What were the main features of the Independence Constitutions of the British West African countries?

The Independence Constitutions of the British West African countries (Nigeria 1960, Ghana 1957, Sierra Leone 1961, The Gambia 1965) shared broadly similar features because they were fashioned on the British parliamentary model. Their main features were as follows.

1. Parliamentary system of government: They established a cabinet system in which the Prime Minister and ministers were drawn from and responsible to Parliament.
2. A ceremonial Head of State: The Queen, represented by a Governor-General, was the constitutional Head of State, while executive power rested with the Prime Minister.
3. Federal or unitary structure: Where appropriate (as in Nigeria) a federal arrangement with regional governments was created; others adopted a unitary structure.
4. Supremacy of the constitution: The constitution was the highest law of the land and all authorities derived their powers from it.
5. Fundamental human rights: The rights of citizens were entrenched and made justiciable in the courts.
6. Separation of powers: Legislative, executive and judicial powers were vested in distinct organs with checks and balances.
7. An independent judiciary: Courts were made independent, with judges enjoying security of tenure.
8. Bicameral or unicameral legislature: Elected legislatures (in Nigeria, a Senate and House of Representatives) were established to make laws.
9. Amendment procedure: Special rigid procedures were laid down for altering the constitution.
10. Citizenship provisions: The constitution defined who was a citizen of the new independent state.