JAMB UTME - History - 2010

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The Ogaden war between Ethiopia and Somalia was caused by boundary disputes. In the late 1970s, Somalia sought to take control of the Ogaden region, which was mainly inhabited by ethnic Somalis but was part of Ethiopia. Somalia claimed that the region rightfully belonged to them and that Ethiopia was illegally occupying it. Ethiopia, however, was not willing to relinquish control of the region. This led to a full-blown war between the two countries in 1977, which lasted for several months before Ethiopia emerged victorious.

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The Christian Missionary Society's greatest contribution to West Africa was the emergence of an educated elite. Missionaries established schools and provided education to the indigenous population. This led to the emergence of a new class of Africans who were educated and could read and write. These educated Africans went on to become leaders in their communities and played a key role in the struggle for independence.

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Armed resistance to British rule in Northern Nigeria ended with the conquest of Kano and Sokoto. The Sokoto Caliphate was one of the strongest opponents of British colonialism in Nigeria, and its leaders waged a number of wars and battles against British troops throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In 1903, British forces led by Frederick Lugard finally succeeded in defeating the Caliphate's armies and taking control of the region. The conquest of Kano and Sokoto marked the end of the major armed resistance to British rule in Northern Nigeria.

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The reason for the amalgamation of the Northern and Southern protectorates of Nigeria in 1914 was economic expediency. The British colonial government wanted to consolidate its control over the territories and believed that merging the two protectorates would make it easier to administer and exploit their natural resources. The North had valuable mineral deposits, while the South had a more developed infrastructure and economy. By merging the two regions, the British hoped to create a more efficient and profitable colonial enterprise.

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Muhammad es Sadek was a 19th century ruler of Tunisia.

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The main concern of the government in post-apartheid South Africa is to redress the injustices of the apartheid policy. This includes addressing issues of inequality, discrimination, and exclusion that were institutionalized during apartheid. The government is focused on promoting social and economic transformation through policies such as affirmative action, land reform, and the provision of basic services to previously marginalized communities. The aim is to create a more just and equitable society, where all South Africans have equal opportunities and access to resources. The government has also established a Truth and Reconciliation Commission to address the legacy of apartheid and promote national healing and reconciliation.

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The 1922 Clifford Constitution was a colonial law that restricted the right to vote or participate in elections in Nigeria to only those who had certain qualifications. Specifically, it limited the franchise to men who were educated, had a certain income, and owned property. The areas where these qualifications were required varied, but in general, the right to vote was restricted to Lagos and a few other areas with similar characteristics. Therefore, the answer is "Lagos and Calabar" but it is worth noting that Calabar was not the only area where the qualifications were required.

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Indirect rule was practised in India before it was introduced to Africa. The British colonialists in India introduced the system of indirect rule in the 18th century.

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The white settlers in Southern Africa were known as "Boers". The term "Boer" is derived from the Dutch word for "farmer" and was used to refer to the early Dutch settlers in southern Africa who established farms and later moved northwards as they became dissatisfied with British rule. The Boers established two independent republics, the Transvaal and the Orange Free State, but these were later absorbed into the British Empire. The term "Boer" is also used more broadly to refer to the Afrikaans-speaking white population of South Africa.

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The Fashoda incident of 1898 resulted in a rift between Britain and France.

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During the Second Republic in Nigeria, the political party that controlled the Federal Government was the National Party of Nigeria.

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Yauri was a part of the Sokoto Caliphate.

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The collapse of the Oyo Empire was caused by internal and external crises. The empire faced several challenges including frequent wars with neighboring kingdoms, the rise of powerful provincial leaders, and the emergence of new trade routes that bypassed Oyo. These factors weakened the empire and contributed to its eventual collapse in the early 19th century. While the revolt of Afonja and the British presence in Yorubaland were significant events in the decline of the empire, they were not the primary causes of its collapse.

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During the colonial era in Nigeria, the British introduced the warrant chieftaincy system as a means of indirect rule. The system involved the appointment of some chiefs by the British colonial administration to act as intermediaries between them and the local population. These chiefs were given warrants or certificates which conferred on them the authority to rule over their people. They were chosen based on their loyalty to the British colonial authorities rather than their traditional positions or legitimacy. Therefore, the correct option is: "were created by the British".

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The colonial government in Nigeria laid more emphasis on the production of export crops because such crops were desperately needed abroad. This was due to the fact that the British colonial government saw Nigeria as a major source of raw materials for their industries in Europe. As a result, they focused on exporting cash crops such as cocoa, groundnuts, and palm oil to Europe, rather than supporting the production of food crops for local consumption. The profits from the export of these crops were used to finance the colonial government's administrative expenses and to promote the development of European infrastructure in Nigeria.

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The Second Republic in Nigeria refers to the period between 1979 and 1983. This was a time when Nigeria transitioned from military rule to civilian rule, following the overthrow of General Yakubu Gowon in 1975 and the subsequent regimes of General Murtala Mohammed and General Olusegun Obasanjo. The Second Republic was characterized by a presidential system of government, with Alhaji Shehu Shagari serving as the first executive president of Nigeria. The period was marked by political and economic challenges, including corruption, inflation, and a declining economy, which ultimately led to the military coup of December 1983.

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Samori Toure is often described as the “African Napoleon” because he was a great military tactician. This means that he was skilled at organizing and executing military strategies, just like Napoleon Bonaparte, who was a successful military commander in Europe. Toure was able to establish and maintain his own empire in West Africa through his military prowess and strategic abilities.

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The savannah region of Nigeria is characterized by sparse vegetation. This means that the area has fewer trees and plants compared to other regions in Nigeria. The region is dominated by grasses and small trees, which are adapted to the dry and hot climate of the area. The sparse vegetation makes it easier to spot animals in the region, such as antelopes, lions, and elephants, as they are not easily hidden by dense foliage. The region also has a lower population density compared to other regions in Nigeria, due to the lack of water resources and the difficulty of agriculture in the area.

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The greatest ruler in the history of the Benin Kingdom was Oba Ewuare. He was known for his great military conquests and political achievements. He transformed the kingdom's political system, established diplomatic relationships with neighboring kingdoms, and expanded trade relations with Europeans. He also encouraged the arts and crafts industry and the growth of the kingdom's culture. His reign is widely regarded as a golden age in the history of the Benin Kingdom.

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ECOMOG stands for Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group. The main aim of the formation of ECOMOG was to foster stability in West Africa. ECOMOG was created in 1990 by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) to help restore peace and stability to West African countries experiencing civil unrest and conflicts. The group was mainly involved in peacekeeping and peace enforcement operations in Liberia and Sierra Leone during the 1990s. ECOMOG was later transformed into the ECOWAS Mission in Liberia (ECOMIL) and the ECOWAS Mission in Sierra Leone (ECOMSIL) in 1999 and 2000, respectively.

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The Ekiti Parapo was an alliance formed by the Ekiti people in the 19th century to resist the expansionist tendencies of the neighboring Ibadan empire. The Ekiti people felt threatened by the increasing power and influence of the Ibadan empire and decided to come together to defend their territories and autonomy. The Ekiti Parapo was a significant force that successfully repelled several invasions by the Ibadan empire and other neighboring states.

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During the First Republic in Nigeria, the opposition political parties were the Action Group (AG) and the United Middle Belt Congress (UMBC). The AG was a party based mainly in the Western Region of Nigeria, while the UMBC was a coalition of smaller parties representing the Middle Belt region of Nigeria. The AG was led by Chief Obafemi Awolowo, while the UMBC was led by Joseph Tarka. The opposition parties provided an alternative to the ruling party, the Northern People's Congress (NPC), which held the majority in the federal government.

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The spread of Islam in Nigeria between the 11th and 14th centuries was largely due to trade and commerce. Arab traders from North Africa and the Middle East brought Islam to West Africa along trade routes, and through commercial activities, many indigenous people converted to Islam. This process of conversion was gradual and was also facilitated by the peaceful and non-coercive nature of Islamic preaching, which emphasized the importance of the equality of all people regardless of social status or ethnicity. While some jihads were later waged, they were not the main factor in the spread of Islam in Nigeria during this period.

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The Sokoto Jihad, which led to the establishment of the Sokoto Caliphate, was successful due to several factors. One of the major factors that contributed to the success of the jihad was the lack of unity among the Hausa states. Before the jihad, the Hausa states were divided and weak, making them vulnerable to attack. The jihadists, under the leadership of Usman dan Fodio, were able to exploit this weakness and unite the states under one central authority. This allowed them to gain control and establish a new political and religious order, which lasted for several decades.

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The indirect rule system of administration was a method used by colonial powers to govern their colonies. In this system, the colonialists ruled through the traditional institutions of the local people instead of imposing their own direct rule. They appointed local rulers and chiefs who were loyal to them as intermediaries to carry out their policies and maintain order. This system allowed the colonialists to rule over a large territory with a minimal presence of their own personnel. Thus, the correct option is that they ruled through traditional institutions.

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The major similarity of the 19th century jihads in West Africa was that they had a common objective. The jihads, which were religiously inspired movements, sought to establish Islamic states and reform the political, social, and economic systems of the societies in which they occurred. Led by charismatic leaders, the jihads were characterized by the use of force to achieve their objectives, and their impact was felt in different parts of West Africa, including Nigeria, Mali, Senegal, and Niger.

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Muhammad Ahmad was easily accepted as the Mahdi in the Sudan because he came at a time when the people were expecting to be delivered from the Egyptian rulers. The people had been facing economic hardship, corruption and exploitation by the Egyptians who were ruling the Sudan at the time. Muhammad Ahmad promised to free the people from the oppression of the Egyptian rulers and establish a just society based on Islamic principles. This message resonated with the people who were eager for change and he was able to rally widespread support.

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Christian missionary activity had a significant effect on Nigeria, and one of its major contributions was the introduction of formal education. The missionaries established schools and universities that provided a Western-style education to Nigerians, which became the basis for the country's formal education system. The education system provided an opportunity for the emergence of a new educated elite who played a significant role in the nationalist movements for independence. Hence, the training of nationalists was an effect of Christian missionary activity in Nigeria.

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The failure of the Ogiso dynasty in Benin was attributed to weakness and dependence of the rulers. According to historical accounts, the Ogiso dynasty ruled Benin for several centuries, but the rulers became increasingly weak and dependent on their chiefs and subjects. This led to a decline in their authority and power, and eventually the dynasty was overthrown. The chiefs and people became resentful of the Ogisos, and they no longer supported the rulers. This made it easier for the chiefs and people to overthrow the dynasty and establish a new system of government in Benin.

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Sayyid Said established his headquarters in Zanzibar after leaving Oman for East Africa.

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Two institutions of local government in Nigeria during the colonial period were native courts and the native treasury. Native courts were established to settle disputes among individuals and communities. They were presided over by chiefs or traditional rulers and operated under the supervision of colonial officials. The native treasury, on the other hand, was responsible for the collection and management of taxes and revenue at the local level. It was also managed by chiefs and traditional rulers under the supervision of colonial officials.

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