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Question 1 Report
The arrival of the Portuguese on the West African coast in the 15th century marked the beginning of European influence in the region. Their primary interest was in
Answer Details
The arrival of the Portuguese on the West African coast in the 15th century was primarily driven by their interest in trading gold and spices. At that time, Europe had a high demand for these commodities, and the Portuguese were keen on finding new trade routes to Asia and Africa to capitalize on the rich resources found there.
Initially, the Portuguese were looking for direct access to the lucrative spice trade from Asia and gold from Africa without having to go through the middlemen in the Mediterranean. Later on, their focus also shifted towards other trade aspects including the trans-Atlantic slave trade, especially as the demand for labor in the New World colonies grew. However, it is important to note that their initial and primary interest was centered on trading valuable goods like gold and spices.
Question 2 Report
Which of the following Yoruba states rose to prominence as a result of the decline of Oyo?
Answer Details
The Yoruba state that rose to prominence following the decline of Oyo was Ibadan.
To understand how this happened, let's look at a brief historical context:
1. Oyo's Decline: The Oyo Empire was a powerful Yoruba empire located in present-day Nigeria. However, by the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Oyo experienced a decline due to internal strife, conflicts, and external pressures from Fulani jihads. This decline led to the weakening of its central authority.
2. Rise of Ibadan: As Oyo's power waned, there was a vacuum of power in the region. Ibadan, originally established as a war camp in 1829, took advantage of this power vacuum. Comprising various groups of warriors, including disbanded soldiers from Oyo and refugees from other regions, Ibadan's strategic location and military ability enabled it to grow rapidly.
3. Trade and Military Power: Ibadan became a significant military force, using its strength to expand control over surrounding territories. The town also became a commercial hub due to its involvement in regional trade. By mid-19th century, Ibadan was one of the largest and most influential Yoruba cities.
In summary, the decline of Oyo created an opportunity for Ibadan to rise as a dominant force in the region, leveraging its military prowess and strategic trade position to achieve prominence.
Question 3 Report
Which leader, influenced by the Sokoto Caliphate, established a theocratic state in Masina in the early 19th century?
Answer Details
The leader who established a theocratic state in Masina in the early 19th century, influenced by the Sokoto Caliphate, was Seku Amadu.
Seku Amadu, also known as Amadu Hammadi Bubu, was a Fulani Islamic leader and reformer. Under the inspiration of the reformist ideology of the Sokoto Caliphate, founded by Usman dan Fodio, Seku Amadu sought to establish a similar religious and political structure in what is now modern-day Mali. The Sokoto Caliphate, established in present-day Nigeria, was known for its promotion of Islamic governance based on Sharia law.
In the early 19th century, Seku Amadu led a jihad to overthrow the existing local traditional rulers in the region of Masina. This resulted in the creation of the Massina Empire, also referred to as the Massina Theocratic State, where Islamic laws and educational systems were strictly enforced. The legacy of Seku Amadu's rule highlights the spread and influence of Islamic governance in West Africa during this period, modeled after other successful theocratic states like the Sokoto Caliphate.
Question 4 Report
The concept of "The White Man's Burden," which justified European imperialism, was popularized by which British writer?
Answer Details
The concept of "The White Man's Burden" was popularized by the British writer Rudyard Kipling. This phrase comes from his poem titled "The White Man's Burden," published in 1899.
In this poem, Kipling urged the United States to take up the role of imperial powers, similar to European countries, by colonizing and governing other nations to bring them civilization and progress. Kipling presented the idea as a moral obligation or 'burden' of the white man to govern less developed nations for their own benefit. Essentially, it was an attempt to justify European imperialism during that era.
Question 5 Report
The creation of the Mid-Western Region in 1963 was primarily a response to
Answer Details
The creation of the Mid-Western Region in **1963** was primarily a response to address the **demands of the minority groups in the Niger Delta**. At that time, Nigeria was divided into three major regions: the Northern, Eastern, and Western Regions. Each of these regions was dominated by a major ethnic group, which often led to the **marginalization of smaller ethnic groups** or minorities within these regions.
The creation of a separate region was meant to acknowledge these minority groups in the Western Region, like the Urhobo, Itsekiri, and Isoko peoples, who felt their interests were not being adequately represented. By forming the Mid-Western Region, the government aimed to provide opportunities for these groups to have **greater political representation and control over their resources**. This move was seen as a step towards promoting **unity** and reducing ethnic tensions by recognizing the diversity within the Nigerian state.
In summary, the Mid-Western Region was created largely in response to the **demand for political autonomy** and **representation** by the minority groups in the Niger Delta, addressing their concerns of marginalization within the Western Region.
Question 6 Report
The primary goal of early Christian missionaries in Nigeria was to
Answer Details
The primary goal of early Christian missionaries in Nigeria was to spread Christianity and convert the local population. During the 19th century, missionaries from Europe, particularly from Britain, arrived in various parts of Africa, including Nigeria, with a religious mission. They aimed to preach the teachings of Christianity, introduce the Gospel, and convert indigenous people to the Christian faith.
The missionaries believed that their religious teachings would bring spiritual salvation to the local populations. They conducted religious services, translated biblical texts into local languages, and established mission schools to educate people in both religious and secular knowledge. By doing so, they hoped to instill Christian values and morals among the communities they reached.
While some missionaries also engaged in other activities such as promoting education, healthcare, and in some cases advocating for social justice, these efforts were primarily viewed as part of their overall goal of religious conversion. The spread of Christianity was seen as a way to improve the lives of the people by aligning them with what the missionaries believed to be a superior moral and spiritual framework.
In summary, while the missionaries' activities had some cultural, educational, and social impacts, the central aim was to spread the Christian faith and convert the local population.
Question 7 Report
The apartheid policy of "separate development" was also known as
Answer Details
The apartheid policy of "separate development" was also known as **Homelands** or **Bantustans**.
This policy was part of South Africa's apartheid system, a racial segregation system institutionalized in 1948. The concept was to create **self-governing territories** referred to as **Bantustans** or **Homelands**. The primary aim was to give an illusion of independence to divide the country into various **ethnically distinct areas** for different African ethnic groups. The government justified this policy by claiming it allowed for the development of self-determination among the black South African population. However, in reality, these areas were often economically disadvantaged and lacked genuine autonomy.
It's important to understand that this was a measure to enforce racial separation and reinforce the idea of white supremacy by keeping majority black South Africans outside of meaningful political, economic, and urban life within South Africa.
Question 8 Report
Which economic factor was a major influence behind the 1914 amalgamation?
Answer Details
The desire to unify currency systems was a major economic factor behind the 1914 amalgamation of Nigeria. The British colonial administration aimed to streamline economic policies and governance by unifying the currency systems in the region.
Question 9 Report
The Mahdiyya Movement in Sudan was primarily a response to
Answer Details
The Mahdiyya Movement in Sudan was primarily a response to **Egyptian and Ottoman control**.
This movement emerged in the late 19th century as a reaction against the political domination and social strain imposed by the Egyptian rulers who were under the influence and authority of the Ottoman Empire. The local Sudanese population experienced heavy taxation and social injustice under this regime, and there was a sense of nationalistic and religious fervor to liberate Sudan from foreign rule.
The leader of this movement, Muhammad Ahmad, proclaimed himself the Mahdi, or the "Guided One," believed to be an Islamic messianic figure. His declaration and guidance were rooted in the belief that he would restore justice, reform Islam, and remove foreign imperialism and corrupt local practices.
Thus, the Mahdiyya Movement was fundamentally driven by **the desire to overthrow the existing control of Egypt and the Ottoman Empire**, intending to establish a self-governed state based on Islamic principles and Sudanese national identity.
Question 10 Report
The elective principle introduced by the Clifford Constitution allowed for elections in which Nigerian cities?
Answer Details
The Clifford Constitution of 1922 is significant in Nigerian history as it introduced the **elective principle**, which allowed for elections for the first time in the country. This was a major shift from the previous system where all legislative members were appointed by the colonial government. However, it is important to note that this **elective principle** had limited reach.
Under the Clifford Constitution, elections were held only in designated areas. The cities that were granted the opportunity to elect members to the Legislative Council were **Lagos** and **Calabar**. These places were two of the more developed urban centers at the time and were considered the main cities with a sufficient number of eligible voters.
So, the correct cities where the elective principle introduced by the Clifford Constitution allowed for elections in Nigeria are **Lagos** and **Calabar**. This electoral development laid the foundation for future expansions of the electoral process in Nigeria.
Question 11 Report
The humanitarian crisis during the Nigerian Civil War was exacerbated by
Answer Details
The humanitarian crisis during the Nigerian Civil War, often referred to as the Biafran War, was primarily exacerbated by a blockade imposed by the Nigerian government on Biafra. This war, which lasted from 1967 to 1970, was marked by severe humanitarian suffering, especially in the Biafran region.
Here is why the blockade was a significant factor:
While other factors like the destruction of infrastructure and international sanctions played roles in the conflict, it was the blockade imposed by the Nigerian government that most acutely amplified the humanitarian crisis.
Question 12 Report
The rise of the Kingdom of Ashanti was primarily driven by the trade of which commodity?
Answer Details
The rise of the Kingdom of Ashanti was primarily driven by the trade of gold. The Ashanti Empire, located in the region that is now modern-day Ghana, was rich in gold resources. This abundance of gold was a significant asset that attracted trade and commerce with various groups and empires, including the Europeans. The wealth generated from gold trade contributed to the growth of political power, military strength, and economic prosperity of the Ashanti Empire, making it one of the most powerful kingdoms in West Africa during its peak.
Question 13 Report
The rise of the Kanem-Borno Empire in the 9th century was primarily due to
Answer Details
The rise of the Kanem-Borno Empire in the 9th century was primarily due to the control of trans-Saharan trade routes. The location of the Kanem-Borno Empire was strategic as it was situated in a region that connected the North African trade networks with Sub-Saharan Africa. This allowed the empire to become a critical hub for traders passing through these routes. Through controlling these trade routes, the Kanem-Borno Empire was able to collect taxes and tariffs, accumulating wealth that was crucial for its growth and stability.
The trans-Saharan trade routes facilitated the exchange of valuable goods such as salt, gold, and slaves. These goods were in high demand, making the trade routes highly valuable. By dominating these routes, the Kanem-Borno Empire could ensure they benefited economically, which contributed significantly to their power and influence in the region.
The wealth generated from this trade was used to strengthen and expand the empire's infrastructure, military, and influence. This, in turn, allowed for the sustained growth of the empire and enabled it to engage in further diplomatic relations and sometimes conquests, contributing to its overall prominence and durability throughout history.
Question 14 Report
The Abacha regime is known for instituting which economic policy aimed at centralizing control of Nigeria's oil revenue?
Answer Details
The Abacha regime was known for instituting the Petroleum Trust Fund (PTF) as an economic policy aimed at centralizing control of Nigeria's oil revenue. This policy was established to manage and utilize funds generated from the increase in petroleum prices, ensuring that these funds were directed towards various developmental projects across the country. The PTF was specifically structured to promote national development by investing in critical sectors such as education, infrastructure, healthcare, and transportation, thereby enhancing the overall economic growth and welfare of the nation.
Question 15 Report
One of Gowon's major achievements was the hosting of which international event in Lagos in 1973?
Answer Details
One of Gowon's major achievements was the hosting of the All-Africa Games in Lagos in 1973. This event was significant as it was the second edition of the All-Africa Games, which is a continental multi-sport event held every four years. Organized by the Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa, it follows a format similar to the Olympic Games but is focused on bringing together athletes from across Africa.
The successful hosting of the games showcased Nigeria's capability to facilitate a major international sporting event. It helped in promoting unity among African countries and provided a platform for African athletes to demonstrate their talents. The occasion was particularly momentous for Nigeria, as it not only highlighted the country's growing influence and leadership on the African continent but also fostered a spirit of continental camaraderie.
Overall, hosting the All-Africa Games was a milestone in Gowon's administration, reflecting Nigeria's prominence in the African sporting arena during that era.
Question 16 Report
Which principle was established at the Berlin Conference to justify European claims to African territories?
Answer Details
The principle established at the Berlin Conference to justify European claims to African territories was the Effective Occupation principle.
To understand this, it's important to know what happened at the Berlin Conference, which took place from 1884 to 1885. During this meeting, European powers got together to decide how they would divide Africa among themselves to avoid potential conflicts over land. They did this without considering the existing African populations and societies.
The principle of Effective Occupation meant that a European country could claim a part of Africa only if it could demonstrate that it had established control over the area. This required a presence on the ground, like setting up administrative structures, enforcing law and order, and making treaties with local leaders. Essentially, it wasn't enough to just say you owned the land; the country had to actively manage and use it.
This agreement led to the "Scramble for Africa," where European nations rushed to establish their control over different parts of Africa, often without considering the impact on the indigenous people and cultures.
Question 17 Report
The infamous Middle Passage refers to
Answer Details
The infamous Middle Passage refers to the journey of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas. It wa
a horrific and inhumane voyage that resulted in immense suffering and loss of life among the enslaved population.
Question 18 Report
The Yoruba city-state of Ibadan rose to prominence in the 19th century primarily due to
Answer Details
The Yoruba city-state of Ibadan rose to prominence in the 19th century primarily due to its military prowess. This was a period marked by warfare and competition among various Yoruba city-states. Ibadan successfully expanded its influence and territory by demonstrating remarkable military strength. The city was able to attract warlords, military leaders, and refugees seeking security and opportunities for power. This foundation of military strength allowed Ibadan to defend its territory and even dominate other Yoruba states. As a result, the city prospered economically and politically, becoming a dominant force in the region.
Although its location on major trade routes and other factors such as education and resources could have contributed to its development, it was the exceptional military capabilities and organization of its leaders that made Ibadan particularly prominent during this era.
Question 19 Report
The Sharpeville Massacre of 1960 was a turning point in the struggle against apartheid because it led to
Answer Details
The correct answer is Increased support for anti-apartheid policies. The Sharpeville Massacre of 1960, where 69 people were killed by police during a peaceful protest, led to increased international condemnation of apartheid policies.
Question 20 Report
Which of the following was a significant factor in the rise of Nigerian nationalism in the early 20th century?
Answer Details
In the early 20th century, a significant factor in the rise of Nigerian nationalism was the British colonial policy of indirect rule. This policy, introduced by the British, meant that they governed the colonies by using local traditional leaders and existing indigenous political structures. While this system was cost-effective for the British, it led to several unintended consequences that fueled Nigerian nationalism.
Firstly, by relying on local rulers, it allowed Nigerians to maintain some level of traditional governance and institutions, which kept the spirit of self-determination alive. People began to see the contradictions in British governance and started asserting their desire for greater participation in their own governance.
Secondly, the indirect rule often led to the empowerment of local leaders who sometimes prioritized colonial interests over the needs of their own people. This caused dissatisfaction among the populace, who began to demand change and more control over their political futures.
Lastly, the education and exposure of many Nigerians to Western ideas of democracy and self-government further galvanized efforts towards nationalism, as educated Nigerians began to actively push for reforms and self-rule.
In summary, the indirect rule policy indirectly strengthened the resolve among Nigerians to control their own governance, contributing significantly to the rise of nationalism. This set the stage for the eventual quest for independence from colonial rule.
Question 21 Report
The major policy direction of the Obasanjo administration following the death of Murtala Mohammed was
Answer Details
Following the death of Murtala Mohammed in 1976, General Olusegun Obasanjo assumed leadership of Nigeria. Under his administration, the major policy direction was focused on preparing the country for a transition to civilian rule and democratic elections. This was a significant period in Nigeria's history, as it marked a transition from military to civilian governance.
Obasanjo, respecting Murtala Mohammed's vision and plans, committed to returning the country to civilian rule. His administration worked towards creating a new constitution, which was a critical step in ensuring political stability and setting the framework for a democratic government. This transition culminated in the 1979 general elections, which led to the handover of power to a civilian government under President Shehu Shagari.
The policy of transitioning to civilian rule involved several key components:
Obasanjo's priority on a civilian transition distinguished his administration from other possible paths, such as strengthening military alliances, increasing military spending, or focusing aggressively on land reforms. The transition set the stage for the establishment of the Second Republic in Nigeria and was instrumental in shaping the nation's political landscape.
Question 22 Report
The Ebira people, also from the Niger-Benue Valley, are known for their resistance to which British colonial policy in the early 20th century?
Answer Details
The Ebira people, located in the Niger-Benue Valley, are notably recognized for their active resistance against the British colonial policy of Indirect rule in the early 20th century.
In this policy, the British sought to govern their colonies by using local traditional power structures and leaders to enforce colonial governance. This system was designed to make administration more efficient and less costly. However, the Ebira people, under the leadership of their paramount leader, resisted this approach vehemently.
The core of their resistance was driven by a strong desire to maintain their autonomy and traditional system of governance, as they felt the indirect rule undermined their cultural and political identity. They viewed the installation of British-appointed local leaders as a direct challenge to their traditional authority and societal structure.
The resistance by the Ebira is a significant example of how indigenous communities reacted to colonial strategies that attempted to blend traditional leadership with colonial oversight, often leading to conflicts and a struggle for cultural preservation.
Question 23 Report
One major effect of the establishment of Native Authorities was
Answer Details
The establishment of Native Authorities had a significant effect on the empowerment of traditional rulers within the colonial administration. During the colonial era, European powers sought ways to administer their colonies efficiently and with minimal resistance. One approach they adopted was the system of indirect rule, where local traditional rulers were incorporated into the colonial governance structure. This meant that these rulers were given roles and responsibilities within the colonial administration, hence they were empowered in several ways.
Firstly, traditional rulers were entrusted with enforcing colonial laws and collecting taxes on behalf of the colonial government. This increased their influence and authority within their communities.
Secondly, they played an intermediary role by acting as a link between the colonial authorities and the local people, thus gaining some level of political significance.
Lastly, while the empowerment of traditional rulers helped the colonial administration maintain control, it also meant that these rulers were sometimes restricted in their actions and had to balance their traditional roles with their new administrative duties.
In summary, the establishment of Native Authorities led to the **empowerment** of traditional rulers within the colonial framework, enabling them to play substantial roles in governance under the indirect rule system.
Question 24 Report
The Omani Sultanate's control over Zanzibar led to
Answer Details
The Omani Sultanate's control over Zanzibar significantly impacted the region, particularly through the establishment of a major center for the East African slave trade. Zanzibar became a crucial hub for the trade of slaves, along with spices and other goods, and operated predominantly under the influence of Omani Arab merchants.
This period saw Zanzibar flourish as a bustling trading center due to its strategic location along the East African coast. The island's economy was heavily reliant on the export of goods, most notably cloves, which attracted traders from different parts of the world. However, the island's prominence as a major slave trading post remained a defining characteristic of this era.
The Omani control did not lead to a widespread conversion to Christianity or the complete cessation of the slave trade, as slaves were still largely sought after for labor on clove plantations and other enterprises. Additionally, the Omani influence did not create a unified East African political entity, as their rule was mainly focused on economic gains and trade dominance rather than political unification.
Question 25 Report
One of the key impacts of French colonialism in West Africa was
Answer Details
One of the key impacts of French colonialism in West Africa was the imposition of the French legal system and civil code. This means that the French introduced their own laws and legal practices into the colonies they controlled. Instead of using the traditional or indigenous laws that the local people used, the territories had to follow the rules set by the French authorities.
This change had significant repercussions:
Overall, the imposition of the French legal system and civil code was a key tool of colonial administration and control, shaping the governance and social fabric of the West African regions affected by French colonialism. It left a lasting legacy that continued to influence the legal systems of many West African countries even after gaining independence.
Question 26 Report
The introduction of the 1946 Richards Constitution in Nigeria was significant because
Answer Details
The introduction of the 1946 Richards Constitution in Nigeria was significant because it marked the first significant step towards self-government and regional representation.
Before the Richards Constitution, Nigeria was governed centrally and did not have much involvement from Nigerians in the legislative process. This constitution was an attempt by the British colonial authorities to allow for more African participation and was a response to growing nationalist pressures. It divided Nigeria into three regions: the North, West, and East, allowing for regional governments and a Central Legislative Council. This structure laid the foundation for federalism which later shaped Nigeria's political framework.
Although it did not give equal representation for all ethnic groups or lead to complete independence (which came in 1960), the Richards Constitution was critical as it introduced the idea of regional governance, emphasized representation, and began the process of involving Nigerians in their governance.
Question 27 Report
Which Omani Sultan moved the capital from Muscat to Zanzibar in the 19th century?
Answer Details
The Omani Sultan who moved the capital from Muscat to Zanzibar in the 19th century was Sa'id bin Sultan.
Here's a simple explanation:
Sa'id bin Sultan was an influential sultan of Oman in the 19th century. During his reign, he expanded Omani influence along the East African coast, including the region of Zanzibar. Recognizing Zanzibar's strategic importance and its lucrative trade opportunities, especially in spices and slaves, he decided to shift the capital from Muscat to Zanzibar. This move allowed the Sultanate to exert greater control over trade routes and expand its influence in Eastern Africa. As a result, Zanzibar prospered under his rule, becoming a significant center of trade and culture.
Question 28 Report
The challenge of building effective political institutions in newly independent African states has been exacerbated by
Answer Details
The challenge of building effective political institutions in newly independent African states has been exacerbated by a lack of experienced administrative personnel and leadership.
When many African countries gained independence in the mid-20th century, they faced the colossal task of establishing new political structures. However, this process was hindered by a shortage of individuals who had experience in running administrative and governmental functions. During the colonial period, most of the key administrative roles were held by the colonial powers, and the native population was often excluded from high-level decision-making positions. This resulted in a significant gap in expertise and skills necessary to manage new state institutions effectively.
Furthermore, leadership was crucial to steer nations through the complexities of political transition. Many newly independent states struggled to find leaders who had both the vision and the experience needed to forge national unity while establishing stable governance systems. This lack of experienced leadership often led to political instability and weakened governance.
As a result, without the foundation of seasoned administrative and leadership skills, newly independent African states faced numerous challenges in building political institutions that were capable of fostering democracy, development, and national cohesion.
Question 29 Report
Which of the following best describes the main cause of the Mfecane?
Answer Details
The main cause of the Mfecane, a period of widespread chaos and warfare among indigenous ethnic communities in southern Africa during the early 19th century, can be best described as competition over scarce resources.
During this time, various African communities were facing significant pressures due to several factors, including population growth and environmental changes. These pressures led to increased competition for land, water, and grazing resources, essential for the subsistence and expansion of communities. As different groups sought to expand their territories and access these vital resources, conflicts arose. These conflicts often resulted in migration, warfare, and social upheaval as groups sought to secure their survival and dominance.
While the spread of Christianity, European colonization, and internal trade disputes played roles in the broader historical context of the region, they were not the primary drivers of the Mfecane. Instead, the competition over scarce resources was the fundamental factor that triggered the extensive migrations and conflicts characteristic of this period.
Question 30 Report
Khedive Ismail's ambitious modernization projects in Egypt led to
Answer Details
Khedive Ismail was the ruler of Egypt in the 19th century, and he had a grand vision to modernize the country, hoping to make it part of Europe. His ambitious projects included developing infrastructure, such as building railways and the Suez Canal, as well as modernizing the economy, military, and education system.
However, these ambitious plans required a lot of money. To finance his projects, Khedive Ismail borrowed heavily from European banks. As a result, Egypt accumulated massive debt. His efforts to transform Egypt were far more expensive than the country could afford. This financial strain eventually led to a situation where Egypt was unable to pay back its loans.
The inability to repay these loans gave European powers, particularly Britain and France, control over Egyptian finances. They began to dictate Egyptian economic policies to ensure the repayment of their loans. Eventually, this led to a significant loss of Egyptian sovereignty, and in 1879, Khedive Ismail was deposed by pressures from these European powers.
In summary, Khedive Ismail's modernization projects resulted in massive debt and eventual control by European powers, rather than making Egypt an independent economic powerhouse or leading to the full industrialization or unification of the Arab world. The consequences were long-lasting, leaving Egypt under foreign financial control and influence.
Question 31 Report
Which ancient civilization built the Great Zimbabwe?
Answer Details
The Great Zimbabwe was built by the Shona civilization. The correct option that matches this answer is "The Shona'. The Shona people constructed the Great Zimbabwe, which was a significant ancient city and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Question 32 Report
Which Islamic reform leader established the Massina Empire in present-day Mali?
Answer Details
The Islamic reform leader who established the **Massina Empire** in present-day Mali was **Ahmad Lobbo**. He was a prominent Muslim scholar and military leader in the 19th century. Ahmad Lobbo led a movement to spread and enforce Islamic practices within the region. The Massina Empire emerged as part of a series of 19th-century Islamic states in West Africa, and it was particularly known for its strict adherence to the principles of the **Maliki School** of Islamic jurisprudence. Lobbo's leadership and religious reforms had a significant impact on the socio-political landscape of the area, promoting Islamic values and governance.
Question 33 Report
Which treaty did Menelik II reject, leading to the Italian invasion and the subsequent Battle of Adwa?
Answer Details
The treaty that Menelik II rejected, which led to the Italian invasion and the subsequent Battle of Adwa, was the Treaty of Wuchale. Signed in 1889 between Italy and Ethiopia, this treaty was intended to establish a friendship and define boundaries.
However, a dispute arose over the translation of a key article in the treaty. The Italian version implied that Ethiopia agreed to become a protectorate of Italy, giving Italy significant control over Ethiopian foreign affairs. In contrast, the Ethiopian version did not reflect such a commitment. Menelik II, recognizing the loss of sovereignty that the Italian version entailed, rejected this interpretation, seeing it as a threat to Ethiopian independence.
Menelik's refusal to accept the Italian version of the treaty led to tensions that escalated into the First Italo-Ethiopian War. This culminated in the Battle of Adwa in 1896, where Ethiopian forces, under the leadership of Menelik II, decisively defeated the Italian army. The victory helped Ethiopia maintain its independence and assert its sovereignty on the world stage.
Question 34 Report
The fall of which kingdom marked a significant milestone in the British conquest of the Nigerian area?
Answer Details
The correct answer is Benin Kingdom in 1897. The fall of the Benin Kingdom marked a significant milestone in the British conquest of the Nigerian area as it led to the British annexation of Benin and the looting of valuable artifacts.
Question 35 Report
The United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution in 1973 declaring apartheid as a
Answer Details
In 1973, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution that declared apartheid as a crime against humanity. This was a significant international stance against the apartheid policies that were being practiced in South Africa at the time, which involved systemic racial segregation and discrimination primarily against non-white populations. By labeling it as a crime against humanity, the UN emphasized the severe human rights violations and the global responsibility to combat and end such practices.
The declaration was not merely directed at South Africa's domestic policy or its legal system, but rather it was a strong condemnation of the **injustice and inhumane treatment** that apartheid represented on a broader, universal level. The term crime against humanity signifies that apartheid's effects go beyond local or national boundaries, recognizing it as a moral and ethical issue that should concern everyone around the world.
Question 36 Report
The Pan-African Congress of 1945, which called for an end to colonial rule in Africa, was held in which city?
Answer Details
The Pan-African Congress of 1945, which is historically significant for calling for an end to colonial rule in Africa, was held in Manchester. This congress was a pivotal event in the movement toward independence for many African countries. It brought together African leaders and activists from around the world to discuss strategies and strengthen the push against colonialism. The congress in Manchester marked a critical moment where the collective voices of Africans were united to demand their rights and set the stage for the decolonization efforts that followed soon after.
Question 37 Report
The amalgamation of 1914 resulted in the creation of
Answer Details
The amalgamation of 1914 resulted in the creation of separate administrative structures for North and South. It led to the unification of the Northern and Southern Protectorates of Nigeria, creating distinct administrative regions.
Question 38 Report
Which Christian missionary is credited with the translation of the Bible into Yoruba?
Answer Details
The Christian missionary credited with the translation of the Bible into Yoruba is Samuel Ajayi Crowther. Ajayi Crowther was a prominent figure in the spread of Christianity in West Africa during the 19th century. Born in 1809 in what is now Nigeria, he was captured by slave traders but eventually liberated by the British. He became a dedicated Christian, went on to study theology, and became the first African Anglican Bishop.
His significant achievement was the translation of the Bible into Yoruba, which greatly facilitated the spread of Christianity among the Yoruba-speaking population. His work not only made religious texts accessible to more people but also had a lasting impact on education and literacy in Nigeria. The translation process involved a deep understanding of both the source language and the culture of the target audience, ensuring that the messages were conveyed accurately and meaningfully.
Therefore, Samuel Ajayi Crowther's contributions were crucial in the development of the Yoruba language and the propagation of Christianity in the region.
Question 39 Report
The primary destination of the Voortrekkers during the Great Trek was
Answer Details
The primary destination of the Voortrekkers during the Great Trek was the interior regions of modern-day South Africa, particularly the areas known as the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. The Voortrekkers were Boer (Afrikaner) pioneers who left the Cape Colony in search of independence and land where they could establish their own communities.
Through the Great Trek, which occurred in the 1830s and 1840s, they ventured into the hinterlands of what is now South Africa. Their movement was driven by the desire to escape British rule in the Cape Colony and to seek new areas where they could live according to their own values and systems of governance.
The Transvaal and the Orange Free State became key regions where the Voortrekkers established semi-autonomous Boer republics, forming communities that maintained their cultural and political independence for a significant period.
Question 40 Report
Benin's military campaigns often targeted which neighboring ethnic group?
Answer Details
The military campaigns of the Kingdom of Benin often targeted the **Yoruba** people. The Kingdom of Benin, which is located in what is now southern Nigeria, engaged in these campaigns during its period of expansion. The Yoruba people, living to the west of Benin, became a significant focus due to their proximity, wealth, and valuable resources. The Benin Kingdom sought to expand its influence and control over trade routes and territories, leading to these campaigns against the Yoruba.
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