WAEC SSCE - Geography - 2004

Water erosion in arid regions produces

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The relative advantage of road transport over other modes of transport is its

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The relative advantage of road transport over other modes of transport is its flexibility. This means that road transport can reach almost any location, even remote areas, as long as there is a road network. Unlike other modes of transport that are limited to specific routes, road transport can be directed to any destination as long as there is a road leading there. Additionally, road transport is not limited by fixed schedules and can be customized to meet specific needs of the transporters or the goods being transported. This flexibility makes road transport an ideal mode of transport for short distance travel and for transporting small quantities of goods.

The seasonal variation in the volume of water in a river is known as the

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The seasonal variation in the volume of water in a river is known as its regime. The regime refers to the fluctuations in the discharge or flow of a river throughout the year due to changes in precipitation, temperature, and evapotranspiration. The regime of a river is influenced by the climate and weather patterns of the surrounding area and can have significant impacts on the ecology and human uses of the river. The regime can be classified as perennial (constant flow throughout the year), intermittent (flow only during certain times of the year), or ephemeral (flow only during and immediately after precipitation events).

If the time is 10.00am in Belfast(longitude 60⁰W), the time at Leningrad(longitude 30⁰E) will be

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Longitude is the measure of distance east or west of the prime meridian (0 degrees longitude). Each 15-degree interval of longitude represents a time difference of one hour. Belfast is located at longitude 6°W, which is 6 x 15 = 90 minutes (1.5 hours) behind Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Therefore, when it is 10.00am in Belfast, it is actually 10.00am - 1.5 hours = 8.30am GMT. Leningrad is located at longitude 30°E, which is 30 x 15 = 450 minutes (7.5 hours) ahead of GMT. Therefore, when it is 8.30am GMT, it is actually 8.30am + 7.5 hours = 4.00pm in Leningrad. So the answer is 4.00 pm.

Marble is a metamorphic rock formed from

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Marble is a metamorphic rock that is formed from limestone. Limestone is a sedimentary rock that is composed primarily of calcium carbonate. When limestone is subjected to heat and pressure over a long period of time, it undergoes a process of metamorphism, which causes the minerals within it to recrystallize and fuse together. During this process, the original structure of the limestone is altered, and it takes on the characteristic veined and swirled appearance of marble. The high temperatures and pressures cause the calcium carbonate crystals in the limestone to grow larger and interlock with each other, resulting in a much harder and more durable rock than the original limestone. Marble can come in a range of colors, including white, gray, pink, and green, depending on the impurities present in the original limestone. It is a popular building material for its beauty, strength, and versatility.

When there is a large difference in the reading of the dry and wet bulb thermometers, it shows that relative humidity is

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The dry and wet bulb thermometers are used to measure relative humidity, which is the amount of moisture present in the air. When there is a large difference in the readings of the two thermometers, it means that the air is dry because the moisture from the wet bulb evaporates quickly due to low humidity. Thus, it indicates that the relative humidity is low. On the other hand, when the readings are closer, it indicates that the air is more saturated with moisture, and the relative humidity is higher. Therefore, the correct answer is "low."

Earth movements generate tensional forces that

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Earth movements generate tensional forces that pull the crust apart. Tensional forces are generated when two plates move away from each other, creating a gap or a rift. As the plates move apart, the tension between them causes the crust to stretch and thin, forming a basin or a depression. This can lead to the formation of a rift valley or a mid-ocean ridge. The tensional forces can also cause earthquakes and volcanic eruptions as the magma rises to the surface through the cracks in the crust.

Lines joining places of equal sunshine duration on maps are known as

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Lines joining places of equal sunshine duration on maps are known as isohel. Isohel is a type of map that represents the distribution of sunshine duration. These lines connect points on the map with the same amount of sunshine during a specific period of time, usually a day or a year. The term "isohel" comes from the Greek words "iso" meaning equal and "helios" meaning sun. Isohel maps are important for understanding the amount and distribution of solar radiation in different regions, which can have a significant impact on climate, agriculture, and other related fields.

Market gardening refers to the growing of vegetables

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Market gardening refers to the growing of vegetables around large towns or cities for commercial purposes. Market gardeners typically cultivate small plots of land to produce a variety of fresh fruits, vegetables, and herbs that are sold to consumers in nearby urban areas. This type of farming is usually done on a small scale and requires intensive labor to cultivate and harvest crops. The produce is then sold directly to consumers through farmers markets, roadside stands, or directly to restaurants and grocery stores. Market gardening is an important source of fresh, locally grown produce and provides a means for small-scale farmers to earn a living.

Which of the following ports has the best natural harbour in West Africa?

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A well will always contain water if it is dug

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A well will contain water if it is dug below the water table. The water table is the level below the Earth's surface where the ground is saturated with water. When a well is dug below the water table, water will seep into the well from the surrounding soil and rocks. This water will fill up the well, making it a source of water. If the well is dug above the water table, there will be no water to fill it up. However, in some cases, drilling deep enough into the Earth's crust can reach aquifers, which are underground layers of rock or sand that hold water. So, in such cases, drilling a well below the water table or to reach sand bearing water can be necessary to access water.

Organic components of the soil include all the following except

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The organic components of soil are those derived from living organisms, including plants, animals, and micro-organisms. These components contribute to the formation of humus, which is a dark, spongy material that enriches soil fertility. Animal remains, such as bones and shells, can also contribute to the organic matter in soil as they decompose. Similarly, micro-organisms such as bacteria and fungi play a crucial role in breaking down organic matter into nutrients that can be used by plants. Rock pedestals, on the other hand, are not organic components of soil. They are geological features that are formed by the erosion of soft rock layers, leaving harder rock layers standing as pillars or pedestals. Therefore, the answer is "rock pedestals".

Which of the following is associated with wind deflation in arid regions?

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The climate of equatorial regions of West Africa is characterized by

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The climate of equatorial regions of West Africa is characterized by two rainy seasons with a short dry season in-between. This type of climate is known as equatorial climate, which is typical of areas near the equator. Equatorial climate is characterized by high temperatures and humidity throughout the year, with no distinct winter or summer season. In West Africa, the two rainy seasons occur from April to July and from September to November, with a short dry season in-between. During the rainy seasons, heavy rainfall and thunderstorms are common, while the short dry season is characterized by clear skies and high temperatures. This type of climate supports lush vegetation and is important for agriculture in the region.

When two or more towns grow to join each or one another and still retain their identities they form a

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When two or more towns grow to join each other and still retain their identities, they form a conurbation. A conurbation is a type of urban area where multiple cities, towns, or urban centers grow together and merge into a single continuous urban area. In a conurbation, each of the constituent towns retains its own individual identity and administrative boundaries, but they share common infrastructure, transportation systems, and other facilities. Conurbations are characterized by high population density, economic integration, and social interaction between the constituent towns. Examples of conurbations include the New York City metropolitan area and the Greater London Urban Area.

Which of the following is not a factor affecting the movement of ocean currents?

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The correct option is (d), differences in the rate of evaporation, which is not a factor affecting the movement of ocean currents. The movement of ocean currents is primarily driven by the following factors: - Planetary winds: These are the major driving force of ocean currents. The winds move the surface water, which in turn causes a movement of deeper water. - Differences in temperatures: The temperature of ocean water affects its density. Cold water is denser than warm water, so it sinks, while warm water rises. This movement of water, known as thermohaline circulation, drives the ocean currents. - Shape of the land mass: The shape and location of the land masses affect the direction and flow of ocean currents. For example, a narrow strait or passage can cause water to flow faster or slower depending on its shape and width. On the other hand, the rate of evaporation is not a significant factor affecting the movement of ocean currents. Evaporation is the process by which water changes from a liquid state to a gaseous state, and it primarily affects the water cycle on land rather than the ocean currents. Therefore, the correct answer is (d) differences in the rate of evaporation.

'It is made up of a great variety of evergreen trees, with a distinct layer arrangement'. This refers to the

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The description given, "It is made up of a great variety of evergreen trees, with a distinct layer arrangement" refers to the equatorial forest. The equatorial forest, also known as the tropical rainforest, is a type of forest found around the Equator that experiences high rainfall and has a warm and humid climate. It is characterized by a great variety of evergreen trees, with a canopy layer, understory layer, and forest floor. The canopy layer is the topmost layer that receives the most sunlight, followed by the understory layer, and then the forest floor, which is the lowest layer. The trees in this forest are adapted to the wet and humid environment and many have broad leaves to maximize photosynthesis.

Which of the following is not a process of chemical weathering?

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The differential heating of the land and sea results in

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The differential heating of the land and sea results in the phenomenon of land and sea breezes. During the day, the land heats up faster than the sea due to lower specific heat capacity of land. As a result, the air over the land becomes warmer and rises, creating a low-pressure area. The cooler air from the sea then moves in to replace the rising warm air, creating a sea breeze. At night, the land cools faster than the sea, and the warm air rises over the sea to create a low-pressure area. The cool air from the land then moves in to replace the rising warm air, creating a land breeze. This cycle of land and sea breezes helps to moderate temperatures and distribute moisture along coastal areas.

The high population density in the coastal areas of West Africa can best be explained by

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Which of the following is known as the land of the midnight sun during summer in the Northern Hemisphere?

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The Arctic Circle is known as the land of the midnight sun during summer in the Northern Hemisphere. This is because during the summer solstice (around June 21), the sun is visible for 24 hours a day at locations within the Arctic Circle.

The peeling off of the surface layers of rounded boulders during mechanical weathering is called

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The peeling off of the surface layers of rounded boulders during mechanical weathering is called exfoliation. Exfoliation occurs due to the expansion and contraction of rock surfaces caused by temperature changes. During the day, rocks absorb heat from the sun and expand, and at night they cool down and contract. Over time, repeated expansion and contraction cause the outer layers of the rock to peel off in thin sheets. Exfoliation is a common process in areas with extreme temperature variations, such as deserts and mountainous regions.

If the land area of a place is 900,00 square kilometres, and its total population is 120,000,000. What is the population density of the area?

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To calculate population density, we divide the total population of the area by its land area. Population density = Total population / Land area Here, the land area is given as 900,000 square kilometres and the total population is given as 120,000,000. Population density = 120,000,000 / 900,000 Population density = 133.33 persons per square kilometre Therefore, the population density of the area is 133 persons per square kilometre (rounded to the nearest whole number). The closest option is "133 persons per square kilometre".

The imports of most developing countries consist mainly of

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The imports of most developing countries consist mainly of manufactured goods. This is because many developing countries lack the necessary infrastructure and resources to produce their own manufactured goods, such as electronics, machinery, and vehicles. As a result, they rely heavily on imported goods to meet their needs. Furthermore, many developing countries have economies that are heavily dependent on agriculture and the export of raw materials. This means that they may not have the necessary infrastructure or expertise to process these raw materials into finished products. As a result, they often import manufactured goods to satisfy their needs for finished products. It is worth noting that while developing countries do import agricultural raw materials and mineral resources, these tend to make up a smaller portion of their imports compared to manufactured goods. This is because many developing countries have a comparative advantage in the production of raw materials, but lack the necessary infrastructure and expertise to process them into finished products.

The plains formed when the slopes of mountains are worn back in arid and semi-arid regions by mechanical weathering is called

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The plains formed when the slopes of mountains are worn back in arid and semi-arid regions by mechanical weathering is called pediplains. Pediplains are formed due to the process of mechanical weathering, which involves the physical breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces. In arid and semi-arid regions, the weathering process is accelerated due to the lack of vegetation cover, which protects the rocks from weathering. As the mountains are subjected to mechanical weathering, the loose rock material accumulates at the base of the slopes, forming a gentle slope or a flat plain known as pediplains. These plains have a gently sloping surface and are characterized by a thin layer of soil and gravel. Pediplains are commonly found in arid and semi-arid regions such as the deserts of the southwestern United States and the Sahara Desert in Africa. They are important for agriculture and grazing as they provide a large, flat area for farming and animal husbandry. In summary, pediplains are formed when the slopes of mountains are worn back in arid and semi-arid regions by mechanical weathering. They have a gently sloping surface and are important for agriculture and grazing.

Which of the following does not determine the available humus resources in a country?

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The factor that does not determine the available humus resources in a country is evolution. Evolution refers to the gradual process of change in living organisms over a long period of time, and it does not directly affect the availability of humus resources in a country. On the other hand, births, deaths, and emigration can have an impact on the available humus resources in a country. Humus is a dark organic matter that forms in soil when plant and animal matter decay. The amount of humus in the soil depends on the amount of organic matter that is added to the soil over time. Births, deaths, and emigration can all affect the amount of organic matter that is available to be added to the soil. For example, if there is a high population density and a lot of food waste is produced, this can increase the amount of organic matter available for composting and eventually adding to the soil.

The process which causes exposed rock surface to break and crumble is best described as

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The process which causes exposed rock surface to break and crumble is known as "weathering". Weathering can be described as the breaking down of rocks, soils and minerals through direct contact with the Earth's atmosphere, water, and biological organisms. Weathering occurs due to mechanical, chemical or biological processes that cause rocks to disintegrate into smaller particles. Mechanical weathering is caused by physical processes such as temperature changes, pressure, and ice wedging, while chemical weathering is caused by chemical reactions that alter the mineral content of rocks. Biological weathering is caused by the activities of living organisms that break down rocks and minerals.

If the time is 10.00am in Belfast(longitude 60⁰W), the time at Leningrad(longitude 30⁰E) will be

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'They are crescentic or moon-shaped and occur individually or in groups'. The above description refers to

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The description "They are crescentic or moon-shaped and occur individually or in groups" refers to a type of sand dune known as "barchans". Barchans are crescent-shaped dunes formed by the action of wind, which blows sand grains up the gently-sloping windward side and deposits them on the steeply-sloping lee side. They are commonly found in arid regions and can occur singly or in groups.

Which of the following is not an example of a fold mountain?

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Down folded layers of chalk or limestone sandwiched between impermeable rock layers and containing trapped water is referred to as

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Down folded layers of chalk or limestone sandwiched between impermeable rock layers and containing trapped water are referred to as artesian formations. An artesian formation is a type of aquifer, which is a layer of rock or sediment that holds water and allows it to flow through it. The water in an artesian formation is under pressure due to the weight of the overlying impermeable rock layer, which forces the water to the surface when a well is drilled. This type of formation is common in areas with folded or tilted rock layers, such as the Great Artesian Basin in Australia, which is the largest artesian basin in the world.

Which of the following is not true of the relationship between the sun and the earth?

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Three out of the four options provided are true statements about the relationship between the sun and the earth. However, the statement "sun revolves round the earth" is not true. It is the earth that revolves around the sun. This movement of the earth around the sun is what causes changes in the seasons and the length of day and night. The sun's gravitational force is responsible for holding the earth in its orbit and supplying heat and light energy to the earth. The distance from the earth to the sun is approximately 150 million kilometers.

The part of the earth's crust that is covered by oceans and seas is called

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The part of the earth's crust that is covered by oceans and seas is called the hydrosphere. This includes all the water on the Earth's surface, including oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, and groundwater. The hydrosphere is an important part of the Earth's system and plays a critical role in regulating climate, supporting life, and shaping the landscape through erosion and deposition.

Laterization is a soil-forming process prominent in

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Laterization is a soil-forming process that is prominent in hot, humid tropics. It occurs in areas with high temperatures and heavy rainfall, where the soils are subjected to intense chemical weathering. Laterization results in the formation of a distinct red-colored soil layer, rich in iron and aluminum oxides. This layer is commonly referred to as the laterite layer, and it is highly leached and infertile due to the loss of nutrients. The process of laterization is driven by the intense rainfall, which leaches the nutrients from the topsoil and transports them downward into the lower layers of the soil. As a result, the laterite layer becomes enriched with iron and aluminum oxides, while the topsoil becomes depleted and infertile. This process of soil formation is important in the tropics because it creates soils that are well-drained, and have good water-holding capacity. However, the infertile nature of these soils presents a challenge to agriculture, and requires careful management and fertilization to support crops.

Iron and steel industry is most likely to be located near the

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The iron and steel industry is most likely to be located near the raw material. This is because iron and steel production requires large quantities of iron ore, coal, and limestone, which are the primary raw materials needed to produce iron and steel. Therefore, it is more cost-effective to establish iron and steel plants in locations where these raw materials are readily available, as transporting them over long distances can be expensive and impractical. Furthermore, the availability of raw materials is also a key determinant in the quality of the final product. Therefore, being close to the source of raw materials ensures that the iron and steel produced is of high quality. Consequently, iron and steel plants are often located near mining areas, where iron ore and coal can be easily sourced, or near coastal areas, where imported raw materials can be easily transported through ports.

Winds generally blow from an area of

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Winds generally blow from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure. This is due to the difference in air pressure caused by uneven heating of the Earth's surface by the sun. When air is heated, it becomes less dense and rises, creating an area of low pressure. Conversely, when air cools, it becomes more dense and sinks, creating an area of high pressure. As air moves from high pressure to low pressure, it creates wind. The greater the difference in pressure between the two areas, the stronger the wind will be. This movement of air from high to low pressure is known as the pressure gradient force and is the main driving force of wind.

Which of the following planets has twelve satellites?

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Jupiter is the planet that has twelve satellites. A satellite is a celestial body that orbits around a planet, and Jupiter is known to have a large number of satellites. In fact, Jupiter has the largest number of known satellites of any planet in the solar system. As of 2021, Jupiter has 79 known satellites or moons, with the four largest ones called Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, commonly known as the Galilean moons.

'The trees are tall and evergreen,leaves are small,thick,leathery and needles shaped'. This is a description of the

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The description provided in the statement is a characteristic of coniferous forests. Coniferous trees are usually tall and evergreen, meaning they retain their foliage all year round. The leaves of coniferous trees are commonly small, thick, and leathery, often in the shape of needles, as stated in the statement. These trees are adapted to cold and dry environments and can be found in regions such as northern Europe, Canada, and Siberia. Therefore, the correct option is (b) coniferous forest.

(a) In what five ways has railway transport contributed to economic development in Tropical Africa?

(b) Suggest five ways of improving the development of railway transport in Tropical Africa. 
 

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(a) Draw an outline map of Nigeria. On the map, show and name:
(i) one area noted for the mining of any three of the following: crude oil; limestone; columbite; iron ore;
(ii) one major town in any three of the areas shown in (a)(i) above.

(b) Outline five ways in which crude oil contributes to the economic development of Nigeria. 
 

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b)

1. Revenue generation: Crude oil exports are a primary source of revenue for Nigeria. The sale of crude oil on the international market generates significant foreign exchange earnings, which contribute to the country's GDP and government revenue through taxes, royalties, and other levies.

2. Employment opportunities: The oil and gas industry in Nigeria provides employment opportunities across various sectors, including exploration, production, refining, transportation, and supporting services. These jobs range from skilled engineering and technical roles to manual labor, contributing to livelihoods and economic development.

3. Investment attraction: Nigeria's vast crude oil reserves attract foreign investment in the oil and gas sector, including exploration and production activities, infrastructure development, and technology transfer. Foreign direct investment (FDI) in the oil industry stimulates economic growth, creates business opportunities, and enhances the country's industrial capacity.

4. Infrastructure development: The revenue generated from crude oil exports enables investments in infrastructure development, including roads, bridges, ports, and power generation facilities. These infrastructure projects support economic activities in other sectors, improve connectivity, and enhance the overall quality of life for Nigerians.

5. Industrial growth and diversification: Crude oil serves as a feedstock for Nigeria's downstream oil and gas industry, including refineries, petrochemical plants, and other industrial facilities. The development of downstream industries promotes industrial growth, value addition, and economic diversification, reducing the country's reliance on imported petroleum products and creating opportunities for downstream businesses and entrepreneurship.

(a) (i) Name two areas of copper mining in Zambia
(ii) Describe one method of copper mining in Zambia.

(b) Highlight four contributions of copper mining to the economic development of Zambia.

(c) What three problems face the mining of copper in Zambia? 

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(a) Highlight four effects of the revolution of the earth.

(b) A boxing tournament is scheduled to start at 8.00 p.m. local time in Los Angeles, 75°W. At what time should boxing fans in Nigeria, 15°E, switch on their televisions to watch the commencement of the match? 
 

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(a) Highlight characteristic features of the Tropical Continental Climate.

(b) Describe the vegetation of the Savanna region. 
 

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With the aid of diagrams, describe the formation and appearance of any two of the following features:
(i) Stack (ii) Blow Hole (iii) Sand Bar 
 

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 (a) Draw a sketch map of Africa. On the map, locate and name two areas important for lumbering 

(b) Outline four factors that promote lumbering in Africa

(c) Highlight three benefits of lumbering in Africa
 

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(a) Outline four components of soil.

(b) Describe, using a diagram, the soil profile.

(c) Highlight any three farming practices that can lead to soil erosion. 
 

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 (a) (i) Draw an annotated cross profile from point A to point B.
(ii) Are points A and B intervisible? (Give one reason for your answer) 

(b) In what three ways has the relief affected the transportation network of the mapped area?

(c) Give any two reasons why the area mapped is sparcely populated.
 

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(a) Highlight three human and three physical factors which may favour a rapid growth of population.

(b) State four problems that may arise from rapid population growth. 

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(a) Draw an outline map of Nigeria. On the map, show and name:
(i) two international airports
(ii) the railway line between Lagos and Minna
(iii) one major inland waterway
(iv) one seaport and one river port.

(b) In what four ways is road transport of economic importance to Nigeria?
(c) Highlight two problems of road transportation in Nigeria. 
 

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b)

1.Accessibility: Road transport provides access to remote areas, facilitating the movement of goods and people to markets, workplaces, and essential services. This connectivity supports economic activities across various sectors, including agriculture, manufacturing, and trade.

2.Trade facilitation: Road transport serves as a vital link in Nigeria's domestic and international trade networks. It enables the transportation of goods to and from ports, airports, and border crossings, facilitating trade with neighboring countries and international markets.

3.Employment generation: The road transport sector in Nigeria is a significant source of employment, providing opportunities for truck drivers, mechanics, freight handlers, and other related professions. The industry creates jobs both directly and indirectly, contributing to livelihoods and economic growth.

4.Infrastructure development: Investments in road infrastructure contribute to economic development by improving connectivity, reducing transportation costs, and enhancing productivity. Road construction and maintenance projects create employment opportunities and stimulate economic activity in construction-related industries.

c)

1.Poor road conditions: Many roads in Nigeria suffer from inadequate maintenance, leading to potholes, uneven surfaces, and deteriorating infrastructure. Poor road conditions not only increase vehicle operating costs but also pose safety hazards for motorists and pedestrians, leading to accidents and traffic congestion.

2.Traffic congestion: Urban areas in Nigeria, especially major cities like Lagos and Abuja, experience severe traffic congestion due to a combination of factors such as population growth, inadequate road infrastructure, inefficient traffic management, and lack of alternative transportation options. Traffic congestion results in delays, increased fuel consumption, air pollution, and productivity losses for businesses.

(a) Outline four factors which promote international trade between your country and the outside world

(b) Explain three problems involved in the trade between your country and other West African countries

(c) Suggest three solutions to the problems explained in 1(b) above. 
 

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(a) Draw a sketch map of West Africa. On the map, locate and name:
(i) two ECOWAS countries along the coast
(ii) two ECOWAS countries in the interior
(iii) the capitals of any three of the countries in (a)(i) and (ii) above.

(b) Highlight three problems facing the Economic Community of West African States.

(c) Suggest possible solutions to the problems in (b) above. 

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The table below shows the direct premium income of non-life insurance business for Nigeria in a particular year. Use the data to answer the questions that follow: 

(a) Calculate the missing percentages for motor and miscellaneous premium incomes.

(b) (i) Construct a percentage bar graph to illustrate the above statistics.
(ii) State two disadvantages of a percentage bar graph.

(c) Suggest an alternative method of representing the statistics. 

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(a) Draw an outline map of Nigeria. On the map, locate:
(i) one area each for the production of cocoa, palm produce, groundnut and cotton.
(ii) three towns in any three of the areas.

(b) Highlight three major problems of agriculture in Nigeria.

(c) Suggest solutions to the problems highlighted in (b) above. 
 

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i. Cocoa producing areas
   South west Nigeria, Ondo, Oyo, Ogun.

a. Palm producing areas — Eastern states: Enugu, Imo, Anambra
b. Groundnut producing areas —Kano, Kaduna, Katsina states 
c. Cotton producing areas —C°
d. Plateau, Kaduna states etc. ibadan Ekiti

ii. Towns in producing areas.

• Cocoa —Akure, Ondo, ljebu-Ode, Ibadan.

• Palm produce — Enugu, Awka, Umuahia.

• Groundnut — Kano, Katsina, Kaduna.

• Cotton — zaria, ,Zungeru, Gusau. 

b)

1. Limited access to modern agricultural inputs and technology: Many farmers in Nigeria lack access to modern agricultural inputs such as improved seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and mechanized equipment. Traditional farming methods are prevalent, leading to low productivity, poor crop yields, and inefficiencies in the agricultural value chain.

2. Inadequate infrastructure: Agricultural development in Nigeria is hindered by inadequate infrastructure, including poor road networks, storage facilities, irrigation systems, and market access. Limited infrastructure affects the transportation of agricultural produce from farms to markets, leading to post-harvest losses, reduced market access, and lower profitability for farmers.

3. Climate change and environmental degradation: Nigeria's agricultural sector is vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change, including irregular rainfall patterns, droughts, floods, and land degradation. These environmental challenges disrupt agricultural activities, decrease crop yields, and threaten food security, particularly for smallholder farmers who rely on rain-fed agriculture.

c)

1. Promotion of modern agricultural practices: The government and relevant stakeholders should prioritize the promotion of modern agricultural inputs, techniques, and technologies to improve productivity and enhance the resilience of farmers to climate change. This includes providing subsidies for agricultural inputs, disseminating knowledge on best agronomic practices, and facilitating access to extension services and training programs for farmers.

2. Investment in agricultural infrastructure: There is a need for increased investment in agricultural infrastructure to address the challenges of poor transportation, storage, and market access. This includes rehabilitating and expanding rural road networks, constructing storage facilities and agro-processing centers, and implementing irrigation schemes to enhance water management and crop production.

3. Adoption of climate-smart agriculture: To mitigate the impacts of climate change, farmers should be encouraged to adopt climate-smart agricultural practices that promote resilience and sustainability. This includes the use of drought-resistant crop varieties, agroforestry techniques, water conservation measures, and soil conservation practices. Additionally, the government should implement policies and programs that support climate adaptation and mitigation in agriculture, such as weather forecasting, early warning systems, and insurance schemes for farmers.

With the aid of diagrams, describe the formation of each of the following:

(a) Orographic rainfall

(b) Convectional rainfall 
 

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(a) What is environmental hazard?

(b) Name five examples of environmental hazards.

(c) Explain any three effects of environmental pollution. 
 

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