JAMB UTME - Geography - 2019

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The eucalyptus tree is native to Australia and is commonly found in the Australian woodland. Similarly, the teak tree is native to the monsoon forests in Southeast Asia. Just as the eucalyptus is a defining species of the Australian woodland, the teak is a defining species of the monsoon forest.

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The merging together of a number of urban settlements will produce a conurbation. A conurbation is a region that consists of a cluster of adjacent metropolitan areas and their surrounding suburban and rural areas. It arises when multiple urban settlements grow and expand to the point where they merge and form a single continuous urban area. The resulting conurbation typically has a high population density and can span across several cities or even entire regions. Examples of well-known conurbations include the Greater London area in the UK, the Rhine-Ruhr region in Germany, and the BosWash corridor in the United States.

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The development of climax vegetation in the savannah belt of Nigeria is mainly disturbed by bush burning. This is because frequent burning of the grassland destroys the vegetation cover, which can prevent the establishment of trees and other woody plants that are characteristic of climax vegetation. Bush burning also leads to a reduction in soil nutrients, making it difficult for plants to grow. Although activities such as lumbering, mining, and animal grazing can also contribute to the disturbance of climax vegetation, they are not the main cause. Lumbering and mining, for example, involve the removal of trees and vegetation, but these activities are typically limited in scale and do not occur as frequently as bush burning. Animal grazing can also have an impact on vegetation, but it is usually managed in a way that allows for the recovery of the grassland. Therefore, it is the frequent and uncontrolled practice of bush burning that is the primary cause of disturbance to the development of climax vegetation in the savannah belt of Nigeria.

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The highest category of rural settlement is a village. A village is a small, rural community that typically consists of a group of houses and other buildings, surrounded by farmland. People in a village often have close-knit relationships and rely on each other for support. Villages often have a central area where people gather for social events and activities, such as a village green or town square. Villages may also have basic amenities such as a school, a post office, and a general store. In comparison, a homestead refers to a house and the surrounding land that is used for farming or other agricultural purposes. A hut is a small, simple dwelling, often made of natural materials like mud or thatch. A hamlet is a small settlement, similar to a village, but with a smaller population and fewer amenities.

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Lowland plains may lead to an area being densely populated because they provide fertile land for agriculture, easy transportation and communication routes, and access to water sources. Lowland plains are typically flat, which makes it easier to build roads, buildings, and other infrastructure, and also makes it more conducive for farming. In addition, lowland areas tend to have more moderate climates and are less prone to natural disasters, such as floods or landslides, which can make them more attractive to settlers. Overall, the combination of fertile land, ease of transportation and communication, access to water sources, and favorable climate can all contribute to high population density in lowland areas.

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If M is due west of station N, it means that M is directly to the left of N when you are facing North. In terms of bearings, due west corresponds to a bearing of 270°. To understand why, imagine standing at station N and facing North. You can think of bearings as angles measured in a clockwise direction from North. A bearing of 0° would correspond to due North, a bearing of 90° would correspond to due East, and so on. Since M is due west, it is directly to your left when you are facing North, which means it is 90 degrees to your left. If you add 90° to the 180° bearing of due South, you get 270°, which is the bearing of M from N. So, the correct answer is 270°.

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Temperature is the weather element that is controlled mainly by latitude. Latitude is a measurement of how far a place is from the equator, with the equator being at 0° latitude and the poles at 90° latitude. The closer a place is to the equator, the more direct sunlight it receives, and the warmer it tends to be. The further away from the equator a place is, the less direct sunlight it receives and the cooler it tends to be. This is why the tropics are warm and the poles are cold. So, in simple terms, latitude mainly affects temperature because it determines the amount of direct sunlight a place receives, which in turn affects its overall temperature.

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The best technique to prevent soil erosion in a humid, gently sloping area is contour ridging. Contour ridging involves creating ridges that run along the contour lines of the slope, which helps to slow down the flow of water across the surface of the soil. This technique helps to trap water, reduce its speed, and allow it to penetrate into the soil. By reducing the speed of water, contour ridging also helps to reduce the amount of soil that is carried away by the water, which reduces erosion. Terrace cultivation and intercropping can also be effective techniques for reducing erosion, but they are generally better suited to steeper slopes. Wind breakers can help to reduce erosion caused by wind, but they are not as effective for preventing erosion caused by water. In summary, contour ridging is the best technique for preventing soil erosion in a humid, gently sloping area because it helps to slow down the flow of water and reduce erosion, and it is well-suited to this type of terrain.

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Maelezo ya Majibu

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Lake Kivu and Lake Malawi are related in that they are both rift valley lakes. Rift valley lakes are formed when tectonic plates move apart, creating a depression that fills with water. Lake Kivu is located in the Albertine Rift, which is part of the East African Rift System, while Lake Malawi is located in the East African Rift. Despite their similarities, the two lakes are located in different parts of the African continent - Lake Kivu is located in Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo, while Lake Malawi is located in Malawi, Tanzania, and Mozambique.

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The region with the least population density is the Eurasian Tundra. The tundra is a cold, barren landscape located in the northern hemisphere, spanning across parts of Alaska, Canada, Russia, and Scandinavia. This region is characterized by extremely harsh weather conditions, including long, cold winters and brief, cool summers. The soil is also poor in nutrients and unable to support much plant life, making it difficult for people and animals to survive. As a result, the population density in this region is very low and only a small number of people live there.

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The Stevenson's screen is a box used to house weather instruments that measure temperature, humidity, and other meteorological variables. It is raised about one meter above the ground to avoid the heat from the ground. When the screen is placed on the ground, it can absorb and radiate heat from the ground, which can affect the accuracy of temperature measurements. By raising it one meter above the ground, the screen is more exposed to the free atmosphere and less affected by the heat from the ground. Additionally, raising the screen helps to reduce the impact of raindrops entering the instruments during heavy rainfall. The height also helps to avoid the effects of nearby trees and other obstacles that could affect wind flow around the instruments and affect the measurements. Therefore, the main reason for raising the Stevenson's screen one meter above the ground is to ensure that the weather instruments inside are measuring the temperature and other meteorological variables accurately and without interference from external factors.

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The survival of an organism in a natural ecosystem depends largely on its adaptation to prevailing conditions. This means that the organism must be able to adapt to the environment in which it lives, in order to be able to survive and reproduce. This includes factors such as the availability of food and water, the presence of predators, the climate, and other environmental factors. When an organism is able to adapt to its environment, it is better able to compete with other organisms and increase its chances of survival.

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Among the options given, the most influential factor in the location of textile and footwear industries is abundant cheap labor. Textile and footwear industries require a large labor force to produce goods at a low cost. If a country has a large supply of labor willing to work for low wages, it can attract textile and footwear industries to set up factories in its territory. This is because labor is usually the largest cost for these industries, and a country with cheap labor can offer cost advantages to manufacturers. Raw materials are also important for these industries, but they can be imported from other countries if they are not available locally. Energy supply and low interest rates may also affect the cost of production, but they are less critical factors than the availability of cheap labor. In summary, countries with a large supply of cheap labor have an advantage in attracting textile and footwear industries because they can offer low production costs to manufacturers, making their products more competitive in the global market.

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The Obudu Plateau in the Cross River Basin is economically noted for several activities, including cattle ranching, tourism, tea and coffee plantations, and exploitation of forest resources. However, one of the most notable economic activities in the Obudu Plateau is cattle ranching. The plateau's cool and suitable climate makes it an ideal location for cattle farming and the rearing of other livestock. Tourism is also another important economic activity in the Obudu Plateau. The plateau is known for its beautiful landscapes, waterfalls, and other natural attractions that draw tourists from all over the world. In addition to these, the Obudu Plateau also has tea and coffee plantations, which are grown and processed for local and international consumption. The exploitation of forest resources is also an important economic activity, as the plateau is home to a rich diversity of flora and fauna. Finally, the generation of hydroelectricity is also a notable economic activity in the Obudu Plateau, as the high altitude and abundant water resources provide ample opportunities for the generation of hydroelectric power.

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The rocks of the basement complex are generally referred to as older granite. The basement complex is a layer of rock that forms the foundation or base of the Earth's crust. It consists of a variety of igneous and metamorphic rocks that have been deeply buried and intensely deformed over time. The older granite that makes up the basement complex is a type of igneous rock that was formed by the solidification of molten magma deep beneath the Earth's surface. It is typically composed of minerals such as quartz, feldspar, and mica, and is known for its coarse-grained texture and distinctive speckled appearance. The older granite of the basement complex is important because it serves as a stable platform for the overlying sedimentary rocks and volcanic rocks. It also plays a significant role in controlling the location and distribution of mineral deposits, as many valuable ores are associated with the older granite. Overall, the older granite of the basement complex is a fundamental component of the Earth's crust and has significant geological and economic importance.

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Nigeria has entered into trade agreements in petroleum products and gas with some West African countries. This means that Nigeria has agreed to trade its petroleum products and gas with certain countries in West Africa. The exact countries involved in the agreement may vary, but the goal is to increase trade and cooperation between Nigeria and its neighbors in West Africa.

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The climate described, with a long wet season of up to 10 months, high annual rainfall of 3000mm, and a mean monthly temperature of at least 26°, is most likely a tropical monsoon climate (Am). Tropical monsoon climates are characterized by a distinct dry season and a long, wet season, with most of the precipitation falling during the wet season. The mean monthly temperature in this climate is high, generally above 18°C, and typically exceeds 26°C during the wet season. In contrast, tropical humid (Af) climates are characterized by a year-round high rainfall, with no distinct dry season, and mean monthly temperatures generally above 18°C. Tropical wet and dry (Aw) climates have distinct dry and wet seasons, with the dry season lasting longer than in the monsoon climate. Warm humid subtropical (Cfa) climates have hot summers and cool winters, with precipitation distributed throughout the year. These climates are found in the subtropics and have a mean temperature of at least 10°C in the coldest month.

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In surveying, it is best dealt with by laying offsets. This means that instead of measuring the exact distance or angle to an object that may obstruct the line of sight, the surveyor will measure to a point slightly to the side of the obstruction and then use that measurement to calculate the true distance or angle. This allows the surveyor to gather accurate information without having to physically remove the obstruction or avoid it altogether. By laying offsets, the surveyor can ensure that the survey results are accurate and reliable.

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The likely policy to encourage massive importation of goods into a country is the relaxation of currency control. Currency control refers to the regulations and restrictions placed on the use of a country's currency by its government. Relaxation of currency control means that the government is loosening its restrictions on the use of the country's currency, making it easier for people and businesses to buy goods from other countries. When currency controls are relaxed, it becomes easier for people and businesses to exchange their local currency for foreign currency to pay for imports. This can lead to an increase in the importation of goods into the country.

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The Harbel Plantation in Liberia is noted for large-scale production of rubber. Rubber is a material made from the sap of rubber trees, which is collected, processed, and turned into various products such as tires, gloves, and rubber bands. The Harbel Plantation is significant because it was one of the first large-scale rubber plantations in Liberia, established in the early 20th century by the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company. The plantation continues to produce rubber to this day and has played an important role in the development of the country's rubber industry.

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Zambia is a country in Africa that is well-known for its production of copper. Copper is a metal that is widely used in many industries, and Zambia is one of the largest producers of this metal in Africa. In Zambia, copper is extracted from the ground and then processed into different forms, such as wire, pipes, and other products. The mining industry is a major contributor to the economy of Zambia, and the country's copper mines help to provide jobs and support the local economy.

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The main catalyst in the economic development of Japan was a combination of factors, including a large pool of skilled manpower, favorable geographic location with extensive coastlines conductive to shipping, and abundant mineral deposits that allowed for the growth of various industries. Additionally, the government played a crucial role in promoting economic growth through policies that encouraged investment and trade. The combination of these factors allowed Japan to rapidly develop into one of the largest and most technologically advanced economies in the world.

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To calculate the birth rate of a country, we need to divide the number of registered births by the total population of the country and then multiply by 100 to get a percentage. In this case, the number of registered births is 3,000,000, and the total population of the country is 150,000,000. So the birth rate is (3,000,000 / 150,000,000) x 100, which simplifies to 2%. Therefore, the answer is%, meaning that the birth rate of the given country is 2%.

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Maelezo ya Majibu

The best way to prevent a watershed from degradation is through forest reservation. Watersheds are areas of land that drain into a common body of water, such as a river or a lake. Forest reservation refers to the process of setting aside and protecting areas of forest from human activities that may cause harm to the ecosystem. Forests are important in watersheds because they help regulate water flow, filter pollutants, and provide habitat for wildlife. Fuel wood extraction and crop production can cause harm to watersheds if they are not managed sustainably. Fuel wood extraction can lead to deforestation, soil erosion, and loss of biodiversity, which can in turn impact water quality and quantity. Crop production can lead to the use of fertilizers and pesticides that can runoff into the water, causing pollution. Inter-basin transfer is the process of diverting water from one basin to another. While it can be a solution to water scarcity, it can also have negative impacts on watersheds, including altering natural water flow, disrupting ecosystems, and reducing water availability downstream. In summary, forest reservation is the best way to prevent watershed degradation as it helps to maintain the natural ecosystem functions that are important for water quality and quantity.

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The most suitable statistical diagram to show spatial distribution of production is a dot map. A dot map is a type of map that uses dots to represent the quantity or density of a particular feature across a geographic area. In the case of production data, each dot can represent a certain amount of production, and the density of the dots can show areas with high or low production levels. This allows for a clear visual representation of where production is concentrated and where it is less prominent. Pie charts, divided circles, and line graphs are not suitable for showing spatial distribution of production. A pie chart is used to show proportions of a whole, while a divided circle is similar to a pie chart but is divided into more than one category. These charts are best suited for displaying data where the whole is made up of distinct categories, rather than for geographic data. A line graph, on the other hand, is used to show trends over time, and is not well-suited for displaying spatial data.

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The Udi hills can be considered as a good example of a cuesta landscape in Nigeria. A cuesta is a type of landform that is formed from the erosion of layered rocks. It is characterized by a gentle slope on one side and a steep slope on the other side. The Udi hills have this characteristic and are composed of sandstone and shale, which have been tilted and eroded over time, forming the cuesta landscape. This area is also known for its scenic beauty and rich cultural heritage, making it an interesting place to visit.

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The rock that is formed by wood subjected to pressure and heat is called "lignite". Lignite is a type of coal that is considered the lowest rank of coal due to its relatively low heat content and carbon content. Lignite is formed from partially decomposed plant material that has been subjected to increasing amounts of pressure and heat over time. As the plant material becomes buried and compressed, it eventually transforms into lignite through a process called coalification. Therefore, lignite is a sedimentary rock that is formed from the compressed and heated remains of plants, including wood. It is typically brownish-black in color and has a relatively low density compared to other types of coal.

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