JAMB UTME - Geography - 2011

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The introduction of materials that have negative impacts on the ecosystem is known as pollution. This refers to the presence or introduction into the environment of substances or energy that cause harm or discomfort to living organisms and the ecosystem as a whole. These harmful substances can come from a variety of sources, such as industrial processes, transportation, and waste disposal, and can have a wide range of negative effects on the environment, including air and water pollution, soil contamination, and harm to wildlife and plant species.

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The correct answer is: Metropolis, city, town, village and hamlet, which is option A. Settlement types can be arranged in a hierarchy based on their size, complexity of functions and population. A metropolis is the largest settlement type and is typically the center of political, economic and cultural activity for a region or country. Cities are also large settlements, but may not have the same level of economic or political influence as a metropolis. Towns are smaller than cities and typically have a more limited range of functions, such as serving as a center for commerce or government in a local area. Villages are smaller still, and often have a more rural character, with a focus on agriculture or other primary economic activities. Finally, hamlets are the smallest settlement type, consisting of just a few households or families. Therefore, option A arranges the settlement types in descending order of complexity of functions and population, with metropolis at the top, followed by city, town, village, and finally hamlet at the bottom.

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A great circle is the largest circle that can be drawn on the surface of a sphere, and it divides the sphere into two equal halves. An example of a great circle is the equator, which is an imaginary line that runs around the Earth's middle, equidistant from the North and South poles. The equator is a great circle because it divides the Earth into two equal hemispheres.

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Liberia, Malaysia, and Indonesia are known for the production of rubber. Rubber is a valuable commodity that is used in the manufacture of a wide range of products, including tires, gloves, and footwear. Liberia, Malaysia, and Indonesia are all major producers of natural rubber, which is derived from the sap of rubber trees. Rubber production is an important source of income and employment in these countries, and plays a key role in their economies. The warm and humid climate of these regions is well-suited to the growth of rubber trees, which require high levels of rainfall and temperature to thrive. The latex sap is harvested by making incisions in the bark of the trees, allowing the sap to flow into collecting containers. The sap is then processed to remove impurities and create a usable form of rubber. Overall, rubber is an important export crop for these countries and plays a significant role in global trade.

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The common features of the middle course of a river are interlocking spurs and meanders. In the middle course of a river, the gradient (slope) of the land is less steep than in the upper course. As the river flows through this area, it begins to meander, or curve back and forth in a zigzag pattern. The river erodes the outside banks of these meanders and deposits sediment on the inside banks, causing the meanders to migrate over time. The eroded material is transported downstream and deposited on the river banks, creating interlocking spurs. U-shaped valleys and flood plains are more commonly found in the lower course of a river where the gradient is very gentle and the river flows slowly towards the sea, depositing large amounts of sediment. V-shaped valleys and rapids, on the other hand, are more common in the upper course of a river where the gradient is steep and the water flows quickly over rocky terrain. Broad interfluves and distributaries are features associated with a delta, which is where a river meets the sea and deposits its sediment in a fan-shaped pattern.

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Western uplands dominate the relief of Western Nigeria.

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The non-renewable resource among the options provided is nuclear energy. Nuclear energy is generated through the process of nuclear fission, which involves splitting atomic nuclei to release energy. It is considered non-renewable because the materials used to generate nuclear energy, such as uranium and plutonium, are finite resources that cannot be replenished once they are used up. On the other hand, wind, solar, and hydro energy are renewable resources. Wind energy is generated using wind turbines that harness the power of wind to generate electricity. Solar energy is generated using solar panels that convert sunlight into electricity. Hydro energy is generated using hydropower plants that harness the energy of flowing water to generate electricity. These renewable energy sources rely on natural processes that are constantly replenished, making them sustainable over the long term.

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A wind vane is used to record the direction of the wind. It is a device that consists of a lightweight arrow or similar object that is mounted on a pivot and points in the direction from which the wind is blowing. The wind vane is used to determine the direction of the wind, which is useful in a variety of applications, including weather forecasting, wind energy production, and sailing. By knowing the direction of the wind, people can make informed decisions and take appropriate actions based on the wind conditions.

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If the original map had a scale of 1:40,000 and it is reduced to one quarter of its size, it means that all the measurements on the original map will be divided by four. So, the new scale of the map will also be divided by four. Therefore, the new scale will be: 1:40,000 ÷ 4 = 1:10,000 Hence, the new scale of the map is 1:10,000.

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The statement that best characterizes the population of Southeast Asia is high density and high growth rate. Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia that includes countries such as Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, and the Philippines, among others. It has a total population of around 655 million people, making it the third most populous subregion in the world after South Asia and East Asia. The population density of Southeast Asia is also high, with an average of around 151 people per square kilometer. Additionally, the region has a high population growth rate, with an annual increase of around 1.3%. The high population density and growth rate in Southeast Asia present significant challenges in terms of providing food, water, housing, and other essential resources for the population. Additionally, it also poses environmental and economic challenges as the region tries to balance development with sustainability.

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Developed countries are typically characterized by a low birth rate and a low death rate. This means that the population growth in these countries is usually slow or even negative. The low birth rate is typically due to factors such as better access to family planning services, a higher proportion of women in the workforce, and a shift towards smaller family sizes. Meanwhile, the low death rate is typically due to factors such as better healthcare, improved sanitation, and higher living standards. Overall, the combination of a low birth rate and a low death rate means that developed countries tend to have aging populations, with a relatively high proportion of elderly people. This can have significant social and economic implications, such as increased healthcare costs and a shrinking workforce. In contrast, developing countries often have a high birth rate and a declining death rate, which can result in rapid population growth. This can create significant challenges in terms of providing adequate healthcare, education, and employment opportunities for a growing population.

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A boat building industry is least likely to be situated in Kano state. This is because Kano is a landlocked state in northern Nigeria that does not have direct access to the sea or large water bodies like rivers. Building boats is a specialized industry that requires access to large water bodies, such as lakes, rivers, or the sea. Therefore, it is more likely for boat building industries to be located in states that have access to these large water bodies, such as Taraba and Kogi, which are situated close to the Niger and Benue rivers, or Kebbi, which is situated close to Lake Chad.

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Lake Kariba is in Zambia. It is one of the largest man-made lakes in the world and is located on the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe. The lake was created in the 1950s when the Kariba Dam was built across the Zambezi River, forming a large reservoir that extends for over 200 kilometers. The lake is an important source of hydroelectric power for both Zambia and Zimbabwe and is also a popular tourist destination, known for its scenic beauty and abundant wildlife. While the lake is located on the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe, the majority of its waters are in Zambia.

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A form of chemical weathering is carbonation. Chemical weathering refers to the process by which rocks and other materials are broken down through chemical reactions. Carbonation is a common form of chemical weathering that occurs when rainwater and other forms of precipitation mix with carbon dioxide in the air to form a weak acid known as carbonic acid. This acid reacts with minerals in rocks, such as calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate, to dissolve them and create new substances like calcium bicarbonate and magnesium bicarbonate. Over time, this process can cause rocks to erode and break down, leading to the formation of features like caves and sinkholes. Carbonation is an important process in the carbon cycle, as it helps to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store it in rocks and other materials.

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A spot height on a map refers to the elevation or height of a particular point on the map above a specified level, usually sea level. It is represented on the map by a dot or spot with a number indicating the height in meters or feet. For example, a spot height of 360m indicates that the point on the map is 360 meters above sea level. Spot heights are important features on maps because they help users to understand the topography and relief of the land, and to plan routes for hiking, climbing, or other outdoor activities.

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The distribution of settlements in an area is mostly influenced by relief. Relief refers to the physical features of the land, such as hills, valleys, and plateaus, and how they affect the landscape and the availability of resources such as water and fertile land. Settlements tend to form and grow in areas with favorable relief, such as flat or gently sloping land that is well-suited for agriculture and provides access to resources like water and fertile soil. On the other hand, areas with harsh or difficult relief, such as steep mountains or deep valleys, are less likely to attract settlements, as they may not provide the necessary resources for sustainable human habitation.

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Zambia is a landlocked country in Africa. This means that it does not have access to the ocean and is surrounded by other countries. Being landlocked can have significant implications for a country's economy, as it can make it more difficult to trade with other countries and access the global market. Zambia is located in southern Africa and is bordered by several other countries, including the Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, and Namibia.

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The relief system in East Africa is characterized by rift valleys, escarpments, and highlands. The region is part of the East African Rift System, which is a series of geological faults and valleys that extend for thousands of kilometers through Eastern Africa. One of the key features of the relief system in East Africa is the presence of rift valleys, which are long, narrow valleys that are formed when the earth's crust is pulled apart. The most famous of these valleys is the Great Rift Valley, which runs from Syria to Mozambique, and includes several lakes, such as Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika. Another important feature of the relief system in East Africa is the presence of escarpments, which are steep cliffs or slopes that separate two areas of different elevations. The most famous of these escarpments is the East African Escarpment, which runs parallel to the rift valleys and is part of the Great Rift Valley System. Finally, the relief system in East Africa is characterized by highlands, which are areas of elevated land that are typically more than 500 meters above sea level. These highlands include the Ethiopian Highlands, the Kenyan Highlands, and the Tanzanian Highlands, which are known for their rich biodiversity and unique ecosystems. Overall, the relief system in East Africa is shaped by a combination of rift valleys, escarpments, and highlands, which are all part of the East African Rift System. This unique geological formation has played an important role in shaping the region's history, culture, and ecology.

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An instrument used for setting out a right angle in surveying a parcel of land is an optical square. An optical square is a type of surveying instrument that is used to determine right angles and ensure that measurements are accurate. It consists of a small telescope that is mounted at a 90-degree angle to a sighting device. The optical square is used in surveying to establish right angles, align structures, and set out corners and boundaries of a parcel of land. By using an optical square, surveyors can ensure that the measurements they take are accurate and that the boundaries of the parcel of land are set out correctly.

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A Karst feature in its advanced stage of development is a sinkhole. A sinkhole is a depression or hole in the ground that forms as a result of the collapse of the surface into a subterranean cavity. Sinkholes are commonly associated with karst landscapes, which are formed by the dissolution of soluble rocks such as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum. In an advanced stage of karst development, sinkholes can become quite large and can pose a threat to buildings, roads, and other structures. Sinkholes can also disrupt the flow of water and change the local hydrology, which can have impacts on the environment and local ecosystems.

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Improved agricultural production in Cote d'Ivoire is due mainly to abundant and reliable rainfall. The country's equatorial climate with two wet seasons per year and an annual rainfall ranging from 1,200mm to 2,000mm makes it favorable for agriculture, especially for the production of cocoa, which is the country's primary export crop. The rainfall provides adequate moisture and ensures the growth of crops without significant moisture stress. The cocoa production sector in Cote d'Ivoire is the largest in the world, and it is largely due to the country's favorable climatic conditions.

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In Nigeria, bays and headlands are features associated with the Southern Coastlands. Bays are large bodies of water that are partially enclosed by land, while headlands are areas of elevated land that extend out into the sea. The Southern Coastlands region of Nigeria is located along the Atlantic Ocean, and is characterized by a diverse range of landforms and geological features. The region is known for its extensive coastline, which includes several large bays and estuaries, such as the Bight of Benin and the Niger Delta. These waterways are important for trade and transportation, and also support a variety of marine life and ecosystems. The Southern Coastlands region is also home to a number of headlands and rocky promontories, such as Cape Formoso and Cape Saint Paul. These areas are often rugged and difficult to traverse, but they also provide important habitats for a variety of plant and animal species. Overall, the Southern Coastlands region of Nigeria is known for its diverse range of landforms and geological features, including bays and headlands along the Atlantic Ocean coastline.

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Most less developed nations are trade debtors because of the gross imbalance in international trade. Developed nations typically have strong economies and produce a wide range of goods, while many less developed nations have weaker economies and may be heavily reliant on the export of a small number of commodities, such as raw materials or agricultural products. This can create a situation where the less developed nations have to import a lot of manufactured goods from industrialized nations, but may struggle to export enough to pay for these imports. In addition, the prices of the commodities that less developed nations export can be subject to significant fluctuations on the global market, which can further exacerbate trade imbalances. This can lead to a situation where less developed nations accumulate trade debts, which they may struggle to repay due to factors such as weak currencies and high interest rates. Overall, the trade imbalances between less developed and industrialized nations can be a significant barrier to the economic development of many countries. This is one of the reasons why there have been ongoing debates about the need for more equitable international trade policies and greater support for the economic development of less developed nations.

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The scattered settlement pattern of the Tiv of the Middle Belt is due to their agricultural practices in the region. The Tiv people are predominantly farmers, and their scattered settlement pattern is a result of their traditional method of farming. They practice shifting cultivation, also known as slash-and-burn agriculture, which involves clearing land, burning vegetation, and planting crops for a few years until the soil becomes depleted of nutrients. Then, they move on to clear new land and repeat the process. This method of farming requires a lot of space and land, which is why the Tiv people have a scattered settlement pattern. Therefore, the answer is agricultural practices of the region.

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The set of economic activities that is completely primary is the one that includes Fishing, Lumbering, Farming, and Mining. Primary economic activities involve the extraction and collection of natural resources, and these four activities all fit within that definition. Fishing involves the capture of fish and other marine life, lumbering involves the cutting and collection of trees, farming involves the cultivation of crops and livestock, and mining involves the extraction of minerals and other valuable materials from the earth. The other sets of economic activities mentioned in the options include activities that are not considered primary. Transportation, manufacturing, and banking are all secondary or tertiary economic activities, as they involve the processing, distribution, and management of resources rather than their direct extraction. Trade is also not considered a primary activity, as it involves the exchange of goods and services rather than their direct production or extraction.

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Urban settlements mainly engage in tertiary economic activities. Tertiary economic activities involve the provision of services to people and businesses, such as healthcare, education, retail, hospitality, transportation, and finance. Urban settlements are densely populated areas with a high concentration of people and businesses, and as such, they require a wide range of services to support the population and the economy. While some urban areas may also have a mix of primary and secondary economic activities, such as manufacturing or construction, the majority of economic activity in urban settlements is tertiary. Therefore, the answer is tertiary economic activities.

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The contribution of agriculture to Nigeria's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has remained largely low due to its predominantly subsistence nature. Most of the farmers in Nigeria are small-scale subsistence farmers who produce only enough food to feed their families, with very little left over for sale. This means that the agricultural sector is not producing enough surplus for commercial activities and export, leading to low GDP contribution. In addition, the sector faces other challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, limited access to markets, low productivity, and insufficient access to finance and technology. All these factors contribute to the low contribution of agriculture to Nigeria's GDP.

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Hills dominate the map area making the region rugged.

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An example of a climatic hazard is a hurricane. A hurricane is a severe tropical storm that forms over warm ocean waters, characterized by strong winds, heavy rain, and storm surges. It is caused by a combination of factors such as warm ocean temperatures, moisture in the atmosphere, and the Earth's rotation. Hurricanes can cause significant damage to infrastructure, buildings, and agriculture, as well as loss of life.

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Adamawa highlands dominate the shaded area - below the Benue rover in the Middle belt.

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High population density attributable to agricultural development is found in the Nile Basin. The Nile River is the longest river in the world and has been a vital source of water for irrigation for thousands of years. The Nile Basin is one of the most fertile regions in the world, and agricultural development has played a significant role in the growth of the population. The region's population density is high because of the abundance of water, fertile soil, and favorable climate, which have made it possible to support large-scale agriculture and settlement.

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The climate of a station with an annual rainfall of 2650mm spread fairly all year round and a mean annual temperature of 27°C is a tropical humid climate. A tropical humid climate is characterized by high temperatures and high levels of precipitation, with little variation in temperature throughout the year. This type of climate is typically found near the equator, where the trade winds converge and bring large amounts of moisture to the region. The high rainfall and consistent temperature in this type of climate support a diverse range of vegetation, including rainforests and other lush, tropical ecosystems.