Discuss the significance of the year 622 C.E. in history of Islam.

The year 622 C.E. marks the Hijrah, the migration of the Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.) and his companions from Makkah to Madina (then Yathrib). Its significance in the history of Islam includes:

1. Beginning of the Islamic calendar. During the caliphate of ‘Umar, the Hijrah was adopted as the starting point (year 1 A.H.) of the Muslim lunar calendar.
2. Escape from persecution. It delivered the Muslims from the severe oppression and persecution of the Quraysh in Makkah to a place of safety and freedom of worship.
3. Establishment of the first Islamic state. In Madina the Prophet founded a community governed by Islamic law, with himself as leader, judge and commander.
4. Building of the Prophet's Mosque. The Masjid an-Nabawi was built, becoming the centre of worship, learning and administration.
5. Brotherhood of the Muhajirun and Ansar. The Prophet joined the emigrants and the helpers in brotherhood, uniting the Muslim community.
6. The Constitution of Madina. A written agreement organised relations between Muslims, Jews and other groups, ensuring order and mutual defence.
7. Spread and strengthening of Islam. From Madina the message of Islam spread rapidly, and the religion gained political and military strength.
8. A turning point in the Prophet's mission. It marked the transition from a persecuted preaching phase to an established, victorious community.

For these reasons 622 C.E. is regarded as a decisive landmark in Islamic history.