JAMB UTME - Agricultural Science - 2021

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Let's first find out how many pests there were before 25% died. If 100 pests are attacking an hectare of cocoa farm, and 25% of them suddenly died, then 100 * 25/100 = 25 pests died. So, before 25% of the pests died, there were 100 pests. And after 25% died, there were 100 - 25 = 75 pests left. Next, let's find out how many pests were sent for medical examination. If 40% of the 75 pests that were left were sent for medical examination, then 75 * 40/100 = 30 pests were sent for medical examination. So, the number of pests remaining after some were sent for medical examination is 75 - 30 = 45 pests. Therefore, the answer is 45 pests.

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The gestation period is the time between conception and parturition. Gestation is the period of pregnancy in mammals, during which a fertilized egg develops into a fetus and prepares for birth. The gestation period is the length of time from when the sperm fertilizes the egg to when the animal gives birth. This period can vary greatly among different species, ranging from a few weeks in some small mammals to over a year in elephants and whales. The time of fusion of the sperm and the egg is referred to as fertilization. The time of release of the ovum from the ovary is referred to as ovulation. The time of birth of the young animal is referred to as parturition.

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Records of money transactions in a farming business are called farm accounts. Farm accounts refer to the records of all financial transactions in a farming business, including income, expenses, and other financial activities. These records are used to track the financial performance of the farm and to make informed decisions about future investments, expenses, and other financial matters. Farm inputs refer to the materials, equipment, and supplies that are used in the production of crops or livestock. Capital refers to the financial resources available to a farm, including savings, investments, and loans. Farm liabilities are debts or obligations that a farm owes to others, such as loans, bills, and other financial obligations. So, the answer to the question is farm accounts.

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Financial assistance from the government to farmers is usually in the form of loans, credits, and subsidies. These forms of financial support are intended to help farmers purchase necessary equipment, improve their farming practices, and increase their food production. However, financial assistance in the form of tax is not typically offered to farmers. Tax is a financial obligation that must be paid by individuals and businesses, including farmers, to the government. Tax is not considered a form of financial assistance as it is not intended to provide financial support to the taxpayer. Instead, tax is used to fund various government services and programs.

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Callosobruchus maculatus is a common pest of cowpea. Cowpea is a type of bean that is widely grown and consumed in many parts of the world. Callosobruchus maculatus is a tiny beetle that feeds on the seeds of the cowpea plant. This insect can cause serious damage to the crop, reducing the yield and quality of the beans. The beetle lays its eggs on the surface of the cowpea seeds, and when the eggs hatch, the larvae burrow into the seed and start feeding on it. This feeding can damage the seed and make it unviable, reducing the yield of the crop.

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The characteristic symptoms of mosaic disease of crops can be observed on the leaves of plants. This disease is caused by viruses and is characterized by the appearance of yellow or greenish-yellow patches or mottling on the leaves. The leaves may also become curled, stunted or distorted. This discoloration and distortion is referred to as the "mosaic" pattern, hence the name of the disease. The virus can spread quickly throughout the plant, affecting its overall growth and yield. In some cases, the fruits of the plant may also be affected.

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Slate is formed from shale. Shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock composed of compacted mud and clay. Over time, heat and pressure cause the minerals in the shale to recrystallize, resulting in the formation of slate. The new rock has a fine-grained texture and is relatively dense and strong, making it useful for roofing, flooring, and other applications. Unlike marble, quartzite, and limestone, slate is not a metamorphic rock, but rather a sedimentary rock that has undergone a specific type of metamorphism.

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The option that does not describe the effect of practicing crop rotation is "adding humus to the soil." Crop rotation involves planting different crops in a specific sequence in a certain area over time. The purpose of this is to maintain and improve soil fertility, control soil erosion, and prevent the build-up of pests and diseases. By rotating crops, the soil is given a chance to rest and recover nutrients that were taken away by previous crops, leading to healthier soil and better crop growth. On the other hand, adding humus to the soil involves adding organic matter such as compost, leaves, or manure to the soil. This helps to improve soil structure, water retention, and nutrient availability. While adding humus to the soil can complement the effects of crop rotation, it is not a direct result of practicing crop rotation.

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The natural resource utilized for production refers to the resources that are found in nature and used to produce goods and services. These resources include land, water, minerals, forests, and other raw materials that are necessary for production. They are the foundation for economic activity, as they provide the raw materials and energy needed to produce goods and services. They are finite, meaning that they are limited in availability and once used, they cannot be replenished. Therefore, it is important to use them in a sustainable manner, to ensure that they are available for future generations.

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The primary role of agriculture is the provision of food for man and his animals. Agriculture is the science and practice of cultivating the land and raising crops and livestock for human and animal consumption. The primary purpose of agriculture is to produce food to feed the growing population and provide sustenance for both people and animals. Agriculture plays a critical role in ensuring food security and meeting the basic nutritional needs of populations around the world. While agriculture can also provide foreign exchange earnings, raw materials for industries, and employment and income for farmers, these are secondary to its main role of providing food. Agriculture is an essential part of our global food system and is essential for ensuring that people have access to the sustenance they need to live healthy lives.

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The amount of nitrogen in a 25kg bag of urea fertilizer can be calculated by multiplying the total weight of the bag by the percentage of nitrogen in the fertilizer. Since the urea fertilizer contains 46% nitrogen, we can express this as a decimal: 46% = 0.46. Next, we multiply the total weight of the bag (25kg) by the decimal equivalent of the nitrogen content (0.46): 25kg * 0.46 = 11.5kg So, a 25kg bag of urea fertilizer contains approximately 11.5kg of nitrogen.

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The following is not a method of improving rangeland: regular application of fertilizers. Improving rangeland involves managing the land in a way that promotes the growth of desirable vegetation and reduces the impact of undesirable vegetation. One of the methods of improving rangeland is practicing continuous grazing, which involves rotating animals from one area to another to prevent overgrazing and allow the vegetation to recover. Routine and regular weeding involves removing unwanted plants that compete with the desirable vegetation for water, nutrients, and light. Routine reseeding involves replanting desirable vegetation that has been lost due to natural causes or overgrazing. While regular application of fertilizers can be important for improving the quality of cultivated crops, it is not a method of improving rangeland. In many cases, applying fertilizers to rangeland can actually have negative impacts, such as altering the natural balance of the ecosystem and promoting the growth of undesirable vegetation. It is often better to manage rangeland through a combination of grazing management, weed control, and reseeding, rather than applying fertilizers.

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Food shortage can be minimized by improving agricultural practices and increasing food production. This can be achieved by implementing efficient pest control services, using modern techniques for crop cultivation, and providing farmers with the necessary resources and support. Additionally, reducing food waste and preventing hoarding of food supplies can also help to minimize food shortages. However, it's important to note that natural hazards such as droughts, floods, and extreme weather conditions can impact food production and lead to food shortages. The illegal exportation of farm produce can also contribute to food shortages in certain regions by reducing the available food supplies in those areas.

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Root-knot disease of tomato is caused by a type of parasitic nematode. Nematodes are microscopic, worm-like organisms that can infect the roots of plants. In the case of root-knot disease of tomato, the nematodes feed on the roots of the plant, causing knots or galls to form. This can result in reduced growth, reduced yields, and in severe cases, death of the plant. The nematodes can survive in the soil for long periods of time and they can infect a wide range of plants, including tomatoes, peppers, melons, and many others. To control root-knot disease, it is important to practice good crop rotation, avoid planting susceptible crops in infested soil, and use nematicides if necessary.

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The most common factor affecting land use is population pressure. This means that as the number of people in an area increases, there is a greater demand for land to be used for residential, commercial, and industrial purposes. This pressure can lead to changes in land use, such as the conversion of farmland to urban areas, deforestation, and the development of new infrastructure. In simple terms, as the population grows, the demand for land increases, and this affects how the land is used.

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The following are necessary operations in maize cultivation except nursery practices. Maize cultivation involves a number of steps, including preparation of the soil, planting, weeding, thinning, and fertilizer application. Weeding is important to remove competing vegetation that can reduce the growth and yields of the maize crop. Thinning involves removing excess plants in order to allow the remaining plants to grow to their full potential. Fertilizer application provides the plants with essential nutrients that they need to grow and produce a healthy crop. Nursery practices refer to the process of growing plants in a protected environment, such as a greenhouse or a nursery, before transplanting them to the field. While nursery practices can be important for some crops, they are not a necessary operation in maize cultivation. Maize can be directly seeded into the field and grown to maturity without the need for a separate nursery stage.

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An advantage of an extensive system of rearing goats is low labor requirement. This means that in an extensive system, goats are allowed to graze and forage for their own food in a natural environment, with minimal human intervention. This can result in a lower cost of production as there is less need for expensive feed and fewer inputs required for maintenance. Additionally, this system can also be less time-consuming for the farmer, as there is less need for daily chores such as feeding and cleaning.

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A parasite is a biotic factor that can influence agricultural production. Biotic factors refer to living organisms and their interactions within an ecosystem. A parasite is a type of organism that lives on or within another organism, known as the host, and feeds on its host's resources. In agriculture, parasites can have a negative impact on crops and livestock, reducing their health and productivity. Soil pH, topography, and soil texture are abiotic factors that influence agricultural production. Abiotic factors refer to non-living physical and chemical characteristics of the environment, such as temperature, sunlight, water, and soil. These factors can affect the growth and development of crops and livestock, and must be considered when planning and managing agricultural production.

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The process in crops that is not sensitive to daylength is branching. Daylength, or photoperiod, is the length of time that a plant is exposed to light in a 24-hour period. Many crops, such as soybeans and corn, are sensitive to daylength and the changes in the amount of daylight they receive can trigger different physiological processes, such as flowering, fruiting, and growth. However, branching, or the formation of new shoots and stems from the parent plant, is not a process that is sensitive to daylength. Branching occurs as a result of other factors such as plant hormones, environmental conditions, and genetics. So, the answer to the question is branching.

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The adult male cattle is called a bull. A bull is a male cattle that has reached adulthood and is used for breeding and for producing beef. Bulls are typically larger and stronger than cows (female cattle) and have distinctive characteristics such as horns and a hump on their shoulders. They play an important role in the agriculture industry, as they are used for breeding to produce more cattle for dairy, beef, and other agricultural purposes. Ram is a term used for adult male sheep, while boar is a term used for adult male pigs. Duck is a type of waterbird and not a type of cattle.

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Storm is not an example of edaphic factors. Edaphic factors refer to the soil and other physical and chemical characteristics of the land, such as rocks and topography, that influence the growth and development of plants and other organisms in an ecosystem. Storms, on the other hand, are events that occur in the atmosphere, such as heavy rainfall, strong winds, and lightning, and they do not directly influence the soil and land characteristics.

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Foot and mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cattle, as well as other cloven-hoofed animals such as pigs, sheep, and goats. The most common symptoms of foot and mouth disease in cattle include excessive production of saliva, sores on the feet and tongue, and lameness. However, blood-stained diarrhea is not typically a symptom of foot and mouth disease in cattle. While diarrhea can occur as a result of other diseases or health conditions, it is not a common symptom of foot and mouth disease. If a farmer notices blood in the diarrhea of their cattle, it is important to seek veterinary advice to determine the underlying cause and provide appropriate treatment.

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Layer's ration contains more limestone than grower's ration because limestone supplies sufficient minerals to layers for shell formation. Layers are chickens that are specifically raised for egg production, while growers are chickens that are raised for meat production. The composition of the feed for these two types of chickens is different, with layer's ration containing more calcium in the form of limestone. Calcium is an essential mineral for the formation of eggshells, and it is important for layers to have a constant supply of calcium in their diet. The higher level of limestone in layer's ration helps to ensure that the layers have access to the calcium they need for strong and healthy eggshells. On the other hand, growers do not require as much calcium in their diet as layers, so their ration contains less limestone.

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A piece of land is said to be on lease to a farmer when the land is given to him for a specific period of time on rental basis. This means that the farmer has the right to use the land for agricultural purposes for a certain amount of time, usually several years, in exchange for paying a fee or rent to the owner of the land. At the end of the lease period, the farmer must return the land to the owner. This arrangement allows the farmer to use the land without having to purchase it outright, while also providing the owner with a source of income from the rent paid by the farmer.

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The most versatile source of farm power in West Africa is likely to be animal power, specifically using oxen or cattle to plow fields and perform other tasks. In many rural areas of West Africa, access to electricity and other modern sources of energy is limited, making it difficult to use more technologically advanced methods like biogas, wind, or water power. However, animals such as oxen or cattle are readily available and can be trained to perform a wide range of tasks on the farm. In addition, animal power is flexible and can be used for a variety of purposes, including plowing, transportation, and even as a source of fertilizer. This versatility makes animal power a valuable asset for farmers in West Africa.

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The amount of feed consumed by a layer per day is 0.125kg/day. This can be calculated by dividing the total amount of feed consumed by 200 layers, which is 25kg, by the number of layers, which is 200. This gives us 25 / 200 = 0.125kg/day. So, each layer consumes an average of 0.125kg of feed per day.

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Ginning is a method of processing cotton. Ginning is the process of separating the cotton fibers from the seeds in cotton crops. The cotton fibers are used to make textiles, while the cotton seeds are used for oil production. Ginning is done by passing the cotton through a machine called a cotton gin, which uses a combination of mechanical and manual processes to separate the fibers from the seeds. Cocoa, oil palm, and palm kernel oil are not processed by ginning. Cocoa is a crop that is used to make chocolate, while oil palm is a type of palm tree that is grown for its oil-rich fruit. Palm kernel oil is derived from the seeds of the oil palm tree and is used in a variety of food and industrial products. So, the answer to the question is cotton.

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The alternate heating and cooling of rocks can result in a process called thermal stress. When rocks are subjected to changes in temperature, the different layers of the rock expand and contract at different rates. This can cause stress on the rock and over time, it can lead to cracking and breaking, a process known as fragmentation. This can happen as a result of volcanic activity, tectonic activity, or weathering and erosion. The rocks can also undergo cycles of heating and cooling and this can result in the formation of fractures and joints. In some cases, the heat can be so intense that it causes the rocks to melt, resulting in the formation of magma and new igneous rocks.

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Subsistence agriculture is characterized by small farm holdings and the production of food for the farmer's own use and consumption. Subsistence agriculture is a type of farming that is practiced on a small scale and is focused on providing food and basic necessities for the farmer and their family, rather than producing crops for sale or trade. Subsistence farmers typically cultivate small plots of land and use simple tools and techniques to grow crops and raise animals. In contrast, large scale agriculture is characterized by the use of machines and intensive use of inputs, such as fertilizers and pesticides, to maximize production and increase profits. While subsistence agriculture can provide food security for the farmer and their family, it can also result in low yields and limited economic opportunities. On the other hand, large scale agriculture can be more efficient and profitable, but can also lead to environmental degradation and social inequalities.

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A friend of a farmer is the earthworm. Earthworms are beneficial to farmers because they help to improve soil fertility. They do this by consuming organic matter in the soil and excreting it as nutrient-rich castings that can be absorbed by plants. Additionally, earthworms burrow through the soil, creating channels for air and water to flow, which can help to increase soil aeration and drainage. This leads to a healthier soil structure, which can result in better plant growth and higher crop yields. For these reasons, earthworms are often referred to as "nature's tillers" and are considered to be valuable allies for farmers.

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The hormone responsible for milk let down in female farm animals is oxytocin. Oxytocin is produced by the pituitary gland and is released into the bloodstream when the animal is ready to nurse its young or be milked. When oxytocin is released, it stimulates the contraction of the muscles in the mammary glands, causing the milk to flow from the teat. This hormone plays a crucial role in the lactation process and is essential for providing nourishment to the young in many species of mammals, including cows, goats, and sheep. The release of oxytocin can also be triggered by the stimulation of the teats, such as when a calf or kid suckles or when a milker applies a milking machine to the teat, making it a key player in the dairy industry.

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Fertile soil is one that contains all essential plant nutrients in suitable proportions. Fertile soil is rich in nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, that are essential for plant growth and development. It also contains other important minerals and organic matter that support the health of the soil and the plants growing in it. A soil that is fertile will produce a good harvest of crops, including cowpea, because the plants are able to access the nutrients they need to grow strong and healthy. In addition to being rich in nutrients, fertile soil is also well aerated and easily drained, which allows the roots of the plants to access air and water, two critical components of healthy plant growth.

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The average weather condition of a place, measured over a long period of time, is called climate. Climate refers to the long-term patterns of temperature, precipitation, wind, and other meteorological conditions in a specific region. Climate is different from weather, which is the condition of the atmosphere at a specific time and place. Climate is determined by a variety of factors, including the geography of a region, its distance from the equator, and the prevailing winds and ocean currents. Climate is a complex system and it can take many years of data and observation to understand it completely. Understanding a region's climate is important for a variety of reasons, including agriculture, transportation, and energy production.

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The adult male cattle is called a bull. A bull is a mature male bovine animal that is used for breeding and producing offspring. Bulls are typically larger and stronger than female cattle, and they have distinctive characteristics such as large horns and a muscular build. A ram is a male sheep, while a boar is a mature male pig. These animals are not called bulls, as they are not bovine animals. A duck is a type of bird, and it is not related to cattle or other domesticated farm animals.