JAMB UTME - History - 2021

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The failure of the old Oyo empire can be attributed to multiple factors, including internal and external crisis, as well as the revolt of Kakanfo Afonja. The internal crisis included factors such as the struggle for power among different factions within the empire, while external factors such as attacks from neighboring states also contributed to its decline. The revolt of Kakanfo Afonja, who was a powerful military leader, also weakened the empire and eventually led to its collapse. The presence of the British in Yoruba land also had an impact, as it destabilized the political and economic structure of the empire. However, it is important to note that the failure of the old Oyo empire was not solely due to one factor but a combination of several factors.

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Herbert Macaulay is known to be the founding father of Nationalism in Nigeria. He was a prominent Nigerian nationalist, politician, and engineer who lived between 1864 and 1946. He was born in Lagos and was one of the earliest Nigerian students to study in the United Kingdom. Macaulay was a vocal advocate for the rights of Nigerians and used his platform as a journalist and politician to call for greater representation and self-rule. He founded the Lagos Daily News, which was the first newspaper owned and edited by a Nigerian, and also helped establish the Nigerian National Democratic Party in 1923, which was the first political party in Nigeria. Macaulay's activism and advocacy were influential in the struggle for Nigerian independence. He was a key figure in the constitutional conferences of the 1940s, which laid the foundation for Nigeria's independence in 1960. His legacy as the founding father of nationalism in Nigeria remains significant, and he is celebrated as a pioneer in the fight for self-rule and independence in Nigeria.

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The motion for self-government was proposed by Anthony Enahoro in 1953. Enahoro was a Nigerian politician who was part of the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) political party. He moved the motion for self-government in the Nigerian House of Representatives, which called for Nigeria to be granted self-rule in a period of no more than five years. The motion was seconded by several other members of the House of Representatives and sparked a national conversation about Nigerian independence, ultimately leading to Nigeria gaining independence from Britain in 1960.

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The Abacha regime oversaw the termination of Ernest Shonekan's government. Ernest Shonekan was appointed as the interim head of state by Ibrahim Babangida, who had stepped down from power in 1993. Shonekan was appointed with the mandate to organize new elections and return Nigeria to civilian rule. However, his government was short-lived as it was overthrown by Sani Abacha's military regime in November 1993, just three months after his appointment. Abacha assumed the position of military head of state and dissolved all democratic institutions, effectively ending the transition to civilian rule. Therefore, the correct answer is Ernest Shonekan.

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The division of the Sokoto Caliphate into emirates was primarily due to geographical reasons. The Sokoto Caliphate was a vast empire that covered a large area of what is now Northern Nigeria, and it was ruled by an Islamic leader known as the Sultan. However, as the Caliphate expanded, it became increasingly difficult for the Sultan to effectively govern such a large territory from one centralized location. Therefore, the Sultanate was divided into smaller emirates, each with its own Emir who was responsible for administering the affairs of the local population in his domain. This helped to bring governance closer to the people, making it easier to provide for their needs and address their concerns. While the Sokoto Caliphate was established through a Jihad war led by Usman Dan Fodio, the division of the empire into emirates was not due to this war or the autocratic rule of Dan Fodio. Instead, it was a practical solution to the challenge of governing a large and diverse territory effectively.

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The colonial system introduced by the colonialists in Nigeria was known as "Indirect Rule". Indirect rule was a system where the colonial government relied on local leaders, such as traditional chiefs, to govern and administer the local population on their behalf. The colonial authorities would provide these local leaders with guidelines and directives, and they would then implement these policies in their own communities. This allowed the colonial government to exert control over the colony with a relatively small number of colonial administrators. The aim of indirect rule was to maintain control over the colony while minimizing the costs of administration and minimizing resistance to colonial rule. This system was seen as a more efficient and cost-effective way to govern the colony than direct rule, where colonial administrators would directly govern the population.

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The founder of the Mahdia Movement is Muhammed Ahmad, also known as the "Mahdi." The Mahdia Movement was a religious and political uprising in the late 19th century in the Sudan region of Africa. Muhammed Ahmad claimed to be the "Mahdi," a prophesied figure in Islam who would bring about a just and righteous rule before the end of the world. He led a rebellion against the Ottoman Empire and the Egyptians, who were ruling over the Sudan at the time. His followers, known as the Ansar, were successful in establishing a theocratic state in the Sudan, with Muhammed Ahmad as its leader. The Mahdia Movement had a significant impact on the history of the Sudan and the wider Islamic world.

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Out of these options, "Education" is not one of the main reasons why Europeans came to Nigeria. The other three options, Slava trade, Religion, and Commercialization, were some of the main reasons for European presence in Nigeria. Slave trade refers to the trade of African people as slaves to Europe and the Americas. Europeans came to Nigeria to capture and trade Africans as slaves. Religion refers to the spread of Christianity by European missionaries to Nigeria. They came to convert the local people to Christianity. Commercialization refers to the desire of Europeans to establish trade and commerce in Nigeria. They came to exploit the natural resources of Nigeria and trade with the local people. So, Education was not one of the main reasons for European presence in Nigeria.

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The Mfecane, also known as the Difaqane, was a period of widespread chaos, violence, and displacement in Southern Africa in the early 19th century. It was caused by a combination of factors, including the rise of the Zulu kingdom under Shaka, droughts, and the arrival of European settlers. Estimating the number of deaths during the Mfecane is difficult because of the lack of reliable records and the fact that many people were displaced and may have died of starvation or disease. However, historians and researchers generally agree that the number of deaths was significant. Based on the available historical records and estimates, it is generally believed that the number of deaths during the Mfecane was somewhere between 1 to 2 million people. However, it is important to note that this is a rough estimate, and the actual number may be higher or lower. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is: - Over 1 to 2 million people died in the Mfecane war.

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It is difficult to definitively say that "none" of these options is not an achievement under colonial rule, as each could be considered an achievement in certain respects. However, if we consider the impact of colonial rule on Nigeria as a whole, one could argue that the creation of political regions is not necessarily an achievement. While the creation of political regions did establish a more organized and efficient system of governance, it also perpetuated divisions between different ethnic and cultural groups within Nigeria. This ultimately contributed to conflicts and tensions that have persisted long after the end of colonial rule. On the other hand, the creation of the Nigerian Council and the issuance of proclamations were both significant achievements under colonial rule. The Nigerian Council represented a step towards self-government and greater autonomy for Nigeria, while proclamations helped to establish legal frameworks and regulations that would ultimately shape the country's political, economic, and social systems.

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The system of government in the Benin pre-colonial era was a monarchy. The kingdom of Benin, located in what is now southern Nigeria, was ruled by an Oba or king who held absolute power over the kingdom. The king was considered a divine ruler and was believed to have been appointed by the gods. The king's power was maintained through a complex system of officials and councils, including a council of chiefs and a council of elders. These officials served as advisors to the king and helped to administer the kingdom's affairs. The monarchy was the dominant political system in Benin until it was replaced by a colonial system of government under British rule in the late 19th century.

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The Afrikaans Groot Trek, which was a migration of Boers from the Cape Colony in South Africa, took place between 1835 and 1840. This means that the correct answer is the first option: 1835/1840. During this time, the Boers were dissatisfied with British rule and felt that they were losing their independence and culture. They decided to leave the Cape Colony and head north, where they believed they could establish their own independent republics. This journey, which took several years and was marked by many hardships and conflicts with indigenous peoples, is known as the Groot Trek. Ultimately, the Boers were successful in establishing several independent republics, including the Orange Free State and the South African Republic (also known as the Transvaal). However, these republics would eventually come into conflict with the British Empire, leading to the Anglo-Boer War in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

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The Omani Empire vied with Portugal and Britain for trade. This means that Oman was in competition with both Portugal and Britain to control and benefit from the trade that took place in the region. The Portuguese and British were major naval powers in the Indian Ocean, and they were also involved in the spice trade that was important to Oman's economy. The Omani Empire competed with these two powers to maintain their control over the trade routes and to protect their own commercial interests. This competition was a significant factor in the history of Oman and the broader region, as it influenced the development of the Omani Empire and the larger geopolitical landscape of the Indian Ocean.

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The Savannah region in Nigeria was characterized by large vegetation. The Savannah is a type of ecosystem characterized by grasslands and scattered trees, and it covers a significant portion of Nigeria's northern region. The vegetation in this region is typically grasses, shrubs, and scattered trees, with a relatively open canopy that allows for easy movement and visibility. Due to its large vegetation, the Savannah region is home to a variety of wildlife, including antelopes, lions, and elephants, as well as many species of birds. In addition, the vegetation provides a source of food and shelter for local communities, who practice agriculture and pastoralism in the region. However, the Savannah region also faces challenges such as soil erosion, desertification, and frequent droughts. These environmental issues have made it difficult for the local population to sustain their livelihoods and have contributed to poverty and food insecurity in the region.

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The last colonial governor general of Nigeria was James Robertson. He served as the governor general from 1960 to October 1, 1960 when Nigeria gained independence from British colonial rule. Governor generals were the representatives of the British monarch in the colonies and were responsible for overseeing the administration and governance of the colony. James Robertson was the last person to hold this position in Nigeria before the country became an independent nation.

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The administrative headquarters of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is located in Abuja, which is the capital city of Nigeria. ECOWAS is a regional intergovernmental organization that was established to promote economic cooperation and integration among the 15 countries in West Africa. The headquarters in Abuja serves as the central administrative hub for ECOWAS, where important decisions and policies are formulated and implemented. The location of the headquarters in Nigeria was a result of a decision made by the founding fathers of ECOWAS, who recognized Nigeria's leadership and influence in the region.

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The Sultanate of Oman was divided in 1856 after the death of Said bin Sultan and was ruled by a monarchical system of government. This means that the country was ruled by a king or a sultan, who had complete control over the government and was considered the highest authority in the land. The monarch had the power to make laws, appoint officials, and govern the country according to his own wishes. The monarchical system of government in Oman has been in place since that time and continues to this day.

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ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States) was founded under the leadership of Yakubu Gowon. Yakubu Gowon was the head of state of Nigeria from 1966 to 1975. In May 1975, he hosted the summit of the Heads of State and Government of West African countries in Lagos, Nigeria. During the summit, the idea of creating a regional economic community was proposed, and on May 28, 1975, the Treaty of Lagos was signed, establishing the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The main objective of ECOWAS was to promote economic integration among West African countries and to create a common market for the region. It aimed to promote cooperation in trade, investment, agriculture, and industry, as well as to improve the transport and communication infrastructure of the region. Today, ECOWAS has expanded its scope to include political and security cooperation, as well as promoting democratic governance in the region. In summary, Yakubu Gowon, the head of state of Nigeria, was the leader under whose leadership ECOWAS was founded in 1975.

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The formation of the first 12 states in Nigeria took place in the year 1967. Before 1967, Nigeria was divided into three regions: Northern, Eastern, and Western regions. Each region was made up of several provinces, and these provinces were further divided into districts. However, in May 1967, the then military Head of State, General Yakubu Gowon, announced the creation of 12 states in Nigeria, which replaced the previous regional structure. The new states were designed to reflect Nigeria's diverse ethnic, cultural, and linguistic groups and promote national unity. The 12 states were: Lagos, Western State, Mid-Western State, Eastern State, Benue-Plateau State, North-Eastern State, Kwara State, Kano State, North-Western State, Cross River State, Rivers State, and South-Eastern State (later renamed to Anambra State). The creation of these states was not without controversy, as some ethnic groups felt they were not adequately represented in the new state boundaries. Nevertheless, the move was seen as an important step towards addressing Nigeria's diverse and complex sociopolitical landscape. In summary, the formation of the first 12 states in Nigeria took place in 1967, replacing the previous regional structure and reflecting Nigeria's diverse ethnic, cultural, and linguistic groups.

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The Ogiso dynasty in Benin failed due to a combination of factors, including economic disorder, weakness and dependence on rulers, and resentment against the system. During the Ogiso dynasty, which lasted from approximately 900 BC to 1170 AD, the rulers of Benin were regarded as divine and enjoyed significant power and wealth. However, over time, the economic system became increasingly disordered, and there were growing tensions between the rulers and the people. In addition, the rulers became increasingly weak and dependent on their subordinates, who often acted as de facto rulers. This weakened the overall authority of the Ogiso dynasty and made it more vulnerable to internal and external threats. Finally, there was growing resentment against the system, as many people felt that the rulers were abusing their power and failing to provide adequate protection and support for the people. This led to growing unrest and eventually contributed to the collapse of the Ogiso dynasty. Therefore, it was not just one factor but a combination of economic, political, and social factors that contributed to the failure of the Ogiso dynasty in Benin.

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Nigeria became a member of OPEC since 1971. OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) is an intergovernmental organization that coordinates and unifies the petroleum policies of its member countries. It was established in 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. Nigeria joined OPEC in 1971, eleven years after the establishment of the organization. Since then, Nigeria has been an active member of OPEC, contributing to the organization's objectives of stabilizing oil prices and ensuring a regular supply of petroleum to the global market. Nigeria is one of the largest oil producers in Africa, and its membership in OPEC has allowed it to collaborate with other oil-producing countries to achieve common goals.

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The indirect rule system succeeded in Hausa/Fulani society primarily because the existing administration favored the system. The British colonial government recognized the existing hierarchical and decentralized political structure in the society and chose to rule indirectly through local rulers instead of imposing direct rule. Additionally, the fact that many people in the society received Islamic education also facilitated the acceptance of the system, as it aligned with the Islamic principle of submitting to legitimate authority. The size of the region or whether the society was practicing anarchy were not the main factors contributing to the success of the indirect rule system.

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