(a) Define democracy. (b) What conditions are necessary for its successful operation? ?.

Answer Details

(a) Definition of democracy

Democracy, in the famous words of Abraham Lincoln, is government of the people, by the people and for the people. It is a system of government in which the ultimate political power belongs to the people, who exercise it either directly or, more commonly, through freely elected representatives. It is founded on popular sovereignty, majority rule with respect for minority rights, political equality, the rule of law and the protection of fundamental human rights. Government under democracy is based on the consent of the governed and is accountable to them.

(b) Conditions necessary for the successful operation of democracy

1. Free, fair and periodic elections: There must be regular, honest elections conducted by an independent electoral body, based on universal adult suffrage, so that the people can freely choose and change their leaders.
2. An enlightened and literate electorate: Citizens must be educated and politically conscious to understand issues, make informed choices and hold leaders accountable.
3. Existence of more than one political party: Freedom to form parties and a genuine opposition give the electorate a real choice and check the government.
4. Respect for fundamental human rights: Freedom of speech, the press, association and assembly must be guaranteed so that people can express themselves and criticise the government.
5. Rule of law and an independent judiciary: The law must be supreme, all must be equal before it, and impartial courts must protect rights and settle disputes.
6. Separation of powers and checks and balances: The organs of government must be separate to prevent abuse and concentration of power.
7. A free press and independent media: The media must be free to inform, educate and act as a watchdog on government.
8. A sound economy and reasonable standard of living: Poverty and hunger breed instability, so a viable economy supports democratic stability.
9. Political tolerance and a spirit of compromise: Leaders and citizens must accept differences of opinion, respect the will of the majority and honour election results.