Why was the Indirect Rule system criticized by the nationalists?

The nationalists criticised the Indirect Rule system introduced by the British for the following reasons.

1. It excluded the educated elite: Western-educated Africans were sidelined in favour of traditional rulers, denying them a role in governance.
2. It was undemocratic: Chiefs were used as agents of the colonial power rather than as accountable representatives of the people.
3. It made chiefs dictatorial: Backed by British authority, many chiefs became autocratic, overbearing and corrupt, abusing their subjects.
4. It was imposed on areas without chiefs: In societies such as the Igbo and other segmentary communities that had no centralised chiefs, artificial "warrant chiefs" were created, which the people rejected.
5. It retarded political development: By preserving traditional structures, it slowed the growth of modern democratic and representative institutions.
6. It divided the people: It emphasised ethnic and regional differences, hindering national unity.
7. It was a tool of exploitation: Chiefs were used to collect taxes and enforce unpopular colonial policies, making the system oppressive.
8. It denied genuine self-government: Real authority remained with British officials, so it was seen as a device to perpetuate colonial rule.