(a) Define the following (i) Database (ii) Database management system (b) Mention three functions of a database management system. (c) Mention two ways thro...

This question tests core database concepts, what a database management system does, and how data can be lost and protected.

(a)(i) Database

A database is an organised collection of related data stored together so that it can be easily accessed, managed, and updated. For example, a school's student records kept in structured tables form a database.

(a)(ii) Database management system (DBMS)

A database management system is the software that allows users to create, store, retrieve, update, and control access to a database. Examples are Microsoft Access, MySQL, and Oracle.

(b) Three functions of a database management system

• Data storage, retrieval and update: it lets users add, read, change, and delete records.
• Data security and access control: it uses passwords and user rights to control who can view or edit data.
• Backup and recovery: it keeps copies of the data and can restore them after a failure.

(Other valid functions: enforcing data integrity, allowing multiple users to share data concurrently, providing query facilities.)

(c) Two ways through which data can be destroyed

• Virus or malware attack that corrupts or deletes files.
• Accidental or deliberate deletion/overwriting by a user (human error or sabotage). (Hardware failure, fire, power surge, and theft are also acceptable.)

(d) Three precautionary measures to prevent data loss

• Take regular backups and store copies in a separate, safe location.
• Install and update antivirus software to guard against malware.
• Use access controls (passwords and user rights) so only authorised people can change data.

(Other valid measures: use an uninterruptible power supply against power failure, keep the system physically secure, and avoid opening suspicious files/attachments.)

Examination reminder: keep the difference clear: a database is the stored data, while a DBMS is the software used to manage that data. Marks are lost when the two are confused.