JAMB UTME - Government - 2023

The term 'lobbying' refers to

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The term 'lobbying' refers to seeking to influence government decisions. It involves efforts made by individuals or groups to communicate with government officials and attempt to shape policies or legislation in their favor. Lobbying can be done through various means, such as meeting with lawmakers, writing letters, organizing events, or providing information and research to policymakers. The goal of lobbying is to convey a specific viewpoint or agenda in order to persuade decision-makers to support a particular cause or take specific actions.

Which of the following African leaders played a significant role in the formation of NEPAD?

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Nelson Mandela and Muammar Gaddafi played a significant role in the formation of NEPAD, which stands for New Partnership for Africa's Development. NEPAD is an African Union strategic framework for socio-economic development in Africa.
Nelson Mandela, as the former President of South Africa, was one of the key proponents of NEPAD. He championed the cause of sustainable development in Africa, emphasizing the need for African countries to take charge of their own development agenda. Mandela believed that African leaders should work together to address the challenges facing the continent and promote economic growth.
Muammar Gaddafi, the former President of Libya, also played an instrumental role in the establishment of NEPAD. Gaddafi advocated for African unity and self-reliance, and he sought to promote economic cooperation and integration among African nations. He provided financial support to NEPAD and encouraged other African leaders to embrace the initiative.
Together, Mandela and Gaddafi contributed to the development and implementation of NEPAD's programs and policies, which aim to eradicate poverty, promote sustainable growth, and enhance Africa's integration into the global economy. They recognized the importance of African-led solutions to the challenges faced by the continent and worked towards fostering cooperation and partnership among African nations.
In summary, both Nelson Mandela and Muammar Gaddafi played significant roles in the formation of NEPAD, their efforts and support were crucial in promoting African development and fostering collaboration among African nations.

Which of the following is the basic unit of a local government in Nigeria?

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The basic unit of a local government in Nigeria is the Ward.
A ward can be defined as a smaller administrative division or unit of a local government. It is typically made up of several communities or neighborhoods.
In Nigeria, a ward is responsible for the governance and provision of basic services at the grassroots level. It is the building block upon which a local government is established.
Wards play a crucial role in the democratic process as they are the smallest electoral unit where citizens vote to elect their representatives, known as councilors. These councilors represent the interests of the people within their ward in the local government council.
The primary purpose of a ward is to ensure effective representation and service delivery at the local level. It is responsible for addressing the needs and concerns of its residents and overseeing the implementation of development projects within the ward.
Wards are an essential part of local government structure in Nigeria as they promote citizen participation, local governance, and grassroots development. They provide a platform for communities to voice their opinions, seek assistance, and contribute to the decision-making process.
In summary, the ward is the basic unit of a local government in Nigeria. It serves as the foundation for local governance, representation, and service delivery at the grassroots level.

In proportional representatiom electoral system, seats in the legislature are allocated based on

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In a proportional representation electoral system, seats in the legislature are allocated based on the percentage of votes a party receives.
Unlike a winner-takes-all system where the party with the majority of votes takes all the seats, proportional representation aims to distribute seats in a more fair and representative manner based on the overall support received by each political party.
In this system, voters cast their votes for a political party rather than individual candidates. The total number of votes received by each party is then calculated. The percentage of votes that each party receives determines the number of seats they are allocated in the legislature.
For example, if a party receives 40% of the votes, they would be allocated approximately 40% of the seats in the legislature. This ensures that the distribution of seats reflects the overall support each party has among the voters.
This type of electoral system encourages a multiparty system, as parties with smaller but still significant voter support have a chance of securing representation in the legislature. It also allows for a greater diversity of voices and opinions to be heard in the decision-making process.
Overall, proportional representation helps ensure that the composition of the legislature is more reflective of the overall preferences and choices of the voters, promoting a more inclusive and representative democracy.

Which institution is responsible for the regulation and supervision of capital markets in Nigeria?

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The institution responsible for the regulation and supervision of capital markets in Nigeria is the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
SEC is a government agency that was established in 1979 and has the mandate to regulate and develop the Nigerian capital market. Its primary goal is to protect investors and maintain fair and efficient operations in the market.
SEC carries out its responsibilities through various functions, including:
1. Regulation: SEC regulates capital market activities by setting rules and regulations that govern the conduct of market participants. These regulations cover areas such as the registration of market operators, disclosure requirements for listed companies, insider trading, and market manipulation.
2. Supervision: SEC monitors the activities of market operators to ensure compliance with the regulations. It conducts inspections, audits, and investigations to detect and prevent any misconduct or violation of the rules. This helps to maintain the integrity and stability of the capital market.
3. Licensing: SEC is responsible for granting licenses to market intermediaries such as stockbrokers, investment advisers, and fund managers. It ensures that these intermediaries meet certain standards of professionalism and competence before they can operate in the market.
4. Investor Protection: SEC is dedicated to protecting the interests of investors. It educates and sensitizes investors on their rights and the risks associated with investing in the capital market. SEC also provides a platform for investors to lodge complaints and seek redress in case of disputes.
In summary, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is the institution entrusted with the responsibility of regulating and supervising the capital markets in Nigeria. It plays a crucial role in maintaining a fair, transparent, and efficient market environment, ensuring investor protection, and promoting the growth and development of the Nigerian capital market.

The National assembly is composed of how many chambers?

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The National Assembly is composed of two chambers. These chambers are called the Senate and the House of Representatives.
The Senate consists of senators, while the House of Representatives consists of representatives.
Each chamber has its own specific roles and responsibilities in the legislative process.
The Senate is designed to give equal representation to each state, with two senators representing each state, regardless of its population size. This ensures that each state has a voice in the legislative process.
On the other hand, the House of Representatives is based on population size, meaning that states with larger populations have more representatives than states with smaller populations. This reflects the principle of proportional representation, where the number of representatives is based on the number of people in each state.
Both chambers play a crucial role in the passage of laws and making important decisions for the country. They work together to represent the interests of the people and ensure a balanced and fair legislative process.

Which of the following countries operate a direct democracy?

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Out of the options mentioned, Switzerland is the country that operates a direct democracy.
A direct democracy is a form of government where citizens have the power to make decisions directly, without the need for elected representatives. In Switzerland, this is done through referendums.
Referendums are voting processes where citizens can directly vote on specific issues or laws. For example, if there is a proposal to change a law, the Swiss citizens can vote on it directly. They can also propose new laws or repeal existing ones through referendums. This means that the Swiss people have a direct say in the decisions that affect their country.
In contrast, the other countries mentioned, Russia, United Kingdom, and the United States of America, do not operate as direct democracies.
In Russia, the government is a semi-presidential republic. The head of state is the President, who is elected by the citizens, but the power is heavily concentrated in the hands of the President and the government.
The United Kingdom follows a constitutional monarchy system. It has a monarch as the head of state, but the country is governed by an elected parliament. The citizens elect members of parliament, who then make decisions on behalf of the country.
Similarly, the United States of America operates as a constitutional republic. The citizens elect representatives who serve in the Congress and make decisions on behalf of the people. The President is also elected by the citizens but has limited power in decision-making.
In summary, while Switzerland operates as a direct democracy where citizens have the power to make decisions directly through referendums, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America do not have direct democracy systems.

In a parliamentary system, the head of government is usually the

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In a parliamentary system, the head of government is usually the prime minister.
The prime minister is the leader of the political party or coalition that has the majority in the parliament. They are responsible for running the day-to-day affairs of the government and making important decisions.
Unlike a president, who is elected separately from the parliament, the prime minister is chosen by the members of the parliament. This means that the prime minister is accountable to the parliament and can be removed from office if they lose the support of the majority of the members.
The role of the prime minister is crucial in a parliamentary system as they represent the executive branch of government and serve as the main link between the parliament and the monarch or president. They are responsible for proposing and implementing laws, managing the government's policies, and representing the country in international affairs.

In a communist system, who owns and controls the means of production?

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In a communist system, the government owns and controls the means of production. This means that all resources, factories, land, and businesses are owned by the state and are operated for the benefit of the entire society, rather than for private profit. The government makes decisions about what will be produced, how it will be produced, and who will receive the products or services. The goal is to distribute resources and wealth evenly among the people, striving for social equality. In this system, there is no private ownership or control by corporations, private individuals, or non-profit organizations. The government plays a central role in the planning and management of the economy to ensure the collective well-being of the society as a whole.

Which Nigerian leader played a significant role in mediating peace talks during the Liberian civil war?

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The Nigerian leader who played a significant role in mediating peace talks during the Liberian civil war is Olusegun Obasanjo. Obasanjo served as the President of Nigeria from 1999 to 2007 and he played a crucial role in bringing an end to the brutal civil war in Liberia.
During his presidency, Obasanjo was known for his commitment to peacekeeping efforts on the African continent. He recognized the need to resolve conflicts and restore stability in Liberia, which had been in a state of chaos and violence for many years.
Obasanjo led diplomatic efforts and engaged in mediation between the warring factions in Liberia. He used his influence and diplomatic skills to negotiate a peace agreement, which eventually led to the end of the civil war in Liberia.
His involvement in the peace talks was significant because Nigeria, as a regional power, played a key role in bringing stability to the West African region. Obasanjo's mediation efforts helped establish a foundation for peace and reconciliation in Liberia, allowing for the country to start rebuilding and moving towards a more peaceful future.
Overall, Olusegun Obasanjo's role in mediating peace talks during the Liberian civil war showcased his leadership, diplomatic abilities, and commitment to resolving conflicts in Africa.

In a parliamentary system of government, the executive branch is

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In a parliamentary system of government, the executive branch is combined with the legislative branch. This means that the executive branch, which includes the head of state or head of government (such as a president or prime minister), is made up of members who are also part of the legislature.
In this system, the executive branch is not separate from the legislative branch. Instead, the executive branch is formed by the majority party or coalition of parties in the legislature. The head of government is usually the leader of the majority party or the leader of the coalition. The executive branch is accountable to the legislature and can be removed from power through a vote of no confidence in the legislature.
The executive branch is responsible for implementing laws, making decisions, and managing the day-to-day affairs of the government. It proposes laws, sets policies, and carries out the functions necessary to run the country. The members of the executive branch are usually elected officials who are chosen by the people through general elections or appointed by the head of government.
In a parliamentary system, the executive branch is not under the control of the judiciary. The judiciary is a separate branch of government that interprets laws and ensures their enforcement. The executive branch is independent from the judiciary and is responsible for enforcing the laws passed by the legislative branch.
To summarize, in a parliamentary system, the executive branch is combined with the legislative branch. It is formed by elected officials who are accountable to the legislature and responsible for implementing laws and governing the country. The executive branch is separate from the judiciary and not elected through popular votes.

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The main source of funding for public corporations in Nigeria is Government budget allocations. Public corporations are owned and operated by the government, and their operations are funded through the government's budget. This is different from private corporations, which are funded through private investments and revenues generated from their operations.

During the cold war, Nigeria's foreign policy was characterized by

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During the Cold War, Nigeria's foreign policy was characterized by Neutrality and non-alignment. This means that Nigeria chose to remain neutral and not align with any major power bloc like the United States or the Soviet Union.
Nigeria adopted a policy of non-alignment, which means it did not take sides in the ongoing rivalry between the two superpowers. Instead, Nigeria sought to maintain its independence and sovereignty by focusing on its own national interests.
This approach allowed Nigeria to pursue its own development goals, without being directly influenced by the policies and agendas of either the United States or the Soviet Union. It also allowed Nigeria to form partnerships and engage in international cooperation with a wide range of countries, regardless of their ideological leanings.
By adopting this stance, Nigeria aimed to promote peace, stability, and economic development within its own borders and across the African continent. This policy also allowed Nigeria to play a constructive role in resolving regional conflicts and promoting diplomatic relations with countries from around the world.
Overall, Nigeria's decision to maintain neutrality and non-alignment during the Cold War reflected its commitment to independent decision-making and its desire to pursue its own national interests without being tied to either of the major power blocs.

The electoral commission that organized the 1979 general elections was

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The electoral commission that organized the 1979 general elections in Nigeria was FEDECO which stands for Federal Electoral Commission. FEDECO was responsible for conducting and supervising the elections during that period.
FEDECO was established by the Nigerian government in 1978 to ensure a free and fair electoral process in the country. Its primary role was to register voters, create electoral boundaries, and administer the entire electoral process.
During the 1979 general elections, FEDECO ensured that eligible Nigerians were able to vote for their preferred candidates. This commission played a crucial role in ensuring that the electoral process was transparent and unbiased.
It is worth mentioning that FEDECO was later replaced by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) in 1998, which is currently responsible for organizing elections in Nigeria. However, for the specific question regarding the 1979 general elections, the correct answer is FEDECO.

Who amongst the following did not serve as secretary general of the League of nations?

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Josip Broz Tito did not serve as the Secretary General of the League of Nations. The League of Nations was an international organization established after World War I to promote cooperation and prevent conflicts between nations. Its Secretary General was responsible for overseeing the organization's activities and promoting its goals. Sean Lester, Joseph Avenol, and Eric Drummond all served as Secretary General of the League of Nations at different times. However, Josip Broz Tito, who was the leader of Yugoslavia from 1943 to 1980, did not hold this position. It is important to note that the League of Nations was dissolved in 1946 and replaced by the United Nations (UN), which is the current international organization responsible for promoting peace, security, and cooperation among nations.

Under General Aguiyi Ironsi, decree 34 introduced the ____ system of government.

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Under General Aguiyi Ironsi, decree 34 introduced the unitary system of government.
In a unitary system of government, power is concentrated in the hands of a central authority or government. This means that decisions and policies are made at the national level and then implemented uniformly throughout the entire country. There is little or no autonomy given to regional or local governments.
In the case of General Aguiyi Ironsi and decree 34, the introduction of the unitary system of government was a significant departure from the previous federal system that Nigeria had been operating under. This change aimed to consolidate power under a single central government, with the intention of promoting national unity and cohesion.
However, it is important to note that the adoption of the unitary system under General Aguiyi Ironsi was met with opposition, especially from regions that felt it diminished their autonomy and voice in decision-making. This eventually led to the desire for a return to a federal system, which was realized with the subsequent change in government.
So, in summary, decree 34 introduced the unitary system of government during General Aguiyi Ironsi's leadership.

The civil service in Nigeria operates under the principle of

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The civil service in Nigeria operates under the principle of meritocracy.
Meritocracy is a system that places emphasis on individual abilities and qualifications when making decisions and appointments. In the context of the civil service, it means that individuals are selected for positions based on their merit, skills, and qualifications, rather than external factors like family connections or political affiliations.
This principle ensures that the most qualified and competent individuals are chosen to serve in the civil service, leading to an efficient and effective public administration. It promotes transparency, fairness, and accountability in the selection and promotion process. Meritocracy also encourages professionalism and discourages corruption and nepotism within the civil service.
By adopting the principle of meritocracy, the Nigerian civil service aims to build a capable and competent workforce that can effectively contribute to the development and governance of the country.

The process of selecting candidates to represent a political party in elections is known as

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The process of selecting candidates to represent a political party in elections is known as primaries.
During primaries, party members have the opportunity to vote and choose their preferred candidate from a pool of potential candidates within their own party. Primaries are conducted to determine who will ultimately represent the party in the general election.
This process allows party members to have a say in selecting the candidate who will best represent their party's values, policies, and aspirations. It plays a crucial role in ensuring that the candidate chosen by the party aligns with the party's goals and ideology.
Primaries can be open or closed, depending on the rules of each state or political party. In open primaries, any registered voter can participate, regardless of party affiliation. In closed primaries, only registered party members can participate.
Candidates often engage in campaigning and electioneering during the primaries. Campaigning involves various activities such as public speaking, debates, rallies, advertising, and reaching out to potential supporters to gather votes. Electioneering refers to the activities carried out to influence voters and gain their support.
While lobbying also plays a role in the political process, it is not specifically related to the selection of candidates in primaries. Lobbying involves influencing politicians or decision-makers to support a particular cause or policy through various methods, such as persuasion, advocacy, and direct communication.
In conclusion, the process of selecting candidates to represent a political party in elections is known as primaries. It allows party members to actively participate in choosing the candidate who will carry their party's banner in the general election.

Gerontocracy is a form of government in which power is held by

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Gerontocracy is a form of government in which power is held by the old. In a gerontocracy, the leaders are typically older individuals who have attained wisdom, respect, and experience over the course of their lives. Age is considered a qualification for leadership in this system.
Unlike other forms of government where power may be held by military junta, a single ruler, or religious leaders, gerontocracy specifically emphasizes the authority of the elderly population. These leaders make decisions and govern based on their knowledge gained through their years of life experience.
One of the advantages of gerontocracy is that it values the accumulated wisdom and knowledge of older individuals. The belief is that their experience contributes to better decision-making and governance.
However, it is important to note that gerontocracy can also have its drawbacks. It may limit opportunities for younger individuals to participate in leadership roles and contribute fresh ideas and perspectives to the government. This could result in potential stagnation or resistance to change.
In conclusion, gerontocracy is a form of government in which power is held by the older population. While it values the wisdom and experience of older individuals, it may also limit the participation of younger generations.

which pre-colonial Nigerian Kingdom was known for its artistic and cultural achievement?

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The Benin Kingdom was known for its artistic and cultural achievements in pre-colonial Nigeria. The kingdom was located in what is now southern Nigeria and was known for its highly skilled bronze and brass artwork. The Benin people were skilled craftsmen who created intricately designed sculptures, plaques, and masks. The artistic achievements of the Benin Kingdom were highly regarded both within Nigeria and beyond. Their artwork displayed rich cultural meaning and often depicted themes of power, royalty, and spiritual beliefs. The kingdom's rulers used art to showcase their wealth and status, commissioning impressive works to adorn their palaces and courtyards. One notable example of Benin art is the famous Benin Bronze plaques. These plaques were made using the lost-wax casting technique and depicted various scenes from the kingdom's history, including important events, rituals, and court ceremonies. They were highly detailed and served as a visual record of the kingdom's traditions and achievements. The Benin Kingdom also had a well-developed court system and had a strong centralized political structure. This allowed for the patronage of artists and the development of a distinct artistic style that was unique to the kingdom. In summary, the Benin Kingdom stood out among other pre-colonial Nigerian kingdoms for its artistic and cultural achievements. Its skilled craftsmen produced intricate bronze and brass artwork, such as the famous Benin Bronze plaques. These artworks served as symbols of power and wealth for the kingdom's rulers and provided a visual representation of the kingdom's history and cultural traditions.

Which political party was known for its socialist ideology and populist policies in the 1980s?

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The political party that was known for its socialist ideology and populist policies in the 1980s is the People's Redemption Party (PRP).
The PRP believed in a socialist approach to governance, which means they advocated for a more equal distribution of wealth and resources among the people. They believed that the government should play a key role in providing social services and ensuring that everyone had access to basic necessities like education, healthcare, and housing.
Furthermore, the PRP also implemented populist policies, which means they aimed to appeal to the interests and concerns of the common people. They focused on addressing issues that directly affected the masses, such as poverty, unemployment, and corruption.
By adopting socialist ideology and populist policies, the PRP aimed to create a more equitable society and improve the lives of ordinary Nigerians.

The process of decolonization in Nigeria was hugely impacted by

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The process of decolonization in Nigeria was hugely impacted by World War II.
During this time, the war had a significant effect on the British Empire, which included Nigeria as a colony. The war created a shifting global power dynamic and weakened the grip of European colonial powers.
World War II led to changes in the international system and an increased focus on national self-determination and independence. The war highlighted the contradictions of European powers preaching freedom and democracy while simultaneously holding colonies in Africa and Asia. It also weakened the economic and military power of European nations, making it difficult for them to maintain control over their colonies.
The war disrupted trade routes and supply chains, causing economic difficulties for colonial powers like Britain. In Nigeria, this resulted in shortages of essential goods and a decline in the living standards of the Nigerian people. These challenges, along with the war's impact on British resources and focus, contributed to the push for independence in Nigeria.
Additionally, World War II saw the emergence of nationalist movements in Nigeria, with groups like the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) and the Action Group (AG) advocating for self-governance and independence. These movements gained momentum and increased popular support during the war, further pressuring the British to grant Nigeria independence.
In summary, the process of decolonization in Nigeria was heavily influenced by World War II as it weakened European colonial powers, highlighted the contradictions of imperialism, and fostered nationalist movements.

The electoral system used in Nigeria is primarily based on __________

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The electoral system used in Nigeria is primarily based on the first-past-the-post system.
Under this system, each constituency in Nigeria is divided into electoral districts, and voters in each district elect a representative through a simple majority vote. The candidate who receives the highest number of votes (even if not a majority) is declared the winner and becomes the representative of that district.
This system is commonly known as "first-past-the-post" because the candidate who passes the winning post first by having the most votes is elected, irrespective of whether they have received an absolute majority or not.
The first-past-the-post system is straightforward and easy to understand. It allows voters to choose a representative based on the individual and their party affiliation. It also allows for a direct connection between the elected representative and the constituency, as each district has its own representative.

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The 1963 constitution in this context refers to the constitution of Nigeria. In this constitution, there was a list of powers that were exclusively reserved for different levels of government. These levels of government included the federal government, state governments, regional governments, and local governments.
The term "exclusively reserved" means that only the specified level of government had the authority to exercise these powers. Each level of government had its own specific set of powers.
The federal government had the highest level of authority and was responsible for governing the entire country as a whole. Some of the powers exclusively reserved for the federal government included defense and security, foreign affairs, banking and currency, and interstate commerce.
State governments had the authority to govern their respective states within the country. Some of the powers exclusively reserved for state governments included education, health care, transportation within the state, and land administration.
Regional governments represented a level of government that was unique to the 1963 constitution. These were created for specific regions within the country and had the authority to govern those regions. The powers exclusively reserved for regional governments varied depending on the specific region.
Local governments represented the lowest level of government and had authority over their respective localities within a state. Some of the powers exclusively reserved for local governments included provision of basic amenities like water supply, sanitation, and primary education.
To summarize, the 1963 constitution of Nigeria created a list of powers exclusively reserved for different levels of government. The federal government had powers that applied to the entire country, state governments had powers that applied within their respective states, regional governments had powers that applied to specific regions, and local governments had powers that applied to their localities.

Which of the following is a function of public commissions?

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Public commissions are responsible for conducting investigations and enquiries. They are established to investigate matters of public concern and to make recommendations based on their findings. They do not implement foreign policies, enforce criminal laws, or manage public transportation.

Nigeria shares its longest border with which West African country?

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Nigeria shares its longest border with Niger. The border between Nigeria and Niger is approximately 1,497 kilometers long, making it Nigeria's longest international border.

Conservatism is an ideology that emphasizes

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Conservatism is an ideology that emphasizes traditional values and institutions. This means that conservative individuals believe in preserving and maintaining established customs, traditions, and social structures. They prioritize stability, order, and continuity in society.
In terms of individual freedom and limited government intervention, conservatives tend to support minimal interference from the government in people's lives and economic activities. They believe in personal responsibility and self-reliance.
However, conservatism does not typically advocate for radical social change and progress. Instead, it favors a cautious approach to social change and seeks to preserve and protect existing social structures and norms.
Similarly, conservatism does not prioritize the equal distribution of wealth. Instead, it recognizes and supports the importance of economic inequalities, as long as they are the result of individual effort, talent, and merit.
In summary, conservatism revolves around preserving traditional values, limited government intervention, and societal stability, rather than advocating for radical social change or equal wealth distribution.

The process of forming public opinion is known as

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The process of forming public opinion is known as socialization.
Socialization refers to the process through which individuals acquire the values, beliefs, and behaviors held by society. It is a lifelong process that starts from childhood and continues throughout our lives.
There are various agents of socialization that play a role in shaping public opinion. These include family, school, peer groups, the media, and religious institutions.
Family is often the first and most influential agent of socialization. From a young age, children learn from their parents and caregivers about what is right or wrong, what is acceptable or unacceptable, and what values and beliefs they should adopt.
Schools also play a significant role in socializing individuals and shaping their opinions. Through formal education, students are exposed to different ideas, perspectives, and information. They learn critical thinking skills and how to analyze and evaluate information, which helps them form their own opinions.
Peer groups, including friends and peers with whom individuals interact, also contribute to the formation of public opinion. People often seek validation and acceptance from their peers, which can influence their beliefs and opinions.
The media, including television, newspapers, and the internet, has a powerful impact on shaping public opinion. Media outlets provide information, news, and entertainment that can influence how individuals perceive events, issues, and public figures. Media bias and selective reporting can also affect how public opinion is formed.
Religious institutions also contribute to shaping public opinion, as they provide moral guidelines and beliefs that individuals often internalize and incorporate into their worldview.
In summary, the process of forming public opinion is known as socialization. It involves various agents such as family, schools, peers, the media, and religious institutions that influence individuals' values, beliefs, and behaviors. It is a lifelong process that begins during childhood and continues throughout our lives.

A political party that advocates for social equality, workers' rights amd wealth redistribution is most likely aligned with which ideology

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A political party that advocates for social equality, workers' rights, and wealth redistribution is most likely aligned with socialism.
Socialism is an ideology that seeks to promote social equality by advocating for the collective ownership and control of resources and means of production. This ideology aims to address economic and social disparities by redistributing wealth and resources more evenly among the members of society.
Socialist parties often prioritize workers' rights, championing for fair wages, safe working conditions, and social welfare programs. They believe that by empowering workers and reducing income and wealth inequalities, society as a whole can benefit.
On the other hand, liberalism generally supports individual liberties and limited government intervention in the economy. While it might advocate for some social equality measures, it does not typically emphasize wealth redistribution to the same extent as socialism.
Conservatism generally favors traditional values and limited government intervention in the economy. It tends to advocate for a smaller role of the state and does not prioritize wealth redistribution or extensive workers' rights.
Libertarianism emphasizes individual liberty and limited government intervention in both social and economic matters. It opposes wealth redistribution and favors minimal state interference in economic matters. Therefore, it would not align with a party that advocates for social equality, workers' rights, and wealth redistribution.

Which of the following is not a source of public opinion?

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Academic Journals are not a source of public opinion. Public opinion refers to the collective views and attitudes of the general public on various issues. It is usually shaped by multiple factors such as personal experiences, social interactions, and exposure to information.
Opinion polls, social media, and political parties are all sources that can influence or reflect public opinion.
Opinion polls are conducted by organizations to measure the opinions and perspectives of a sample population on specific issues. These polls provide valuable data and insights into the preferences and beliefs of the public.
Social media has become a significant platform for individuals to express their opinions and influence public discourse. People use platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram to share their views, engage in discussions, and influence public opinion through posts, comments, and shares.
Political parties are organizations that represent specific ideologies and positions on various social, economic, and political issues. They actively work to shape public opinion by promoting their ideas, policies, and candidates through campaigns, events, and media.
However, academic journals are not typically considered a source of public opinion. They serve as platforms for scholars and researchers to publish their studies, theories, and findings based on rigorous research and analysis. They often focus on providing evidence-based knowledge in specific fields rather than measuring or shaping public opinion.

The arm of government responsible for budget approval and oversight is the

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The arm of government responsible for budget approval and oversight is the legislative branch.
The legislative branch is the one that makes laws and regulations for the country. It is typically made up of representatives who are elected by the people. In most countries, this branch is called the parliament or congress.
When it comes to the budget, the legislative branch plays a crucial role. It is responsible for reviewing and approving the government's proposed budget. This means that they have the power to accept, modify, or reject the budget proposal.
Additionally, the legislative branch also has the authority to oversee the implementation of the budget. They ensure that the allocated funds are being used properly and for the intended purposes. They have the power to investigate any misuse or mismanagement of public funds.
By having this responsibility, the legislative branch acts as a check and balance on the executive branch. They ensure that the government's budget is in line with the needs of the country and the will of the people. They guarantee transparency and accountability in the use of public funds.
In conclusion, the legislative branch is the arm of government that has the power of budget approval and oversight. They review, approve, and oversee the implementation of the government's budget to ensure proper use of public funds.

Public opinion refers to

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Public opinion refers to the collective belief, viewpoint, and sentiment held by the majority of individuals in a society or community. It is the shared perception or evaluation of various social, political, economic, or cultural issues that shape the public's stance on different matters.

Public opinion is not restricted to any specific group of people, such as the media, political leaders, or intellectuals, but rather encompasses the thoughts and attitudes of the general population. It is formed through interactions, conversations, and exchanges of ideas among individuals, as well as through exposure to various sources of information.

Public opinion plays a crucial role in shaping decision-making processes in democratic societies. It influences the policies and actions of government officials, the strategies of political campaigns, and even the behavior of companies and organizations. Public opinion can also impact social norms, values, and debates within a society.

Therefore, understanding and analyzing public opinion is important for governments, businesses, and other entities, as it helps inform their decisions and actions. It can be assessed through surveys, polls, social media analysis, and other research methods to gauge and understand the prevailing sentiment among the general public.

Maelezo ya Majibu

The constitutional amendment process in Nigeria requires the approval of The National Assembly.
To understand this, let's break it down:
- The Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) is responsible for organizing and conducting elections in Nigeria. While it plays a crucial role in ensuring the electoral process is free and fair, it does not have the power to approve constitutional amendments.
- The Supreme Court is the highest judicial body in Nigeria. Its primary function is to interpret the Constitution and settle legal disputes. However, it does not have the authority to approve constitutional amendments.
- The President is the head of state and the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The President's role is crucial in the governance of Nigeria, but when it comes to constitutional amendments, the President does not have the power to unilaterally approve them.
On the other hand, the National Assembly is the legislative branch of the Nigerian government, consisting of two chambers: the Senate and the House of Representatives. The National Assembly has the power to make laws, including amending the Constitution. To amend the Constitution, a bill must be passed by a two-thirds majority vote in each chamber of the National Assembly. This means that both the Senate and the House of Representatives have to approve the proposed amendment before it can become law.
In summary, the approval of constitutional amendments in Nigeria requires the approval of The National Assembly.

Which of the following is a limitation of pressure groups?

Maelezo ya Majibu

Limitation of pressure groups:
One limitation of pressure groups is that they may prioritize their own interests over the public interest. Pressure groups are organizations or associations that work to promote and protect the interests of a particular section of society. While they can be effective in advocating for specific causes, there is a possibility that they may focus more on advancing the interests of their own members or supporters rather than considering the broader needs and well-being of the general public.
As pressure groups are formed by individuals who share common interests or issues, they may naturally gravitate towards actions and demands that benefit their own constituents. This can lead to a situation where the concerns and demands of certain sections of society are prioritized, while the needs of others may be neglected or overlooked.
Furthermore, pressure groups often have resources and influence that can give them significant power in shaping public opinion and influencing government policies. This can be problematic if the interests they represent are not aligned with the needs and aspirations of the wider population. There is a possibility that pressure groups, particularly those with substantial financial resources, may have greater access to decision-makers and policymakers, thus leading to a disproportionate influence on policy outcomes.
It is important to note, however, that not all pressure groups prioritize their own interests over the public interest. In fact, many pressure groups genuinely strive to work for the betterment of society as a whole. Nevertheless, the potential for some pressure groups to prioritize their own interests remains a limitation that should be taken into consideration.
In conclusion, while pressure groups play an important role in advocating for specific causes and representing the interests of certain sections of society, a limitation is that they may prioritize their own interests over the broader public interest. This highlights the need for transparency, accountability, and a balanced approach to ensure that the concerns of all stakeholders are duly considered and taken into account in the decision-making process.

When Africa is the centrepiece of Nigeria's foreign policy, it is said to be _________

Maelezo ya Majibu

When Africa is the centrepiece of Nigeria's foreign policy, it is said to be Afrocentric.
Afrocentricity refers to a policy or approach that places Africa at the core of decision-making and prioritizes the well-being and interests of African nations. In the context of Nigeria's foreign policy, an Afrocentric approach means that the country gives significant importance to its relationships, partnerships, and engagements with other African countries.
Nigeria recognizes the importance of its role as a major power in Africa and seeks to promote unity, solidarity, and development across the continent. This approach involves actively participating in African regional organizations such as the African Union (AU), Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), and the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS).
An Afrocentric foreign policy also entails supporting initiatives for peace, security, and stability in Africa, as well as advocating for African interests in international forums. Nigeria strives to foster economic partnerships, promote trade, and encourage investment among African nations.
In summary, an Afrocentric foreign policy means that Nigeria places Africa and its interests at the heart of its diplomatic engagements, seeking to foster unity, development, and progress across the continent.

Whom is the current chairperson of ECOWAS?

Maelezo ya Majibu

President Bola Ahmed Tinubu has been elected the chairman of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). He was elected at the 63rd ordinary session of the ECOWAS Authority of Heads of State and Government in Bissau, the capital city of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau.

Which of the following statements about pressure groups is true?

Maelezo ya Majibu

Pressure groups are organizations formed by individuals who share common goals and interests. They aim to influence government policies and decisions in order to benefit their members or advance a particular cause. **The statement that pressure groups have no influence on the decision-making process is not true.** Pressure groups can have a significant impact on the government's decision-making process. They use various methods such as lobbying, public campaigns, and demonstrations to express their views and put pressure on policymakers. Through these actions, they can shape public opinion and influence the government to consider their demands. **The statement that pressure groups can have both positive and negative impact on the government is true.** Pressure groups can bring important issues to the attention of policymakers and advocate for positive changes in society. They can contribute to the democratic process by representing the interests of specific groups or addressing social, economic, or environmental concerns. However, pressure groups can also be detrimental if their goals conflict with the broader public interest or if they use tactics that undermine democratic principles. **The statement that pressure groups operate independently of the government is generally true.** Pressure groups are separate entities from the government and are not directly controlled or funded by it. They work to influence and put pressure on the government from outside the formal political structure. However, pressure groups may engage with the government through negotiation or consultation processes to promote their interests or seek policy changes. **The statement that pressure groups are only concerned with social issues is not true.** Pressure groups can focus on a wide range of issues such as the environment, labor rights, healthcare, education, economic policies, and more. They represent the interests of diverse groups within society and can work towards achieving specific social, economic, or political objectives. In summary, pressure groups have influence on the decision-making process, can have both positive and negative impact on the government, operate independently of the government, and are concerned with various issues beyond just social matters.

Which constitutional amendment introduced the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria?

Maelezo ya Majibu

The correct answer is **none of the above**. None of the mentioned constitutional amendments introduced the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria. The creation of the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria was not achieved through a constitutional amendment. Rather, it was a political decision made by the government in 1976 during the administration of General Murtala Ramat Mohammed. The aim was to promote balanced development, administrative efficiency, and foster unity among the diverse ethnic and cultural groups in the country. The six geopolitical zones are North-West, North-East, North-Central, South-West, South-East, and South-South. It is important to note that the geopolitical zones are not explicitly provided for in the Nigerian constitution. They serve as a framework for administrative convenience and the distribution of resources, but they do not have a legal or constitutional basis.

Which of the following is a fundamental principle of democratic governance?

Maelezo ya Majibu

Citizen Participation is a fundamental principle of democratic governance. It means that individuals have the right and the opportunity to be involved in the decisions and actions that affect their lives and their communities. In a democratic system, citizens have the ability to participate in political processes, such as voting in elections, serving in government or joining political parties. They also have the right to express their opinions, assemble peacefully, and engage in public debate. Citizen participation is important because it ensures that the government is accountable to the people it serves, and it allows for a diversity of perspectives and ideas to be considered in decision-making. It helps to prevent the concentration of power in the hands of a few and promotes fairness, equality, and transparency in governance.

The Oputa panel was established in Nigeria to

Maelezo ya Majibu

The Oputa Panel was established in Nigeria to investigate human rights abuses during the military rule. It aimed to address the injustices and violations of human rights that occurred under military regimes in Nigeria. The panel was tasked with examining and documenting cases of abuses such as arbitrary arrests, torture, extrajudicial killings, and other violations of human rights that took place during the military era. Its purpose was to provide a platform for victims to share their experiences and seek justice, as well as to promote healing and reconciliation in the nation. The Oputa Panel played a significant role in shedding light on past atrocities and promoting accountability for the violations of human rights.