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Question 1 Report
One of these is not an organ of the Commonwealth of Nations
Answer Details
The **Commonwealth of Nations**, often simply known as the **Commonwealth**, is a political association of 56 member states, most of which are former territories of the British Empire. It is indeed essential to recognize its main organs.
The **Commonwealth Secretariat** is a principal **organ**. It is responsible for the administrative work of the Commonwealth, serving member governments, and acting as a central agency of cooperation for policy development and consensus-building among countries.
The **Assembly of Heads of State and Government** does not exist within the Commonwealth framework as an independent organ. Instead, these leaders meet at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM), which is a summit for current government leaders to discuss pertinent global and Commonwealth issues.
The **Conference of Prime Ministers** is not a permanent organ of the Commonwealth, but it refers historically to meetings of the heads of government, which is similar to CHOGM today.
The **Fund for Technical Cooperation** is an integral financial resource managed by the Commonwealth Secretariat, not an organ in itself. It supports member countries in achieving economic development through technical assistance.
In conclusion, the **Assembly of Heads of State and Government**, as stated, is not an independent **organ** of the Commonwealth of Nations.
Question 2 Report
Which of these colonial constitutions in Nigeria endured for the longest period?
Answer Details
The colonial constitution in Nigeria that endured for the longest period was the Clifford Constitution. It was introduced by Governor Hugh Clifford in 1922 and remained in effect until the introduction of the Macpherson Constitution in 1951. Therefore, the Clifford Constitution lasted approximately 29 years.
The Clifford Constitution is significant because it introduced the first electoral system, allowing Nigerians to elect representatives to the legislative council in Lagos and Calabar. This introduction marked the beginning of elective representation in Nigeria. The Clifford Constitution also laid the foundation for future constitutional developments by encouraging political consciousness and participation among Nigerians.
Question 3 Report
The commission that conducted elections that ushered in the Fourth Republic in Nigeria is
Answer Details
The commission responsible for conducting the elections that ushered in the Fourth Republic in Nigeria is the **Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC).
1. Background: Nigeria has had a series of transitions between different government structures, moving from military rule to democratic governance. The Fourth Republic, which is the current phase of Nigeria's democratic history, started in 1999.
2. Role of INEC: The Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) was established in 1998 and was given the responsibility of overseeing and conducting the elections that led to the transition to the Fourth Republic in 1999. INEC organized and supervised the elections for various political offices, including the presidency, which marked the beginning of civilian rule after a long period of military government.
3. **Importance:** The establishment of INEC and the successful conduct of the 1999 elections were crucial as they paved the way for democratic governance in Nigeria. INEC continues to be responsible for organizing elections in Nigeria, ensuring transparency and fairness in the electoral process.
In summary, INEC played a pivotal role in ushering in the Fourth Republic by conducting the elections that transitioned Nigeria from military rule to a democratic government in 1999.
Question 4 Report
The judgement that ceded and transferred Bakassi legal title from Nigeria to Cameroon was delivered by
Answer Details
The judgement that ceded and transferred the Bakassi Peninsula's legal title from Nigeria to Cameroon was delivered by the International Court of Justice (ICJ). This court is the primary judicial branch of the United Nations, whose role is to settle legal disputes submitted by states and give advisory opinions on legal matters. The ICJ's decision was based on various historical treaties and agreements as well as international law, following a lengthy legal process. In October 2002, the ICJ ruled that the territory legally belonged to Cameroon, and this led to the eventual transfer of the disputed region. Understanding this jurisdiction and the case's global significance can help comprehend international territorial disputes and the function of the ICJ.
Question 5 Report
Lack of separation of power is a feature of
Answer Details
Lack of separation of power is primarily a feature of a military government.
In a typical democratic framework, like a presidential system or a cabinet system, power is usually divided among different branches: the executive, the legislative, and the judiciary. This division is known as the separation of powers. It ensures that no single entity has absolute control, and it balances the powers among various branches of government.
On the other hand, a military government usually centralizes power within a single authority or group, often led by military leaders. In such systems, the military might control the executive power and possibly influence or directly control legislative and judicial functions. This centralized control eliminates the typical checks and balances provided by a separation of powers, leading to a system where one group or leader may wield broad, unchecked authority.
Question 6 Report
As a non-aligned state, Nigeria attended the second meeting of the non-Aligned Movement that took place in Cairo, Egypt in
Answer Details
Nigeria, as a non-aligned state, attended the second meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement, which took place in 1964 in Cairo, Egypt. The Non-Aligned Movement is an international organization of countries that aimed to remain independent or neutral in the rivalry between the major world powers during the Cold War, specifically between the United States and the Soviet Union. This meeting allowed countries like Nigeria to express their independence and promote their interests without aligning formally with either of the two superpower blocs of that time. By attending this meeting in 1964, Nigeria demonstrated its commitment to this stance of neutrality.
Question 7 Report
The leader of the Oyo Mesi in the Yoruba pre-colonial political system was
Answer Details
In the Yoruba pre-colonial political system, the **Oyo Mesi** was a powerful council of chiefs that had significant influence over the governance of the Oyo Empire. The leader of the Oyo Mesi was known as the **Bashorun**. The Bashorun held a position of great authority and was the most senior member of the Oyo Mesi. This individual was responsible for advising the king, known as the Alaafin of Oyo, and played a crucial role in the checks and balances within the political structure.
The Oyo Mesi, including the Bashorun, acted as a form of counterbalance to the monarchial power of the Alaafin, ensuring that the king did not rule as an autocrat. In times when the king lost the confidence of the Oyo Mesi, it was the Bashorun's responsibility to perform specific rituals that could potentially lead to the deposition of the king. Therefore, the role of the Bashorun as the leader of the Oyo Mesi was vital to maintaining the political stability and governance of the empire.
Question 8 Report
The main argument against the 1999 Constitution is that
Answer Details
The **1999 Constitution** of Nigeria is often criticized primarily because it was **imposed by the military**. Here is a simple explanation of this argument:
Imposed by the Military:
One of the primary criticisms of the 1999 Constitution is that it was crafted and enacted under the military regime of **General Abdulsalami Abubakar** without broad-based public participation or input. This means that it was not derived from a comprehensive democratic consensus but rather from a top-down decree format. Many critics argue that because it was imposed by the military, it lacks **legitimacy** and does not truly reflect the aspirations and desires of the Nigerian people.
Other points of argument can be discussed for a comprehensive understanding:
The Executive Have Immunity Clause:
This clause provides certain immunities for the president, vice president, governors, and deputy governors from civil or criminal prosecutions while in office. Critics argue that this provision grants too much protection to these officeholders and can be a shield against accountability.
It is Expensive to Operate:
The constitution provides for a large and complex government structure, with a **bicameral legislature, multiple layers of political offices**, and robust financial allocations for running these structures. Maintaining such a system is considered costly and may divert essential resources from pressing national developmental needs.
It Did Not Create Additional States:
Another argument is its failure to create additional states to correct perceived imbalances or foster further decentralization. Some groups feel underrepresented and believe that creating more states could enhance political representation and economic distribution.
In summary, while the most significant argument remains its military origin, other structural issues and ramifications inherent in the constitution contribute to the critiques it faces.
Question 9 Report
The Commission that examines complaints of civil wrongs committed by government employees is
Answer Details
The Commission responsible for examining complaints of civil wrongs committed by government employees is the Public Complaints Commission. This body is often referred to as the "Ombudsman." It acts as a mediator between the public and the government.
The primary role of the Public Complaints Commission is to investigate complaints against administrative actions that were seen as unjust, unfair, or oppressive by government officials. It aims to ensure that government employees uphold standards of fairness and transparency in their dealings with the public. The commission seeks to remedy any wrong actions taken and recommends ways to avoid such issues in the future.
By addressing these complaints, the Commission helps maintain trust in public services by holding government employees accountable and striving to improve administrative processes for better public service delivery.
Question 10 Report
One of the internal factors that led to the rise and growth of nationalism in Nigeria was
Answer Details
One of the internal factors that contributed significantly to the rise and growth of nationalism in Nigeria was the return of ex-service men after World War II. These men had served alongside soldiers from other nations, gaining exposure to international ideas and practices. Here is a simple explanation:
In summary, the return of ex-service men was a catalyst in fostering a stronger sense of national identity and solidarity among Nigerians, fueling the desire for independence and self-governance.
Question 11 Report
A union of states with a common recognised authority is
Answer Details
The term you are looking for is a federal system. In a federal system, a group of states, regions, or provinces come together to form a union under a common, central government that has authority over the entire nation. However, each state maintains its own government and has certain powers that are not overridden by the central authority. This system allows for a balance of power between the central government and the individual states. Examples of countries with a federal system include the United States, Canada, and Germany.
In contrast, a unitary system is one where a single central government holds most of the power, and any administrative divisions benefit from devolved powers that can be revoked by the central authority.
A representative system is a form of government where citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf, but it does not inherently describe the relationship between a central authority and regions or states.
A confederal system is a loose alliance of independent states where the central authority has limited power, and the individual states retain the majority of governmental power. It is essentially the opposite of a unitary system.
Question 12 Report
The fundamental law containing the rules and principles governing a country is the
Answer Details
The fundamental law containing the rules and principles governing a country is the constitution. It is a formal document that outlines the structure of the government, the powers and responsibilities of different branches, and the rights of the citizens.
Here's why the constitution plays a crucial role:
In contrast, conventions refer to unwritten practices or customs; acts of parliament are specific laws passed by the legislative branch; and judicial review is the process through which courts interpret the constitutionality of legislative and executive actions. However, none of these play the comprehensive role that the constitution does in governing the foundational aspects of a country.
Question 13 Report
The commander of the army under the Hausa/ Fulani pre-colonial administration was
Answer Details
Under the Hausa/Fulani pre-colonial administration, the **commander of the army** was known as the Madawaki. The Hausa/Fulani societies in pre-colonial times had an organized political structure in which roles and titles were clearly defined. The Madawaki was charged with the responsibility of leading the army, planning military strategies, and ensuring the security and defense of the state.
In contrast, other titles like Waziri, Galadima, and Maaji were associated with different administrative or advisory roles. The Waziri acted as the chief adviser or prime minister to the ruler, the Galadima was responsible for the administration of a particular province or area, while the Maaji handled financial matters and the treasury. Each of these roles was crucial to the functioning of the state, but the primary responsibility for military leadership rested with the Madawaki.
Question 14 Report
The power of prerogative of mercy rests with the
Answer Details
The power of prerogative of mercy is vested in the executive branch of government. This power allows the head of the executive, usually the president or governor, to exercise mercy in the case of criminal offenders. This can include granting pardons, reducing sentences, or commuting penalties. The purpose is to provide a means to achieve justice or compassion beyond the scope of the judiciary.
Key Points:
Question 15 Report
The political subjugation and economic exploitation of a people is known as
Answer Details
The term that describes the political subjugation and economic exploitation of a people is colonialism.
Colonialism is a practice where a powerful country directly takes control of a weaker country or region. This control often involves sending settlers to occupy the land and rule it politically. The goal of colonialism is typically to extract resources, control trade routes, and exploit the local population for economic gain.
Under colonialism, the indigenous people of a region often suffer because their political freedom is taken away, and they are subjected to foreign rule. The colonizing power can impose its culture, language, and laws on the local population. Economically, the resources of the colonized region are often extracted and used for the benefit of the colonizing country, rather than for the development of the local population. This exploitation often leads to significant inequalities and unfair distribution of wealth.
To summarize, when we talk about political subjugation and economic exploitation of a people, we are referring to colonialism, as it encompasses both the loss of political control by the local populace and the economic exploitation of their resources and labor by a foreign power.
Question 16 Report
A major problem affecting Local government in Nigeria today is
Answer Details
State Management Interference is one of the major problems affecting local government in Nigeria today.
The local government system was established as the third tier of government in Nigeria, meant to bring governance closer to the people and cater to their immediate needs. However, the reality on the ground often depicts a situation where the state's interference in local affairs hampers this purpose. This interference can manifest in several ways:
The result of state management interference is that it often undermines the ability of local governments to function effectively and address local issues, rendering them less responsive to the needs of their communities.
Question 17 Report
naturalised citizen can lose his citizenship if found guilty of
Answer Details
A naturalized citizen is someone who has obtained citizenship by fulfilling the legal criteria set by a country. However, even after becoming a citizen, certain serious offenses can lead to the revocation of one's citizenship.
The offense that can lead to the loss of citizenship for a naturalized citizen is treason. Treason is defined as the act of betraying one's own country by attempting to overthrow the government or harming the nation's sovereignty.
This is because treason signifies a fundamental betrayal of the nation's trust and security. Countries take this offense very seriously, as it poses a direct threat to national security and the well-being of its citizens.
On the other hand, offenses such as evading taxes, electoral violence, or loitering, although potentially serious, do not typically result in the loss of citizenship. These crimes are usually addressed through other legal penalties like fines, imprisonment, or other corrective measures.
Question 18 Report
ECOWAS secretariat is located in
Answer Details
The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is a regional political and economic union of countries located in West Africa. This organization was established to foster economic integration and collective self-sufficiency among its member states.
The ECOWAS Secretariat is essentially the administrative headquarters of the organization, where its day-to-day operations are managed, and where meetings and decision-making processes often occur. The location of this Secretariat plays a crucial role in facilitating communication and coordination among member states.
The ECOWAS Secretariat is located in Abuja, Nigeria. Abuja is the capital city of Nigeria, and it serves as an important political center in West Africa. Having the Secretariat in Abuja positions ECOWAS strategically in the region, considering Nigeria's significant influence and central location in West Africa. This choice also reflects the goal of the organization to ensure close coordination and collaboration among its member states.
Question 19 Report
Under the Hausa pre-colonial administration, the office of the Prime Minister is usually occupied by
Answer Details
In Hausa pre-colonial administration, the office of the Prime Minister was usually occupied by the Waziri. The Hausa societies during pre-colonial times had a well-structured and organized system of governance similar to a centralized form of government.
The Sarki, or king, was the head of the administration, but he had a council of officials to help with governance. Among these officials, the Waziri was considered the most important after the king. He played a significant role in administration, acting as the chief advisor and assistant to the Sarki. The Waziri was responsible for advising the Sarki on state matters and often managed day-to-day administrative duties, making him equivalent to what we might think of as a Prime Minister today.
The Galadima was usually responsible for the affairs of the city, and the Madawaki typically handled military matters, specifically relating to cavalry. Thus, the role of the Waziri was more aligned with the duties of a Prime Minister.
Question 20 Report
Nigerian Ports Authority is an example of
Answer Details
The Nigerian Ports Authority (NPA) is an example of a Public Corporation.
To understand why, let's break down the term "Public Corporation". A public corporation is a state-owned enterprise established by the government to carry out specific functions, often of a commercial nature, for the benefit of the public. They are characterized by the following:
The Nigerian Ports Authority fits this description because it is a government-owned organization responsible for managing and operating the ports in Nigeria. It ensures that the ports function efficiently, handling imports and exports crucial for the country's economy. While it performs this essential public service, it also engages in commercial activities by charging fees for its services in loading, unloading, and storage in the ports.
In summary, the NPA functions as a government-established entity that balances public service with commercial operations, typifying a Public Corporation.
Question 21 Report
The fundamental objective guiding a nation's foreign policy is
Answer Details
The fundamental objective guiding a nation's foreign policy is primarily its own national interest. Understanding a nation’s foreign policy involves comprehending the actions and decisions made by a country in its relations with other countries. Let's break this down in a simple way:
National Interest: This refers to the goals or ambitions of a nation. Each nation prioritizes its own security, economic well-being, and cultural values above all else. The foreign policy is crafted to promote the stability, prosperity, and welfare of its citizens. For instance, they might form alliances for security, engage in trade deals to boost their economy, or participate in international agreements that benefit their environment or public health.
Other interests like foreign interest, African interest, or colonial interest, while they may play a role in particular contexts or historical periods, are secondary concerns. Foreign interest might involve strategic diplomacy with other nations for mutual benefits, African interest may relate to regional partnerships or alliances within the continent for advanced cooperation, and colonial interest might pertain to historical ties or responsibilities resulting from a colonial past.
In conclusion, while a nation may consider external factors, the driving force of its foreign policy remains the national interest, which is principally focused on ensuring the best outcomes for its own country and people.
Question 22 Report
The principle of civil service that guarantees the employment of public workers is
Answer Details
The principle of civil service that guarantees the employment of public workers is permanence.
Permanence refers to the idea that civil servants have stable and long-term employment. Once they are appointed to a civil service position, they usually remain in that position or within the civil service system for most of their working life, provided they perform satisfactorily and comply with the rules and regulations of public service. This stability means they are not subject to frequent job changes, political transitions, or arbitrary dismissals.
The concept of permanence helps maintain a professional and efficient bureaucracy. Civil servants can focus on implementing policies and serving the public rather than worrying about job security. It also helps to ensure that the institution retains skilled and experienced personnel over time.
Question 23 Report
The rule of law is an essential ingredient of
Answer Details
The rule of law is an essential ingredient of democracy.
To understand why, let me explain the key concepts:
Rule of Law: It means that the laws of a country are applied equally and fairly to all its citizens. No one is above the law, not even leaders or government officials. It ensures justice, equality, and accountability within a society.
Democracy: It is a system of government where the power comes from the people. Citizens elect representatives to make decisions and create laws on their behalf. Democracy relies on principles such as freedom, equality, and transparency.
Now, let's see why the rule of law is crucial for democracy:
In summary, without the rule of law, a democracy cannot function effectively as it ensures that everyone is treated fairly, rights are upheld, and government power is kept in check.
Question 24 Report
The Nigerian Civil War was fought during the military regime of
Answer Details
The Nigerian Civil War, also known as the Biafran War, was fought during the military regime of Yakubu Gowon. This war lasted from 1967 to 1970. It began due to ethnic, political, economic, and religious tensions among the various regions of Nigeria.
Yakubu Gowon became the head of state after Major General Aguiyi Ironsi was assassinated in 1966. Gowon was tasked with keeping Nigeria united during a period of intense upheaval. When the Southeastern region, led by Colonel Odumegwu Ojukwu, declared independence as the Republic of Biafra in 1967, it led to a brutal and devastating conflict.
Gowon's administration focused on reunifying the country through military action, which eventually led to the surrender of Biafra in 1970. Under his leadership, efforts were made to rebuild and reconcile the nation following the end of hostilities. Thus, the Nigerian Civil War is closely associated with Yakubu Gowon's regime.
Question 25 Report
The June 12 election in Nigeria was annulled by the regime of
Answer Details
The June 12, 1993, presidential election in Nigeria, widely regarded as one of the country's fairest and freest elections, was annulled by the regime of **Ibrahim Babangida**. General Babangida was the military ruler of Nigeria from 1985 to 1993. Under his leadership, the country was in a political transition towards democracy.
The election saw **Chief Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola**, often referred to as M.K.O. Abiola, as the leading candidate. However, despite being a pivotal moment that could have ushered in democratic governance, the election results were never officially released, and the election was annulled on June 23, 1993, by Babangida's administration. This decision led to political unrest and was widely condemned both domestically and internationally.
There were several factors and speculations surrounding the annulment, such as allegations of electoral malpractice, but many believed it was due to military and political interest in maintaining power and control over Nigeria's political sphere. The annulment had far-reaching consequences, including political instability and eventually contributing to the continuation of military rule until democratic elections were finally held in 1999.
Question 26 Report
An economic system that encourages state ownership and control of the means of production is
Answer Details
An economic system that encourages state ownership and control of the means of production is socialism. In socialism, the government takes charge of operating and managing industries, businesses, and resources. The core idea is to distribute wealth and resources more equally among all members of society. The belief is that by having the state own and manage the means of production, rather than private individuals or corporations, resources can be used for the common good and help reduce economic inequality. While both socialism and communism involve government control, socialism is generally less extreme and allows for some level of private ownership and individual economic choice.
Question 27 Report
The Nigerian Youth Movement pursued its objectives through the use of
Answer Details
The Nigerian Youth Movement (NYM) played a significant role in advocating for the rights and interests of Nigerians during the colonial period. They pursued their objectives through a mix of **protest**, **newspapers**, and **strike actions**. Here’s a simple explanation:
The combination of these strategies helped the Nigerian Youth Movement to effectively pursue their objectives and lay the groundwork for future political activism in Nigeria. They demonstrated the power of organized advocacy in challenging unjust systems.
Question 28 Report
The party system that Nigeria operated in the aborted Third Republic is
Answer Details
Nigeria operated a two-party system during the aborted Third Republic. This system involves having only two major political parties that dominate the political landscape, often leading to simpler choices for voters. In the case of Nigeria's Third Republic, the government officially sanctioned and recognized two political parties:
In this system, both parties competed for political power, emulating a structure seen in several Western democracies, such as the United States. The goal was to create a more stable and efficient political environment by reducing the complexities and conflicts that can arise from multiple parties. Unfortunately, this attempt was short-lived because the Third Republic was prematurely ended by a military coup before the system could become entrenched.
Question 29 Report
Price stability in the international oil market is the major objective of the
Answer Details
The major objective of **price stability in the international oil market** is primarily associated with the **Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)**.
OPEC is an organization consisting of oil-producing countries, and its primary aim is to **coordinate and unify the petroleum policies** of its member countries. This coordination ensures that the oil market is stable, prices are reasonable, and there is a consistent supply of oil to consumers.
OPEC achieves this by determining the **production levels** of its member countries. By doing so, it can either increase or decrease oil production to influence oil prices. For instance, if there is too much oil in the market, leading to falling prices, OPEC may choose to lower production to stabilize or increase prices.
This function is not a direct objective of organizations such as the **United Nations (UN)**, which focuses on maintaining international peace and security, or the **World Trade Organization (WTO)**, which addresses trade rules between countries. Similarly, the **African Union (AU)** concentrates on regional integration and development within Africa.
Question 30 Report
Before a treaty can be binding on a country, it has to be approved by the
Answer Details
Before a treaty can be binding on a country, it typically has to be approved by the legislature. This is because the legislative branch of government is usually responsible for making laws and approving international agreements. The process involves a few key steps. First, the treaty is negotiated and signed by members of the executive branch, such as the president or prime minister and other officials. However, signature alone does not mean the treaty is fully accepted. To ensure that the treaty is consistent with the country's laws and policies, the legislature must review and ratify it.
Once the legislature has examined the treaty, they may hold debates and discussions to assess its implications. They need to ensure that the treaty aligns with the country's national interest and legal framework. If the legislature agrees, they will give their consent, thereby making the treaty legally binding. This legislative approval process allows for checks and balances in government, ensuring that the treaty undergoes thorough scrutiny by representatives of the people.
The judiciary is not directly involved in the treaty approval process; instead, they interpret laws and may address any legal disputes regarding treaties. The military does not play a role in approving treaties; their role is more about implementing defense-related strategies and policies that may arise from such treaties once they are enacted.
Question 31 Report
The bipolar world was a major factor for the formation of
Answer Details
The term "bipolar world" is often associated with the period during the Cold War, where the world was primarily divided into two major power blocs: the United States and its allies, representing the capitalist Western bloc, and the Soviet Union along with its allies, representing the communist Eastern bloc. This division created a tension-filled global environment where countries felt pressured to align with one of these superpowers.
The formation of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was significantly influenced by this bipolar world order. NAM emerged during the Cold War as countries, primarily from Asia, Africa, and Latin America, sought to maintain their independence and resist becoming pawns in the geopolitical power struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union. These countries desired to avoid being directly involved in the conflict between these two superpowers and instead focus on their own sovereignty, economic development, and social progress.
The philosophy of non-alignment promoted political and economic cooperation, peace, and mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity. It provided a platform that allowed member countries to stand united on certain issues without being categorized as belonging to either the Western or Eastern bloc. Thus, the bipolar dynamics of the global order encouraged these countries to form a movement where they could pursue a path free from the direct influence of the two superpowers.
Question 32 Report
The fragmented nature of the Igbo pre-colonial political system qualified it to be described as
Answer Details
The pre-colonial Igbo political system is often described as acephalous in nature. This is because it lacked a centralized authority or head such as a king or chief, which is common in centralized political systems. Instead, the Igbo society was organized around individual communities or villages, each of which had its own set of rules and governance structures. These communities were largely independent and operated through a system of direct democracy.
In the Igbo culture, governance was conducted through a council of elders, age grades, and other traditional institutions. Decisions were made collectively, often through consensus, rather than by a single ruler. This decentralized and balanced approach to governance can also be described as fragmented because power and authority were spread out over various age groups and societal institutions, rather than being concentrated in one central figure or body.
Overall, the Igbo political system exemplified a grassroots and community-centered approach to decision-making, which allowed for a high degree of autonomy and flexibility within each village or community.
Question 33 Report
Strike action is mostly used by
Answer Details
Strike action is mostly used by pressure groups.
Pressure groups are organizations formed to influence public policy and decision-making. These groups often bring attention to social, economic, or political issues by advocating for changes through various forms of protest, including strike actions. Their key purpose is to create awareness and apply pressure on decision-makers, such as governments or corporations, to address their concerns.
For example, labor unions, which are a type of pressure group, commonly employ strikes as a means to demand better wages, improved working conditions, or labor rights from employers. By organizing a strike, these groups can effectively draw public attention to their cause, disrupt normal operations, and compel the concerned parties to negotiate or take action.
In contrast, political parties focus primarily on winning elections, traders are usually individual business people whose primary interest is commerce, and parliamentarians are lawmakers engaged in legislative duties. While these groups might support or oppose strike actions, they typically do not organize them. Therefore, the organizing and execution of strikes are most closely associated with pressure groups.
Question 34 Report
Lawyers recruited into the civil service belong to the
Answer Details
Lawyers recruited into the civil service belong to the professional class.
The reason for this is quite straightforward. In any organization, whether in the civil service or elsewhere, the term "professional class" often refers to positions that require specialized knowledge and qualifications. Lawyers are individuals who have undergone extensive education and training in the field of law, resulting in a professional degree (such as a Juris Doctor) and often the passing of a bar examination to practice law.
Within the civil service, professions like medicine, accountancy, and law fall under the "professional class" because these roles depend on a specific set of skills and deep knowledge in a regulated field. Lawyers contribute their expertise in legal matters such as policy formulation, compliance, and legislative processes.
In contrast, the other classes you mentioned serve different roles within the civil service:
Given the requirement for specialized legal expertise, lawyers are most suitably classified under the professional class in the civil service.
Question 35 Report
Nigeria played fundamental roles in the creation of
Answer Details
Nigeria has played significant roles in the creation and sustenance of some key international organizations. Let's discuss these contributions in simple terms.
ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States):
Nigeria was a major architect in the formation of ECOWAS, which was established in 1975. The country recognized the need for economic cooperation among West African countries to foster regional development, stability, and to improve living standards. Nigeria's leadership and dedication were crucial in bringing together sixteen West African countries to create ECOWAS. It aimed to promote economic integration, free trade, and cooperation in various fields such as agriculture, culture, and industry.
OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries):
Although Nigeria was not one of the founding members of OPEC when it was formed in 1960, Nigeria joined OPEC in 1971. Nigeria's role has since become essential due to its position as one of Africa's largest oil producers. Through OPEC, Nigeria has been involved in decisions affecting global oil prices and oil policies, reflecting the interests of oil-exporting countries.
UN (United Nations):
Nigeria became a member of the United Nations in 1960, shortly after gaining independence. While Nigeria was not involved in the founding of the UN, it has played an active role as a member. Nigeria has contributed to peacekeeping missions, provided diplomatic support, and worked within the UN framework to address global issues such as poverty, health, and security. Nigeria’s participation is vital, given its status as a significant nation on the African continent.
Commonwealth:
Nigeria joined the Commonwealth of Nations in 1960 following its independence from British colonial rule. As a member, Nigeria participates in activities to foster cooperation among member states in areas such as democracy, human rights, and development. It has also hosted Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings. Although it didn't play a role in the creation, Nigeria has been an active and influential member.
Question 36 Report
Public corporations can be controlled by
Answer Details
The courts can declare any act made by some corporations illegal or unconstitutional. This is done when they are breaching the Act upon which they are set up.
Question 37 Report
Which local government reform in Nigeria prevented traditional rulers from engaging in politics?
Answer Details
The local government reform in Nigeria that prevented traditional rulers from engaging in politics was the 1976 Reform.
Here's a simple explanation:
Prior to the 1976 reform, traditional rulers had significant influence and played active roles in both political and administrative affairs within their regions. This often created conflicts of interest and challenges in governance, as their roles were not clearly defined within the modern state structure.
The 1976 Local Government Reform was a significant restructuring of local governance. This reform aimed to establish a more uniform and systematic local government system throughout Nigeria. A vital aspect of this reform was to clearly define the roles and responsibilities of traditional rulers in order to separate traditional authority from political governance.
The reform stipulated that traditional rulers should no longer have executive or administrative roles in the formal local government system. This meant that they could not hold political office or engage in political activities, allowing for a clearer distinction between traditional roles and political governance.
Overall, the reform sought to create a more democratic and efficient local government structure by reducing political interference from traditional rulers, while still allowing them to preserve their cultural and traditional roles within their communities.
Question 38 Report
An agent in which the state undertakes direct political socialisation is the
Answer Details
The agent in which the state undertakes direct political socialization is the school.
Here's why:
Schools play a crucial role in political socialization, which is the process of learning and internalizing the values, beliefs, and norms of a political culture. Unlike other agents, schools are often directly influenced and regulated by the state. They are used as formal settings where the government can introduce and emphasize civic education, national history, laws, and political systems.
This means that students learn about their country’s political system, responsibilities as citizens, and democratic principles through the curriculum designed and enforced by the educational authorities, which are typically linked to the state. Schools also celebrate national holidays and instill patriotic sentiments through various activities and programs.
On the other hand, the church may impart spiritual and moral values, the peer groups influence behavior and social norms, and the mass media shape public opinion. However, these are not typically under direct state control for political socialization.
Question 39 Report
Shehu Shagari won the 1979 Presidential Election under
Answer Details
Shehu Shagari won the 1979 Presidential Election under the political party known as the National Party of Nigeria (NPN). This was a significant event in Nigerian history as it marked the transition from military rule to a civilian government. The NPN was known for its appeal across various regions of Nigeria and promoted a message of national unity. It was a dominant political force during the Second Republic of Nigeria, which began in 1979 after the military handed over power to the civilian government. The election of Shehu Shagari as President reflected the support and influence the NPN had at that time.
Question 40 Report
Pressure groups are different from political parties because they
Answer Details
Pressure groups are different from political parties in the sense that while political parties analyse and contest elections and aggregate interests (i.e. bring together people who have differing interests together), pressure groups articulate the interest of people how share a common goal.
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