Outline four qualities and four functions of the Pre-Islamic Shaykh.

In pre-Islamic Arabia (the Jahiliyyah), each tribe was led by a Shaykh, chosen for his standing among his people. The Shaykh had both personal qualities and public functions.

Four qualities of the Pre-Islamic Shaykh

1. Bravery and courage: he had to be a valiant warrior able to lead and protect the tribe in battle.
2. Generosity (karam): he was hospitable and open-handed, feeding guests and helping the needy of his tribe.
3. Wisdom and good judgement: he was sensible, experienced and able to advise and settle disputes.
4. Noble descent and good character: he came of respected lineage and possessed honour, eloquence and forbearance (hilm).

Four functions of the Pre-Islamic Shaykh

1. Leadership of the tribe: he was the head and spokesman of his people in peace and war.
2. Settlement of disputes: he acted as judge and arbitrator among the members of the tribe.
3. Protection and defence: he defended the tribe's honour, lives and property and led them in raids and wars.
4. Representation and diplomacy: he represented the tribe in dealings, treaties and alliances with other tribes, and hosted guests and delegations.

The Shaykh's authority rested on the willing loyalty of his people rather than on absolute power.