(a) Define national development. (b) Explain four ways in which corruption has retarded the development of the Nigerian State.

(a) Definition of national development

National development is the process by which a country improves the social, economic and political well-being of its citizens through steady advancement in its socio-political organisation and the provision of amenities such as quality education, good roads, medical facilities and other social infrastructure, leading to a higher standard of living and greater self-reliance.

(b) Four ways in which corruption has retarded the development of the Nigerian State

1. It discourages investment: Corruption drives away both local and foreign investors, so fewer industries and jobs are created and the economy grows slowly.
2. It diverts public funds: Money meant for government agencies and projects such as roads, schools and hospitals becomes a source of private wealth for those in charge, so essential infrastructure and services are not provided.
3. It destroys the moral values of society: Corruption rewards fraudulent people while honest, dedicated workers are punished, thereby destroying honesty and integrity in the nation.
4. It tarnishes the nation's image: Corruption damages Nigeria's reputation both locally and internationally, weakens national consciousness and erodes citizens' sense of commitment to the collective future.