How did the traditional rulers in the pre-colonial days control their subjects?

In pre-colonial West Africa, traditional rulers exercised firm control over their subjects through a blend of political, religious, judicial and social instruments. The following were the main methods of control.

1. Religious and spiritual authority: Most rulers were regarded as sacred, divine or semi-divine persons who served as the link between the living and the ancestors or gods. This spiritual aura made subjects obedient out of reverence and fear of supernatural sanction.
2. Use of a council of chiefs and elders: The ruler governed with a council that represented the various lineages and quarters. Through these representatives the ruler transmitted decisions to, and secured the compliance of, the people.
3. Control of the judicial system: The ruler was the highest judge and settled disputes, punished offenders and enforced customary law. His power to fine, banish or execute wrongdoers kept subjects in check.
4. Command of the army and security forces: Rulers maintained warriors and palace guards who suppressed revolts, defended the community and enforced the ruler's orders by force where necessary.
5. Control of land and economic resources: As custodian of communal land, the ruler allocated farmland, levied taxes and tributes, and collected tolls. Economic dependence on the ruler ensured loyalty.
6. Age grades, secret societies and title systems: These institutions carried out the ruler's directives, mobilised labour, and disciplined members, thereby extending royal control to the grassroots.
7. Reward and patronage: Rulers granted titles, chieftaincy, wives, land and other favours to loyal subjects, buying support and discouraging opposition.
8. Enforcement of customs, taboos and traditions: Breaches of taboo attracted heavy sanctions, so respect for tradition became an effective instrument of social control.