JAMB UTME - Government - 2024

The rationale behind the adoption of a federal system of government in Nigeria is to 

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The adoption of a federal system of government in Nigeria is primarily motivated by the need to promote autonomy of states and promote unity in diversity.

Promote the Autonomy of States:
Nigeria is a country with various ethnic groups and cultures. The federal system allows each state, which may represent a particular ethnic or cultural group, to have some degree of self-governance. This means that states can make decisions best suited to their local circumstances, as they have control over certain areas such as education, healthcare, and infrastructure development. By fostering autonomy, the federal system helps prevent dominance by a single ethnic group and allows for more nuanced governance that can address the specific needs and aspirations of different regions.

Promote Unity in Diversity:
Nigerian society is highly diverse, with over 250 ethnic groups. A federal system accommodates this diversity by ensuring that different groups have representation and participation in governance. This system helps in managing diversity by allowing various ethnic groups to coexist peacefully under a central government while maintaining their unique identities and rights. It encourages cooperation and collaboration amongst the states, which contributes to national unity. By integrating diverse groups into a single political framework, the federal system helps to strengthen national identity and cohesion, thus promoting unity.

Ultimately, the federal system in Nigeria seeks to balance the need for a strong central government while respecting the cultural and ethnic diversity that characterizes its population. This balance helps maintain peace, stability, and development across the nation.

As a non-aligned state, Nigeria attended the second meeting of the non-Aligned Movement that took place in Cairo, Egypt in 

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Nigeria, as a non-aligned state, attended the second meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement, which took place in 1964 in Cairo, Egypt. The Non-Aligned Movement is an international organization of countries that aimed to remain independent or neutral in the rivalry between the major world powers during the Cold War, specifically between the United States and the Soviet Union. This meeting allowed countries like Nigeria to express their independence and promote their interests without aligning formally with either of the two superpower blocs of that time. By attending this meeting in 1964, Nigeria demonstrated its commitment to this stance of neutrality.

The famous Italian Fascist leader was

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The famous Italian Fascist leader was Benito Mussolini.

Benito Mussolini was an influential figure in early 20th-century Europe and the founder of Italian Fascism. He was born on July 29, 1883, in Predappio, Italy, and became the Prime Minister of Italy in 1922. Mussolini’s governance was characterized by the establishment of a dictatorship, as he dismantled democratic institutions and promoted a totalitarian state. Under Fascism, Mussolini sought to create a centralized autocratic government, where the nation-state and its values were held above individual rights.

Mussolini aligned with Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany before and during World War II, which ultimately led to Italy's involvement in the war. His reign ended in 1943, and he was eventually captured and executed by Italian partisans in 1945. Benito Mussolini remains a significant figure in history for his role in the development and spread of Fascist ideologies.

Lack of separation of power is a feature of 

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Lack of separation of power is primarily a feature of a military government.

In a typical democratic framework, like a presidential system or a cabinet system, power is usually divided among different branches: the executive, the legislative, and the judiciary. This division is known as the separation of powers. It ensures that no single entity has absolute control, and it balances the powers among various branches of government.

On the other hand, a military government usually centralizes power within a single authority or group, often led by military leaders. In such systems, the military might control the executive power and possibly influence or directly control legislative and judicial functions. This centralized control eliminates the typical checks and balances provided by a separation of powers, leading to a system where one group or leader may wield broad, unchecked authority.

The most effective instrument adopted by Nigeria against the East-West Cold War in the 1960s was

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In the context of Nigeria during the 1960s, the **most effective instrument** adopted by the country against the East-West Cold War was the **Non-alignment policy**. This policy aimed to maintain Nigeria's independence and neutrality by avoiding formal alliances with either of the two superpower blocs, the United States-led Western bloc or the Soviet Union-led Eastern bloc.

The **Non-alignment policy** provided several key benefits that contributed to its effectiveness:

Independence and Sovereignty: By not aligning with either superpower, Nigeria was able to maintain its sovereignty and make independent foreign policy decisions without the pressure or influence from either side.

Flexibility in Diplomacy: The policy allowed Nigeria to engage diplomatically with various nations, regardless of their ideological leanings. This enabled Nigeria to pursue bilateral relationships that were beneficial for its own national interest without being confined to a specific bloc.

Focus on Development: By adopting a stance of non-alignment, Nigeria could focus more on its domestic economic development and regional leadership within Africa, rather than getting entangled in the Cold War conflicts.

Overall, the **Non-alignment policy** effectively allowed Nigeria to navigate the geopolitical tensions of the Cold War while preserving its independence and focusing on its national interests and development goals.

The commander of the army under the Hausa/ Fulani pre-colonial administration was

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Under the Hausa/Fulani pre-colonial administration, the **commander of the army** was known as the Madawaki. The Hausa/Fulani societies in pre-colonial times had an organized political structure in which roles and titles were clearly defined. The Madawaki was charged with the responsibility of leading the army, planning military strategies, and ensuring the security and defense of the state.

In contrast, other titles like Waziri, Galadima, and Maaji were associated with different administrative or advisory roles. The Waziri acted as the chief adviser or prime minister to the ruler, the Galadima was responsible for the administration of a particular province or area, while the Maaji handled financial matters and the treasury. Each of these roles was crucial to the functioning of the state, but the primary responsibility for military leadership rested with the Madawaki.

Nigerian Ports Authority is an example of 

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The Nigerian Ports Authority (NPA) is an example of a Public Corporation.

To understand why, let's break down the term "Public Corporation". A public corporation is a state-owned enterprise established by the government to carry out specific functions, often of a commercial nature, for the benefit of the public. They are characterized by the following:

• Government Ownership: They are owned and funded by the government to provide certain essential services to the public.
• Operational Independence: While they are government-owned, public corporations often have a degree of operational autonomy. This means they can operate with some independence, similar to private companies, but within the legal frameworks set by the government.
• Service Provision: They provide goods and services that are necessary for public welfare, such as utilities, transportation, or other vital sectors, where the private sector might be inefficient or unable to provide these services universally.
• Commercial Activities: Although they serve public interests, public corporations may engage in commercial activities and charge for their services, akin to private companies.

The Nigerian Ports Authority fits this description because it is a government-owned organization responsible for managing and operating the ports in Nigeria. It ensures that the ports function efficiently, handling imports and exports crucial for the country's economy. While it performs this essential public service, it also engages in commercial activities by charging fees for its services in loading, unloading, and storage in the ports.

In summary, the NPA functions as a government-established entity that balances public service with commercial operations, typifying a Public Corporation.

The Aburi Accord was a popular phrase during the administration of 

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The Aburi Accord was a popular phrase during the administration of General Yakubu Gowon. This accord refers to a series of negotiations and agreements that took place in January 1967 at Aburi, Ghana, involving representatives of the military government of Nigeria and regional leaders to address the growing political tensions in Nigeria.

The primary aim of the Aburi Accord was to resolve disagreements about the country's governance and to prevent a looming civil war. Key issues discussed included the decentralization of power, the military structure, and resource control. Unfortunately, the agreements made at Aburi were not fully implemented upon return to Nigeria, leading to further tensions.

The failure to adhere to the Aburi Accord was one of the factors that contributed to the outbreak of the Nigerian Civil War, also known as the Biafran War, in 1967. Therefore, the Aburi Accord is closely associated with General Yakubu Gowon's leadership during that critical time in Nigeria's history.

Before a treaty can be binding on a country, it has to be approved by the

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Before a treaty can be binding on a country, it typically has to be approved by the legislature. This is because the legislative branch of government is usually responsible for making laws and approving international agreements. The process involves a few key steps. First, the treaty is negotiated and signed by members of the executive branch, such as the president or prime minister and other officials. However, signature alone does not mean the treaty is fully accepted. To ensure that the treaty is consistent with the country's laws and policies, the legislature must review and ratify it.

Once the legislature has examined the treaty, they may hold debates and discussions to assess its implications. They need to ensure that the treaty aligns with the country's national interest and legal framework. If the legislature agrees, they will give their consent, thereby making the treaty legally binding. This legislative approval process allows for checks and balances in government, ensuring that the treaty undergoes thorough scrutiny by representatives of the people.

The judiciary is not directly involved in the treaty approval process; instead, they interpret laws and may address any legal disputes regarding treaties. The military does not play a role in approving treaties; their role is more about implementing defense-related strategies and policies that may arise from such treaties once they are enacted.

Formation of political parties in Nigeria is one of the features of 

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The formation of political parties in Nigeria is one of the features of the Clifford Constitution that was introduced in 1922. This constitution facilitated the establishment of legislative councils and allowed for the election of Nigerian members, although on a limited scale, to the legislative council in Lagos and Calabar. This political framework became a significant breeding ground for political activism.

One of the notable outcomes of this constitution was the emergence of political parties. The most significant of these was the **Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP)**, founded by Herbert Macaulay in 1923. This was the first political party in Nigeria, marking the birth of organized political movements that aimed to represent the interests of Nigerians in governance.

In summary, the Clifford Constitution laid down the groundwork for political participation and introduced elements of electoral democracy, such as electing members to the legislative councils. This setting provided the necessary motivation and structure for the formation of early political parties in Nigeria.

Under the Hausa pre-colonial administration, the office of the Prime Minister is usually occupied by 

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In Hausa pre-colonial administration, the office of the Prime Minister was usually occupied by the Waziri. The Hausa societies during pre-colonial times had a well-structured and organized system of governance similar to a centralized form of government.

The Sarki, or king, was the head of the administration, but he had a council of officials to help with governance. Among these officials, the Waziri was considered the most important after the king. He played a significant role in administration, acting as the chief advisor and assistant to the Sarki. The Waziri was responsible for advising the Sarki on state matters and often managed day-to-day administrative duties, making him equivalent to what we might think of as a Prime Minister today.

The Galadima was usually responsible for the affairs of the city, and the Madawaki typically handled military matters, specifically relating to cavalry. Thus, the role of the Waziri was more aligned with the duties of a Prime Minister.

A major instrument designed to promote the workings of Nigerian federalism is

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A major instrument designed to promote the workings of Nigerian federalism is the Federal Character Commission.

The Federal Character Commission (FCC) is tasked with ensuring that there is equal representation and diversity across all sectors of the Nigerian government, which is crucial for maintaining balance in a federal system like Nigeria's. Nigeria is a multicultural and multi-ethnic nation, and federalism here demands that every ethnic group feels represented and included in government affairs.

The FCC works to ensure that appointments and the distribution of resources reflect the geographic diversity of the country. It aims to eliminate any form of dominance by a particular region or group over others, thus promoting fairness and inclusivity. This is key to fostering national unity and stability, as it helps to prevent regional and ethnic tensions by giving all groups a sense of participation in the federation.

By focusing on equitable inclusion, the Federal Character Commission plays a vital role in enhancing social cohesion, which is essential for the effective functioning of Nigerian federalism.

Absence of a Red-tape is a merit of 

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The **absence of red tape** is typically considered a merit of a **unitary government structure**.

Here's why:

• In a **unitary structure**, there is a **centralized government** which holds the majority of the power.
• This centralized power means **decisions can be made quickly** and efficiently because there are **fewer layers of bureaucracy** to navigate through.
• In comparison, structures like the **federal** or **confederal governments** often involve multiple layers of government (e.g., federal, state, local) which can result in **more red tape**.
• **Red tape** refers to excessive regulation or rigid conformity to formal rules that can slow down decision-making and governmental processes.
• Thus, in this centralized system, the **streamlined processes** and **direct decision-making** reduce the **unnecessary bureaucratic delays** commonly associated with red tape.

Overall, the **unitary structure** is seen as an efficient means to enact policies and changes due to the **reduction of procedural hurdles** that are more common in other government structures.

The fundamental law containing the rules and principles governing a country is the 

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The fundamental law containing the rules and principles governing a country is the constitution. It is a formal document that outlines the structure of the government, the powers and responsibilities of different branches, and the rights of the citizens.

Here's why the constitution plays a crucial role:

• Foundation of Law: The constitution is the foundational legal document from which all other laws and regulations derive their authority.
• Supremacy: It is the supreme law of the land, meaning that all laws and actions by the government must comply with it.
• Protection of Rights: Constitutions usually include a bill of rights or similar section that guarantees and protects the rights and freedoms of individuals.
• Government Structure: It defines the organization of the government, such as the separation of powers between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
• Stability and Change: While it provides a stable framework for governance, it often includes procedures for its amendment, ensuring it can adapt over time.

In contrast, conventions refer to unwritten practices or customs; acts of parliament are specific laws passed by the legislative branch; and judicial review is the process through which courts interpret the constitutionality of legislative and executive actions. However, none of these play the comprehensive role that the constitution does in governing the foundational aspects of a country.

NEPAD stands for

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NEPAD stands for New Partnerships for Africa's Development.

The New Partnerships for Africa's Development (NEPAD) is an economic policy framework for Africa that was established by African leaders in the early 2000s. The main aim of NEPAD is to address challenges facing African countries through a novel partnership approach. This approach is centered on providing African solutions by promoting cooperation, collaboration, and mutual assistance among African states.

NEPAD focuses on several key areas including economic growth, sustainable development, regional integration, and political governance. It recognizes that in order to foster development, there needs to be dedication from African leaders to implement strategies that prioritize the welfare of their people, investment in infrastructure, advancement in technology, and agricultural growth.

Through NEPAD, Africa seeks to achieve strategic objectives such as eradicating poverty, placing Africa on a sustainable development path, halting the marginalization of Africa in the globalization process, and enhancing the role of women in all activities. By establishing new partnerships within Africa and with the international community, NEPAD aims to facilitate the attainment of its goals.

The collective views of the citizens on a specific national matter is

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The collective views of the citizens on a specific national matter is known as public opinion.

Public opinion refers to the aggregate of individual attitudes or beliefs about a particular topic or issue that is significant to the society at large. It represents the general consensus or the majority viewpoint of the people within a nation. This opinion is often measured through surveys, polls, media reports, and other means of gauging how the populace feels or thinks about a specific matter.

Public opinion is vital in a democracy because it can influence policy decisions, election outcomes, and the actions of government officials. It reflects what citizens believe to be important, usually based on their values, experiences, and available information.

In summary, public opinion is the term that best describes the aggregate views of individuals within a society on issues of national importance.

A form of government where the powers of the state is determined by the citizens is 

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The form of government where the powers of the state are determined by the citizens is Democracy.

In a Democracy, the power to make decisions about laws, policies, and the leadership of the country is vested in the hands of the people. This is typically done through various forms of participation such as voting in elections. When citizens vote for their leaders and on specific political issues, they exercise their power to shape the way the government operates.

A Democracy is characterized by several core principles:

• Popular Sovereignty: The authority of the government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives.
• Political Equality: Each citizen has an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives, regardless of their background or status.
• Protection of Rights: Democracies strive to protect the rights and freedoms of individuals, ensuring that everyone is treated equally under the law.
• Accountability: Elected officials are accountable to the people, and they can be replaced through free and fair elections if they do not perform their duties properly.

In contrast to other forms of government such as Monarchy, Aristocracy, and Autocracy, where power is held by one person or a specific group, a Democracy ensures that the power rests with the people, making it the most inclusive form of governance.

Dual citizenship was a feature of the 

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Dual citizenship was a feature of the French colonial system.

In the French colonial system, the concept of dual citizenship existed under the idea called "assimilation." This meant that individuals living in French colonies, if they adopted French culture, language, and law, could gain some rights similar to those of French citizens. However, this was not automatic and usually applied to a select group within the colonies.

The French had two main groups in their colonies: "citoyens," who were considered full French citizens and had extensive rights, and "sujets," who were subjects of the French Empire with fewer rights. Through the process of assimilation, a subject could become a citizen, thus obtaining French citizenship while retaining their original identity, thereby leading to the idea of dual citizenship.

This approach was somewhat unique to the French system compared to other colonial systems where such a concept did not prominently exist.

The judgement that ceded and transferred Bakassi legal title from Nigeria to Cameroon was delivered by 

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The judgement that ceded and transferred the Bakassi Peninsula's legal title from Nigeria to Cameroon was delivered by the International Court of Justice (ICJ). This court is the primary judicial branch of the United Nations, whose role is to settle legal disputes submitted by states and give advisory opinions on legal matters. The ICJ's decision was based on various historical treaties and agreements as well as international law, following a lengthy legal process. In October 2002, the ICJ ruled that the territory legally belonged to Cameroon, and this led to the eventual transfer of the disputed region. Understanding this jurisdiction and the case's global significance can help comprehend international territorial disputes and the function of the ICJ.

Which of these colonial constitutions in Nigeria endured for the longest period?

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The colonial constitution in Nigeria that endured for the longest period was the Clifford Constitution. It was introduced by Governor Hugh Clifford in 1922 and remained in effect until the introduction of the Macpherson Constitution in 1951. Therefore, the Clifford Constitution lasted approximately 29 years.

The Clifford Constitution is significant because it introduced the first electoral system, allowing Nigerians to elect representatives to the legislative council in Lagos and Calabar. This introduction marked the beginning of elective representation in Nigeria. The Clifford Constitution also laid the foundation for future constitutional developments by encouraging political consciousness and participation among Nigerians.

Shehu Shagari won the 1979 Presidential Election under 

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Shehu Shagari won the 1979 Presidential Election under the political party known as the National Party of Nigeria (NPN). This was a significant event in Nigerian history as it marked the transition from military rule to a civilian government. The NPN was known for its appeal across various regions of Nigeria and promoted a message of national unity. It was a dominant political force during the Second Republic of Nigeria, which began in 1979 after the military handed over power to the civilian government. The election of Shehu Shagari as President reflected the support and influence the NPN had at that time.

Aggregate view of individuals in a society is referred to as

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The term used to describe the aggregate view of individuals in a society is called public opinion. Public opinion represents the collective attitudes, beliefs, and preferences on a particular topic or issue held by the general population, usually in the context of political, social, or economic matters.

Public opinion is often measured through surveys and polls, and it provides insights into what people think, feel, and believe at a given point in time. Understanding public opinion helps policymakers, leaders, and organizations gauge the mood of the society, predict future trends, and make informed decisions.

One of these is not an organ of the Commonwealth of Nations

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The **Commonwealth of Nations**, often simply known as the **Commonwealth**, is a political association of 56 member states, most of which are former territories of the British Empire. It is indeed essential to recognize its main organs.

The **Commonwealth Secretariat** is a principal **organ**. It is responsible for the administrative work of the Commonwealth, serving member governments, and acting as a central agency of cooperation for policy development and consensus-building among countries.

The **Assembly of Heads of State and Government** does not exist within the Commonwealth framework as an independent organ. Instead, these leaders meet at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM), which is a summit for current government leaders to discuss pertinent global and Commonwealth issues.

The **Conference of Prime Ministers** is not a permanent organ of the Commonwealth, but it refers historically to meetings of the heads of government, which is similar to CHOGM today.

The **Fund for Technical Cooperation** is an integral financial resource managed by the Commonwealth Secretariat, not an organ in itself. It supports member countries in achieving economic development through technical assistance.

In conclusion, the **Assembly of Heads of State and Government**, as stated, is not an independent **organ** of the Commonwealth of Nations.

The fragmented nature of the Igbo pre-colonial political system qualified it to be described as

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The pre-colonial Igbo political system is often described as acephalous in nature. This is because it lacked a centralized authority or head such as a king or chief, which is common in centralized political systems. Instead, the Igbo society was organized around individual communities or villages, each of which had its own set of rules and governance structures. These communities were largely independent and operated through a system of direct democracy.

In the Igbo culture, governance was conducted through a council of elders, age grades, and other traditional institutions. Decisions were made collectively, often through consensus, rather than by a single ruler. This decentralized and balanced approach to governance can also be described as fragmented because power and authority were spread out over various age groups and societal institutions, rather than being concentrated in one central figure or body.

Overall, the Igbo political system exemplified a grassroots and community-centered approach to decision-making, which allowed for a high degree of autonomy and flexibility within each village or community.

The commission that conducted elections that ushered in the Fourth Republic in Nigeria is

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The commission responsible for conducting the elections that ushered in the Fourth Republic in Nigeria is the **Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC).

1. Background: Nigeria has had a series of transitions between different government structures, moving from military rule to democratic governance. The Fourth Republic, which is the current phase of Nigeria's democratic history, started in 1999.

2. Role of INEC: The Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) was established in 1998 and was given the responsibility of overseeing and conducting the elections that led to the transition to the Fourth Republic in 1999. INEC organized and supervised the elections for various political offices, including the presidency, which marked the beginning of civilian rule after a long period of military government.

3. **Importance:** The establishment of INEC and the successful conduct of the 1999 elections were crucial as they paved the way for democratic governance in Nigeria. INEC continues to be responsible for organizing elections in Nigeria, ensuring transparency and fairness in the electoral process.

In summary, INEC played a pivotal role in ushering in the Fourth Republic by conducting the elections that transitioned Nigeria from military rule to a democratic government in 1999.

The party that controlled the government of South West States after the 1979 General Elections was 

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After the 1979 General Elections in Nigeria, the party that controlled the government of the South West states, which were predominantly Yoruba-speaking areas, was the **Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN)**.

The **Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN)** was founded by Chief Obafemi Awolowo, a prominent Yoruba leader and politician, who had a significant influence in the South West region. The UPN was known for its emphasis on progressive ideologies, including free education and social welfare programs, which resonated strongly with the people of the South West.

Due to the party's strong presence and organization in the region, the UPN won the majority of votes in the South West states, allowing them to form the government in those areas. This success can be attributed to both the popularity of its founder and the alignment of its policies with the needs and aspirations of the South West people.

The power of prerogative of mercy rests with the 

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The power of prerogative of mercy is vested in the executive branch of government. This power allows the head of the executive, usually the president or governor, to exercise mercy in the case of criminal offenders. This can include granting pardons, reducing sentences, or commuting penalties. The purpose is to provide a means to achieve justice or compassion beyond the scope of the judiciary.

Key Points:

• The prerogative of mercy is primarily exercised by figures such as the president or governors.
• It is a discretionary power that can be used to correct judicial errors, provide relief in exceptional situations, or reward rehabilitation and good behavior.
• This power is part of the executive functions and is often included in the constitution or statutes of a country.

The leader of the Oyo Mesi in the Yoruba pre-colonial political system was

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In the Yoruba pre-colonial political system, the **Oyo Mesi** was a powerful council of chiefs that had significant influence over the governance of the Oyo Empire. The leader of the Oyo Mesi was known as the **Bashorun**. The Bashorun held a position of great authority and was the most senior member of the Oyo Mesi. This individual was responsible for advising the king, known as the Alaafin of Oyo, and played a crucial role in the checks and balances within the political structure.

The Oyo Mesi, including the Bashorun, acted as a form of counterbalance to the monarchial power of the Alaafin, ensuring that the king did not rule as an autocrat. In times when the king lost the confidence of the Oyo Mesi, it was the Bashorun's responsibility to perform specific rituals that could potentially lead to the deposition of the king. Therefore, the role of the Bashorun as the leader of the Oyo Mesi was vital to maintaining the political stability and governance of the empire.

Lawyers recruited into the civil service belong to the 

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Lawyers recruited into the civil service belong to the professional class.

The reason for this is quite straightforward. In any organization, whether in the civil service or elsewhere, the term "professional class" often refers to positions that require specialized knowledge and qualifications. Lawyers are individuals who have undergone extensive education and training in the field of law, resulting in a professional degree (such as a Juris Doctor) and often the passing of a bar examination to practice law.

Within the civil service, professions like medicine, accountancy, and law fall under the "professional class" because these roles depend on a specific set of skills and deep knowledge in a regulated field. Lawyers contribute their expertise in legal matters such as policy formulation, compliance, and legislative processes.

In contrast, the other classes you mentioned serve different roles within the civil service:

• The administrative class typically involves positions that deal with the management and administration of public policy and government operations.
• The executive class may refer to senior-level officials who are responsible for leading departments and making significant decisions.
• The clerical class usually consists of positions that involve routine office tasks, record-keeping, and support duties.

Given the requirement for specialized legal expertise, lawyers are most suitably classified under the professional class in the civil service.

A union of states with a common recognised authority is

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The term you are looking for is a federal system. In a federal system, a group of states, regions, or provinces come together to form a union under a common, central government that has authority over the entire nation. However, each state maintains its own government and has certain powers that are not overridden by the central authority. This system allows for a balance of power between the central government and the individual states. Examples of countries with a federal system include the United States, Canada, and Germany.

In contrast, a unitary system is one where a single central government holds most of the power, and any administrative divisions benefit from devolved powers that can be revoked by the central authority.

A representative system is a form of government where citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf, but it does not inherently describe the relationship between a central authority and regions or states.

A confederal system is a loose alliance of independent states where the central authority has limited power, and the individual states retain the majority of governmental power. It is essentially the opposite of a unitary system.

A major problem affecting Local government in Nigeria today is

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State Management Interference is one of the major problems affecting local government in Nigeria today.

The local government system was established as the third tier of government in Nigeria, meant to bring governance closer to the people and cater to their immediate needs. However, the reality on the ground often depicts a situation where the state's interference in local affairs hampers this purpose. This interference can manifest in several ways:

• Control Over Finances: In many cases, state governments exert control over the finances of local governments. This control can be through the allocation of federal funds, which are sent to the states before they are disbursed to local governments. State governments might divert these funds for their use or delay transfers, limiting the local governments' financial independence.
• Appointment of Key Officials: Often, state governors have significant influence over the selection of local government chairpersons and councillors. This influence can result in appointing individuals who serve the interests of the state government rather than those of the local community.
• Policy Directives: State governments sometimes impose policies on local governments without considering local peculiarities. This top-down approach can create a disconnect between local government actions and the actual needs of the local populace.
• Political Pressure: Local governments might face pressure to align with the political interests of the state government, which can lead to a lack of autonomy in making decisions that are beneficial to local residents.

The result of state management interference is that it often undermines the ability of local governments to function effectively and address local issues, rendering them less responsive to the needs of their communities.

Which local government reform in Nigeria prevented traditional rulers from engaging in politics?

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The local government reform in Nigeria that prevented traditional rulers from engaging in politics was the 1976 Reform.

Here's a simple explanation:

Prior to the 1976 reform, traditional rulers had significant influence and played active roles in both political and administrative affairs within their regions. This often created conflicts of interest and challenges in governance, as their roles were not clearly defined within the modern state structure.

The 1976 Local Government Reform was a significant restructuring of local governance. This reform aimed to establish a more uniform and systematic local government system throughout Nigeria. A vital aspect of this reform was to clearly define the roles and responsibilities of traditional rulers in order to separate traditional authority from political governance.

The reform stipulated that traditional rulers should no longer have executive or administrative roles in the formal local government system. This meant that they could not hold political office or engage in political activities, allowing for a clearer distinction between traditional roles and political governance.

Overall, the reform sought to create a more democratic and efficient local government structure by reducing political interference from traditional rulers, while still allowing them to preserve their cultural and traditional roles within their communities.

The productivity of public corporations is believed to be enhanced when there is 

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The productivity of public corporations is believed to be enhanced when there is less political interference. This is primarily because it allows the organization to function more efficiently and focus on its core objectives without being distracted by external political agendas. Here are the key reasons why less political interference leads to better productivity:

• Autonomy in Decision-Making: Corporations can make decisions based on professional analysis and expertise, rather than political pressure, which allows for more effective and strategic planning and execution.
• Consistency in Policies: A stable environment without frequent changes in policies due to political changes ensures that long-term projects have a greater chance of success.
• Merit-Based Personnel Decisions: Hiring, promotions, and other personnel decisions can be based on qualifications and performance rather than political connections, ensuring that the most competent individuals are in key roles.
• Focus on Performance Goals: Reduced political interference means that the corporation can stay focused on its primary objectives, such as improving service delivery and financial performance, rather than getting sidelined by political considerations.
• Improved Trust and Credibility: Both employees and the public tend to have more trust in an organization that operates transparently and professionally, which can enhance motivation and productivity.

In summary, an environment with less political interference fosters a culture where professional management can thrive, leading to enhanced productivity and better outcomes for the organization and its stakeholders.

The electoral process in a representative government does NOT include

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In a representative government, the electoral process is fundamentally about ensuring that citizens have a clear path to select their representatives. This includes conducting free and fair elections where all eligible voters can participate without undue influence or barriers. An independent electoral commission is also essential as it ensures that the process is managed fairly, transparently, and impartially.

Additionally, a free press plays a pivotal role in keeping the electorate informed. It allows for the dissemination of information and offers a platform for public discussion, ensuring voters understand the choices available to them.

However, registration of birth is not a direct part of the electoral process. While birth registration is important for documenting an individual's existence and identity, it is not a step in the process of organizing or conducting elections. It is more of a civil registration system that helps in establishing the identity for various purposes, which can indirectly relate to voter identification, but it is not an electoral activity in itself.

Thus, registration of birth is the element that does not directly belong to the electoral process in a representative government.

Which of the following is a basic feature of the rule of law?

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The rule of law is a fundamental concept in legal and political theory that ensures that all individuals and entities are subject to and accountable to law that is fairly applied and enforced. Among the features listed, a basic feature of the rule of law is the concept of Equality before the law.

Equality before the law means that every person, regardless of status, wealth, ethnicity, or power, is subject to the same laws and entitled to the same legal protections. This feature ensures that the laws are applied uniformly, providing a foundation for fairness and justice in society. It contrasts with practices or systems where certain individuals or groups may be above the law or treated differently based on arbitrary distinctions.

In comparison, the other features mentioned, such as secret trials of offenders, unlimited power of the executive, and a dependent judiciary, do not align with the principles of the rule of law. Secret trials undermine transparency and accountability, unlimited power of the executive leads to tyranny, and a dependent judiciary erodes justice by compromising independence and impartiality.

The principle of civil service that guarantees the employment of public workers is 

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The principle of civil service that guarantees the employment of public workers is permanence.

Permanence refers to the idea that civil servants have stable and long-term employment. Once they are appointed to a civil service position, they usually remain in that position or within the civil service system for most of their working life, provided they perform satisfactorily and comply with the rules and regulations of public service. This stability means they are not subject to frequent job changes, political transitions, or arbitrary dismissals.

The concept of permanence helps maintain a professional and efficient bureaucracy. Civil servants can focus on implementing policies and serving the public rather than worrying about job security. It also helps to ensure that the institution retains skilled and experienced personnel over time.

Price stability in the international oil market is the major objective of the

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The major objective of **price stability in the international oil market** is primarily associated with the **Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)**.

OPEC is an organization consisting of oil-producing countries, and its primary aim is to **coordinate and unify the petroleum policies** of its member countries. This coordination ensures that the oil market is stable, prices are reasonable, and there is a consistent supply of oil to consumers.

OPEC achieves this by determining the **production levels** of its member countries. By doing so, it can either increase or decrease oil production to influence oil prices. For instance, if there is too much oil in the market, leading to falling prices, OPEC may choose to lower production to stabilize or increase prices.

This function is not a direct objective of organizations such as the **United Nations (UN)**, which focuses on maintaining international peace and security, or the **World Trade Organization (WTO)**, which addresses trade rules between countries. Similarly, the **African Union (AU)** concentrates on regional integration and development within Africa.

An agent in which the state undertakes direct political socialisation is the 

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The agent in which the state undertakes direct political socialization is the school.

Here's why:

Schools play a crucial role in political socialization, which is the process of learning and internalizing the values, beliefs, and norms of a political culture. Unlike other agents, schools are often directly influenced and regulated by the state. They are used as formal settings where the government can introduce and emphasize civic education, national history, laws, and political systems.

This means that students learn about their country’s political system, responsibilities as citizens, and democratic principles through the curriculum designed and enforced by the educational authorities, which are typically linked to the state. Schools also celebrate national holidays and instill patriotic sentiments through various activities and programs.

On the other hand, the church may impart spiritual and moral values, the peer groups influence behavior and social norms, and the mass media shape public opinion. However, these are not typically under direct state control for political socialization.

The Nigerian Civil War was fought during the military regime of 

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The Nigerian Civil War, also known as the Biafran War, was fought during the military regime of Yakubu Gowon. This war lasted from 1967 to 1970. It began due to ethnic, political, economic, and religious tensions among the various regions of Nigeria.

Yakubu Gowon became the head of state after Major General Aguiyi Ironsi was assassinated in 1966. Gowon was tasked with keeping Nigeria united during a period of intense upheaval. When the Southeastern region, led by Colonel Odumegwu Ojukwu, declared independence as the Republic of Biafra in 1967, it led to a brutal and devastating conflict.

Gowon's administration focused on reunifying the country through military action, which eventually led to the surrender of Biafra in 1970. Under his leadership, efforts were made to rebuild and reconcile the nation following the end of hostilities. Thus, the Nigerian Civil War is closely associated with Yakubu Gowon's regime.

The Nigerian Youth Movement pursued its objectives through the use of 

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The Nigerian Youth Movement (NYM) played a significant role in advocating for the rights and interests of Nigerians during the colonial period. They pursued their objectives through a mix of **protest**, **newspapers**, and **strike actions**. Here’s a simple explanation:

• Protest: The NYM organized and engaged in peaceful protests to voice their grievances against colonial policies. These protests were aimed at drawing attention to unjust practices and demanding reforms in governance and civil rights.


• Newspapers: The movement made effective use of newspapers to spread their ideas and rally support. Through editorials, articles, and opinion pieces, they communicated their messages and informed the public about the need for change, thereby reaching a wider audience beyond their immediate members.


• Strike Actions: The NYM also engaged in or supported strike actions, which were powerful tools to disrupt colonial economic activities and demand better working conditions and policies. Strikes were a way to exert pressure on the authorities to address their concerns.

The combination of these strategies helped the Nigerian Youth Movement to effectively pursue their objectives and lay the groundwork for future political activism in Nigeria. They demonstrated the power of organized advocacy in challenging unjust systems.