(a) Define the Rights of a citizen. (b) Highlight five ways of safeguarding the rights of a citizen in a state.

(a) Definition of the rights of a citizen

The rights of a citizen are the legal, political and social claims, freedoms and privileges which a person is entitled to as a member of a state, and which are recognised, protected and guaranteed by law. Examples include the right to life, freedom of speech, freedom of association, the right to vote and the right to fair hearing.

(b) Ways of safeguarding the rights of a citizen

1. Entrenchment in the constitution: Making fundamental rights part of the constitution and difficult to alter protects them from arbitrary removal.
2. An independent judiciary: Free and impartial courts enforce citizens' rights and provide redress when they are violated.
3. The rule of law: Ensuring that everyone, including the government, is subject to the law guarantees equal protection of rights.
4. Free and active press: A vigilant media exposes abuses and creates awareness of rights.
5. Separation of powers: Dividing power among the three arms of government prevents tyranny and abuse of citizens' rights.
6. Existence of pressure groups and civil society: These organisations campaign for and defend the rights of citizens.
7. Public enlightenment and education: Educating citizens about their rights enables them to demand and protect them.