JAMB UTME - Government - 2022

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The two leaders that played the most prominent roles in the formation of ECOWAS were: - Gnassingbé Eyadéma of Togo - Yakubu Gowon of Nigeria Therefore, the correct answer is: Gowon and Eyadema.

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Political parties, suppressed by the military government, were allowed to form in July 1998. Three parties were registered by the Provisional Ruling Council for participation in local, state and national elections: the All People's Party or APP led by Mahmud Waziri; the People's Democratic Party or PDP led by Soloman Lar; and the Alliance for Democracy or AD, led by Ayo Adebanjo.

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Nigeria's relation with black political communities outside Africa is built on perceived cultural affinities and shared political aspirations.

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A major consequence of the privatization exercise in Nigeria is the mass retrenchment of labour. Privatization refers to the transfer of ownership and control of government-owned enterprises to private individuals or companies. In Nigeria, the privatization exercise began in the 1980s but was intensified in the late 1990s and early 2000s, with the aim of improving the efficiency and competitiveness of state-owned enterprises. However, one of the consequences of the privatization exercise was the mass retrenchment of workers in the affected enterprises. This was because the new owners of the privatized companies often saw the need to cut costs and improve efficiency, and one way to do this was to reduce the workforce. The retrenchment exercise affected thousands of workers in various sectors, including telecommunications, banking, and manufacturing. This led to a significant increase in the rate of unemployment in the country and a decline in the standard of living for many families. While privatization may have some benefits, such as improving the efficiency of state-owned enterprises, it is important to consider the social consequences, such as the impact on workers and their families, and to put measures in place to mitigate these consequences.

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The French colonial policy aimed at changing Africans into French men was the policy of "assimilation". This policy aimed to make the colonial subjects, in this case the Africans, adopt French culture and values and become fully integrated into French society. The idea was that the Africans would become "French" in every aspect, including language, religion, customs, and laws. The goal was to create a sense of unity and common identity between the colonial subjects and the colonial power, and to establish a strong French presence in the colonies. The policy of assimilation was implemented in various forms throughout the French colonial empire and had a lasting impact on the cultures and identities of the people who lived under French rule.

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Under the independence constitution of Nigeria, Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe was the Governor General.

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The leaders who spearheaded the transformation of the Organization of African Unity into the African Union are from Nigeria, Libya, and South Africa.

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There are several factors that can hinder the operations of a pressure group. 1. Poor leadership: If the leaders of the pressure group are not effective or lack the necessary skills, it can negatively impact the group's ability to achieve its goals. 2. General observation: The general public's view of the pressure group can also play a role in its success. If the group is not seen as credible or relevant, it may struggle to gain support and influence decisions. 3. Membership drive: The size and dedication of the group's membership base can also impact its effectiveness. If the group has a small membership base or if members are not actively engaged, it may struggle to exert significant pressure on decision-makers. 4. Spiritual forces: While spiritual beliefs and practices can provide motivation and support for individuals, they are unlikely to have a direct impact on the operations of a pressure group.

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The major consequence of the privatization exercise in Nigeria is the mass retrenchment of labor. Privatization involves the transfer of ownership and control of state-owned enterprises to private individuals or companies. In Nigeria, privatization led to the sale of many state-owned enterprises, such as refineries, steel plants, and telecommunications companies, to private investors. As private investors take over these companies, they often make changes to increase efficiency and profitability, which can include downsizing the workforce. This can result in the mass retrenchment of labor, where many workers lose their jobs. This has been a major consequence of the privatization exercise in Nigeria, and it has had a significant impact on the Nigerian labor market. The mass retrenchment of labor has led to a decrease in the standard of living for many Nigerians, as unemployment rates have risen and many families struggle to make ends meet. Additionally, it has had a negative impact on the Nigerian economy, as the loss of income and purchasing power for many workers has led to a decrease in consumer spending, which can slow down economic growth. In summary, the privatization exercise in Nigeria has led to the mass retrenchment of labor, which has had significant social and economic consequences for the country.

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A constitution that requires specific statutory procedures for amendment is said to be "rigid". A rigid constitution is one that is difficult to amend or change. In such a constitution, there are specific procedures and requirements that must be followed in order to make changes to the document. The idea behind a rigid constitution is to ensure that the document is not easily altered or manipulated by those in power. This helps to provide a measure of stability and predictability in the governance of a country. However, it can also make it difficult to make necessary changes to the constitution in response to changing circumstances or the will of the people. In contrast, a flexible constitution is one that can be easily amended or changed through ordinary legislative procedures. This type of constitution allows for greater flexibility and adaptability in the governance of a country, but it can also make the document more vulnerable to political manipulation or abuse. Overall, the choice between a rigid or flexible constitution is a matter of balancing stability and predictability with adaptability and responsiveness to changing circumstances.

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The Judicial Service Commission is vested with the power to recommend suitable persons for appointment to the position of Chief Justice of Nigeria. The Chief Justice of Nigeria is the head of the Nigerian judiciary and the highest judicial officer in the country. The Judicial Service Commission is responsible for identifying and recommending individuals who have the necessary qualifications and experience to serve in this important role. Once the commission makes a recommendation, the President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria is responsible for appointing the individual as Chief Justice of Nigeria.

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The highest authority in the Yoruba pre-colonial era was the Oba. The Oba was the king and ruler of a Yoruba kingdom. He was considered to be divine and had supreme authority over the people. He was responsible for maintaining law and order, settling disputes, protecting his people, and promoting their welfare. The Oba was assisted by a council of chiefs and advisors who helped him to govern the kingdom. The Oba was also responsible for religious and spiritual matters and was considered to be the intermediary between the people and the gods. Overall, the Oba was the most important and powerful figure in Yoruba society.

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Before the emergence of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) as a regional body, Nigeria belonged to the Monrovia Group. The Monrovia Group was a group of African countries that advocated for a more politically and economically integrated Africa. The group was named after the capital of Liberia, Monrovia, where the group was formed in 1965. The Monrovia Group was one of two main regional groups in Africa at the time, the other being the Casablanca Group, which advocated for a more socialist and economically independent Africa.

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The Arthur Richards Constitution was designed to last for nine years.
Richard constitution of 1946 replaced the Clifford constitution of 1922. it was due to the weakness of Clifford constitution that made the Nigerian nationalists to bring pressure on Sir Bernard Boudillon, the then governor of Nigeria (1935-1943) to give them a new constitution.
It was then Sir Bernard Boudillon who split Nigeria into northern, eastern and western regions in 1939. He also made other proposals which seemed to be very useful. But Boudillon's constitution never saw the light of the day due to outbreak of the second world war. It was the proposals of Bernard Boudillon that formed the basis of Sir Arthur Richard's constitution of 1946 which came into force on January 1st 1947.

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The oldest written constitution that is still in effect today is generally considered to be the Constitution of the United States, which was adopted in 1787. While there were written constitutions before the US Constitution, they were not as comprehensive and did not have the same lasting impact. For example, the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, which was adopted in 1780, is considered to be the oldest written constitution of a state in the world, but it has been amended many times since its adoption and has been superseded by the US Constitution in many respects.

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The Secretary General of the League of Nations was Joseph Avenol. The League of Nations was an international organization founded after World War I to promote peace and cooperation among nations. It was in existence from 1920 to 1946. Joseph Avenol was the Secretary General of the League of Nations from 1933 to 1940. He was responsible for managing the day-to-day operations of the organization and working to achieve its goals.

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In the real sense, there are 54 sovereign African countries and two disputed areas, namely Somaliland (autonomous region of Somalia) and Western Sahara (occupied by Morocco and claimed by the Polisario).

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The Land Use Decree of 1978 vested the ownership of land in Nigeria in the state governments

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During the Second Republic in Nigeria, the branch of the legislature responsible for ratifying presidential nominees for appointments was the Senate.

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A typical form of delegated legislation is a bye-law. Delegated legislation refers to laws made by bodies other than the legislature but with the authority of the legislature. A bye-law is a type of delegated legislation that is made by a local authority or a corporation, such as a university, to regulate matters within its jurisdiction. Bye-laws can cover a wide range of issues such as parking, waste disposal, noise control, and building regulations. They are often used to supplement or add detail to existing legislation, and are subject to scrutiny and approval by the appropriate authority. Acts of parliament, decrees, and gazettes are not considered forms of delegated legislation.

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One of the features of the rule of law is that the accused must receive a fair hearing. This means that anyone who is accused of a crime has the right to a fair trial, which includes the right to present evidence and argue their case before an impartial judge or jury. The accused is presumed innocent until proven guilty, and it is the responsibility of the prosecution to prove the accused's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The rule of law ensures that all individuals, including the accused, are subject to the same set of laws and are entitled to the same legal protections.

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The official report of proceedings in parliament is known as Hansard.

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The process of pressure groups trying to influence legislation is known as lobbying. Lobbying refers to the act of attempting to influence decisions made by government, typically by private interest groups, corporations, or individuals. These groups may lobby for a specific cause or issue and attempt to sway the opinions of lawmakers and government officials. The goal of lobbying is to affect the creation, modification, or defeat of laws and policies that impact the group's interests. Lobbying can take many forms, such as direct communication with lawmakers, grassroots campaigns, and advertising. The overall aim of lobbying is to advocate for specific interests and bring about change through the political process.

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The Security Council of the United Nations Organization has five permanent members. These five permanent members are: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. These five countries have special privileges and responsibilities in the United Nations, including the power to veto decisions made by the Security Council. The Security Council is responsible for maintaining international peace and security and resolving conflicts between nations.

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The oversight function is performed by the legislature. This means that the responsibility for checking and monitoring the actions of the executive branch of government, such as the President or Prime Minister, is the duty of the legislative branch, which is typically composed of elected representatives. The oversight function helps to ensure that the executive branch is acting in accordance with the law and in the best interests of the citizens. This includes monitoring the allocation of funds, the implementation of policies, and the conduct of government officials. The legislative branch can use a variety of tools to carry out its oversight function, including holding hearings, conducting investigations, and requesting information and reports from the executive branch. Ultimately, the oversight function serves as a crucial check and balance on the power of the executive branch, helping to maintain the democratic principles of transparency and accountability.

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The ultimate goal of nationalists was to secure political independence for their countries. Nationalists sought to end colonial rule and establish self-governance for their people. This meant that they wanted their countries to be free from the control of European colonial powers and to be able to make their own decisions about how to govern themselves and manage their resources. While some nationalists also sought to promote African unity and education, their primary focus was on achieving independence and ending colonialism.

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Nigeria's bicameral legislature, which consists of the House of Senate and House of Representatives, is similar to the government system of the USA. Both Nigeria and the USA have a two-chamber legislative system, with one chamber representing individual states or regions (Senate) and the other representing the people as a whole (House of Representatives). The legislative branches of both countries play a significant role in the lawmaking process and serve as a check and balance on the executive branch of government.

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The major demand of the Third World countries on the United Nations in recent times is the expansion of the permanent membership of the Security Council.

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The absence of an independent judiciary is a feature of an oligarchy system. An oligarchy is a form of government in which power is held by a small group of people, often the wealthy elite. In such a system, the judiciary is not independent, meaning that it is not separate from the other branches of government and is not impartial. Instead, it may be influenced by the powerful individuals who control the government, making it more difficult to ensure that justice is served impartially. This can lead to unequal treatment under the law and a lack of accountability for those in power.

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The philosophy behind Nigerian federalism is "unity in diversity." Nigeria is a diverse country with many different ethnic groups, cultures, and languages. Federalism was adopted as a way to manage this diversity by granting some level of autonomy to different regions of the country. The idea is that each region can govern itself to some extent, while still being a part of a united Nigeria. This allows for the expression of different cultures and the promotion of local development, while also maintaining national unity. The federal system in Nigeria has three levels of government: federal, state, and local. The federal government is responsible for national issues such as defense, foreign affairs, and currency. The state governments have some autonomy to govern their regions and manage local resources, while the local governments are responsible for providing basic services such as water, sanitation, and primary education. Overall, the philosophy of Nigerian federalism is to create a united and diverse country where different regions have some level of autonomy, while still being a part of a larger nation. This has been an ongoing process with its successes and challenges, as the country continues to strive for greater unity and development.