ongoing unity and stability.

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The General Assembly is not an organ of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). OPEC is an intergovernmental organization that was established to coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its member countries. The main organs of OPEC are the Conference, the Board of Governors, and the Secretariat. The Conference is the supreme authority of OPEC and is comprised of representatives from each member country. The Board of Governors is responsible for overseeing the implementation of OPEC's policies and decisions, while the Secretariat is responsible for carrying out the day-to-day work of the organization.

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The three existing groups before the creation of the Organization of African Unity in 1963 were the Casablanca Group, the Brazzaville Group, and the Monrovia Group. The Casablanca Group was made up of African countries that supported a more unified, federal approach to African independence and the formation of a united African state. It included countries such as Egypt, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Libya, and Morocco. The Brazzaville Group, on the other hand, was made up of African countries that supported a more gradual, step-by-step approach to African unity and independence. This group included countries such as Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Gabon, and Madagascar. The Monrovia Group was made up of African countries that were considered more aligned with the Western powers and supported a more conservative, non-aligned approach to African unity and independence. It included countries such as Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Senegal. These groups had different ideas about how to achieve African unity and independence, and their different perspectives and approaches eventually led to the formation of the Organization of African Unity in 1963, which aimed to promote unity and cooperation among African nations.

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The main party against apartheid in South Africa was the African National Congress (ANC). The ANC was a political party founded in 1912 that fought against the apartheid system, which was a system of racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa. The ANC led many peaceful protests and acts of civil disobedience, as well as armed resistance, in an effort to end apartheid and achieve equal rights for all South Africans, regardless of race. The ANC's efforts eventually led to the end of apartheid in the 1990s and the election of Nelson Mandela as the country's first black president in 1994.

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