JAMB UTME - Government - 2015

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Federalism was introduced in Nigeria under the Richards Constitution. Federalism is a political system in which power is divided between a central government and individual states or regions. In Nigeria, this system of government was first introduced under the Richards Constitution in 1954, which established a federal system of government in the country. This constitution created a central government responsible for certain areas of governance, such as foreign affairs and defense, while giving individual states the power to govern themselves in other areas. This division of power between the central government and individual states continues to be a defining feature of the Nigerian political system today.

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The 1979 Constitution recognized local government as a third tier of government in Nigeria. This means that in addition to the federal and state governments, local governments were also recognized as a separate level of government with the power to make laws and govern their own affairs. Prior to this, the 1960 and 1963 Constitutions recognized only two tiers of government, the federal and regional governments. The 1946 Constitution, on the other hand, was the colonial constitution that preceded Nigeria's independence and did not recognize any tiers of government. The recognition of local government as a third tier of government in the 1979 Constitution was aimed at ensuring that power was devolved to the grassroots level and that local communities were able to govern themselves effectively. This recognition has since been continued in subsequent constitutions, including the current 1999 Constitution.

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A typical form of delegated legislation is a bye-law. A bye-law is a rule or regulation that is made by a local authority, such as a town council or housing association, to govern its own activities and the activities of its citizens. Bye-laws are made under the authority given to the local authority by an act of parliament, and they serve as a way for the local authority to provide more specific regulations that are tailored to the needs of its particular area. Bye-laws can cover a wide range of topics, such as parking, littering, and noise control. Bye-laws are an example of delegated legislation because they are created by a body that has been delegated the authority to make rules and regulations by a higher authority, in this case, parliament.

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A referendum is a device to ensure that decisions are made with the consent of citizens. In a referendum, all eligible citizens are given the opportunity to vote on a specific issue or proposal, such as a new law or a constitutional amendment. The outcome of the referendum is determined by the majority of votes cast, and the decision is binding. By using a referendum, the government can ensure that decisions are not made solely by elected officials or representatives, but are instead subject to the will of the people. This helps to promote democracy, transparency, and accountability in the decision-making process.

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A major function of Warrant Chiefs was to take charge of local administration. Warrant Chiefs were appointed by the colonial government in Nigeria in the early 20th century to serve as intermediaries between the British authorities and the local communities. Their role was to maintain law and order, collect taxes, and ensure that colonial policies were enforced at the local level. They were responsible for the day-to-day administration of their communities, including settling disputes, maintaining peace, and providing basic services such as health care and education. While some Warrant Chiefs did try to prevent ritual killings, tribal wars, and supervise native courts and markets, their primary role was to serve as administrators and representatives of the colonial government.

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A constitution that requires a plebiscite or a referendum to be amended is called a "rigid" constitution. This means that the process of amending the constitution is deliberately made difficult and requires broad public support before changes can be made. A referendum or plebiscite is a way to involve the public in the decision-making process, ensuring that changes to the constitution have widespread support before they are enacted. The opposite of a rigid constitution is a "flexible" constitution, which can be amended through ordinary legislative processes without requiring a public vote.

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Nigeria took this step to show it’s grievance against British support for apartheid in Southern Africa.

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The first Governor-General of Nigeria was Lord Frederick Lugard. He was a British colonial administrator who served as the Governor-General of Nigeria from 1914 to 1919. During this time, Nigeria was a British protectorate, and Lord Lugard was responsible for overseeing the administration of the country and ensuring that British interests were protected. His role was similar to that of a governor in a British colony, and he had a great deal of power and authority over the people of Nigeria.

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The dominant idea behind the establishment of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) was that Africa must unite. The OAU was formed in 1963 by African nations to promote solidarity, cooperation, and unity among African countries, and to work towards the political and economic development of Africa. The founders of the OAU believed that African nations needed to come together to address common challenges such as colonialism, apartheid, poverty, and underdevelopment, and to strengthen their position in the international community. The OAU served as a platform for African countries to work together and support each other's struggles for independence, sovereignty, and human rights. In 2002, the OAU was replaced by the African Union (AU), which continues to promote the same objectives of unity, solidarity, and development in Africa.

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In February 1897, the British colonial forces invaded and conquered Benin City. Oba Ovoranmwen was dethroned, and deported to calabar where he lived and died in the month of January 1914, after sixteen years of British captivity. He was later buried at old Calabar by official of colonial authority in the absence of his Benin royal family.

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The principal objective of the OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) is to harmonize the oil policies of its member countries. This means that OPEC aims to coordinate and align the production and export of oil among its member countries to ensure stability and sustainability in the global oil market. OPEC seeks to achieve this goal by conducting regular meetings, negotiations, and agreements among its member countries. While OPEC may impact oil prices in the international market, its primary objective is to ensure stability and sustainability in the oil market by harmonizing the policies of its member countries.

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One major disadvantage of a one-party system is that it negates the freedom of association. This means that citizens are not allowed to freely associate with different political parties or groups that have differing views and opinions. This can stifle democracy by limiting the diversity of ideas and perspectives that can be considered in decision-making processes. Additionally, without the presence of alternative parties, there may be little competition or incentive for the ruling party to improve or be held accountable for their actions, leading to issues with accountability and delayed decision-making.

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1914 was the year that the British officially established their rule over Nigeria. This was done by Frederick Lugard, a British colonial administrator, who merged the northern and southern regions of Nigeria into one country, which became known as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. This event is referred to as the "amalgamation of Nigeria".

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In a Federal System such as Nigeria, the Local Governments are directly responsible to the State Government. This means that the State Government has the power to oversee the Local Governments and can make decisions that affect them. While the Federal Government has some authority over the Local Governments, it is limited and indirect, and it is mainly responsible for providing financial allocations and regulations to ensure uniformity in administration across the country. Therefore, in practice, the Local Governments in Nigeria are accountable to the State Governments, and they operate within the framework of laws and regulations set by the state authorities.

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The veto of a bill by the executive underscores the principle of "checks and balances". Checks and balances means that the power is divided among different branches of government, so that no one branch becomes too powerful. In this case, the legislative branch has passed a bill, but the executive branch has the power to veto it, which acts as a check on the legislative branch's power. This system of checks and balances helps to ensure that government power is not concentrated in any one branch, and helps to maintain a balance of power between the branches.

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Ironsi promulgated Decree Number 34 of 1966, which abrogated the federal system of government and substituted a unitary system; he argued that the military could only govern in this way.

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The formation of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) was spearheaded by Nigeria during the regime of General Yakubu Gowon. ECOWAS was formed on May 28, 1975, with the aim of promoting economic cooperation and integration among West African countries. Nigeria played a major role in the formation of the organization by providing leadership, resources, and diplomatic efforts to bring together the 15 founding member states. During General Yakubu Gowon's regime, Nigeria's foreign policy was characterized by a commitment to African unity and cooperation. Nigeria was a major player in regional and continental affairs, and its leadership was crucial to the formation of ECOWAS. Under Gowon's leadership, Nigeria also played a key role in resolving conflicts in neighboring countries, such as the civil war in Liberia and the separatist movement in Guinea-Bissau. Nigeria's commitment to regional integration and stability continues to this day, and it remains an important member and leader within ECOWAS.

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The two leaders that played the most prominent roles in the formation of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) were Gowon and Eyadema. ECOWAS was founded in 1975 as a regional organization aimed at promoting economic integration and cooperation among West African countries. General Yakubu Gowon was the Head of State of Nigeria at the time and played a key role in the formation of the organization. He was instrumental in initiating the talks that led to the creation of ECOWAS and also provided financial and logistical support for the organization's early activities. General Gnassingbé Eyadéma was the Head of State of Togo and also played a crucial role in the formation of ECOWAS. He provided diplomatic support for the organization and was one of the key negotiators during the talks that led to its creation. Eyadéma was also one of the founding fathers of the organization and served as its first Chairman. Together, Gowon and Eyadema worked to establish ECOWAS as a regional force for economic development and cooperation in West Africa. Their efforts were instrumental in laying the foundation for the organization's success in promoting regional integration and stability in the region.

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A state that is ruled by an elected citizen is called a republic. In a republic, the people choose their leaders through a democratic process, such as voting in elections. The elected leader, who is usually called a president, is responsible for making decisions and governing the country on behalf of the citizens. Unlike a monarchy or an empire, where power is inherited or held by a single ruler or family, a republic is based on the principle of popular sovereignty, which means that the people have the ultimate authority to govern themselves through their elected representatives.

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The political head of the Old Oyo Empire was the Alaafin. The Alaafin was the king or emperor of the Oyo Empire and held the highest political authority in the empire. The Alaafin was responsible for making important decisions and leading the empire, and was often seen as a symbol of unity for the people of Oyo.

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This is so because, even though the constitution has given you the right for all and sundry. It can also withdraw same right if found guilty of crime.

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The first African Secretary-General of the United Nations was Boutrous Boutrous-Ghali. He served as the Secretary-General from 1992 to 1996. Boutrous-Ghali was an Egyptian politician and diplomat who held various positions in the Egyptian government before being elected as the Secretary-General of the United Nations. During his tenure, he worked on issues such as peacekeeping, human rights, and economic development. He also faced criticism for his handling of conflicts in Bosnia and Somalia.

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An electoral process in which candidates are selected for elective offices by party members is called a "primary election". In a primary election, members of a political party choose the candidate they want to represent their party in the upcoming general election. During a primary election, registered members of the party get to vote for their preferred candidate from a list of candidates who are seeking the party's nomination for a particular office. The winner of the primary election then becomes the official nominee of that party for the general election. Primary elections are an important step in the electoral process because they allow voters to have a say in who represents their party in the general election. They also provide an opportunity for candidates to gauge their level of support among party members and to refine their campaign strategies based on the feedback they receive during the primary campaign.

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The act of removing an elected official by the electorate is referred to as a "recall". A recall is a process through which citizens can petition to remove an elected official from office before their term is up. This typically involves collecting a certain number of signatures on a petition, which then triggers a special election in which voters can decide whether to remove the official from office or not. Recalls are relatively rare and are usually initiated in cases of serious misconduct or when an official is deemed to be no longer effective or trustworthy.

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The Mid-Western Region in Nigeria was created in 1963. This region was formed by the then federal government of Nigeria, as a way to divide the country into smaller administrative units for easier governance and development. The Mid-Western Region consisted of the present-day Edo and Delta States. In 1976, the Mid-Western Region was dissolved and split into two states: Bendel State and Rivers State. Today, Edo and Delta are separate states in Nigeria.

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Before Nigeria became a republic, the highest body charged with the administration of justice was the Privy Council, which was based in Britain. Nigeria was a British colony, and as such, its legal system was heavily influenced by British law. The Privy Council was the highest court in the British legal system, and it had final jurisdiction over all legal matters in the colonies. Nigeria had a hierarchical legal system that was organized in tiers, with the Privy Council at the top. Below the Privy Council was the Supreme Court, which was the highest court in Nigeria. The Supreme Court was established in 1960, shortly before Nigeria gained independence from Britain, and it was modeled after the British legal system. The Court of Appeal and the High Court were also part of the Nigerian legal system, and they heard cases that were referred to them by lower courts. However, after Nigeria became a republic in 1963, it adopted a new constitution that removed the Privy Council as the final court of appeal. The Supreme Court became the highest court in the land, and it has remained so to this day. The Nigerian legal system has undergone many changes since then, but the Supreme Court remains the final authority on all legal matters in the country.

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In a confederal system, the power of the component units (usually states or provinces) is more than that of the central government. In a confederal system, the component units retain a significant amount of power and authority, while the central government has limited power and is only responsible for a few specific areas, such as defense or foreign affairs. The component units have the power to make their own laws, regulations, and policies, and the central government only has the power to coordinate and oversee the activities of the component units. This is different from other systems, such as a unitary system, where the central government has the most power and authority, or a federal system, where power is shared between the central government and the component units. In a monarchy, the power is concentrated in the hands of a single individual, the monarch. Confederal systems are relatively rare in modern times, as most countries have moved towards more centralized or federal systems of government. Examples of confederations include the European Union and the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War.

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The form of oligarchy where talented or gifted people lead and make decisions is called aristocracy. In an aristocracy, the ruling class is typically made up of individuals who have inherited wealth, education, and other advantages from their families. These individuals are believed to have superior abilities and knowledge, and therefore, are deemed most capable of leading society. In some cases, an aristocracy may be based on merit rather than inheritance, where individuals are chosen based on their talent or expertise in a particular field. Overall, an aristocracy is a system of government where the ruling class is composed of the most skilled and knowledgeable members of society, regardless of whether they inherited their position or earned it through their abilities.

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The term "rule of law" means that nobody is above the law and everybody is equal before the law. It means that the law is supreme and applies to everyone, regardless of their status or position in society. The rule of law ensures that there is a fair and just legal system in place, where everyone is held accountable for their actions and there are consequences for breaking the law. It also means that the law is transparent and predictable, so people can understand and anticipate the legal consequences of their actions. The rule of law is important because it promotes stability, order, and justice in society. It helps to prevent abuse of power, corruption, and arbitrary decision-making by those in positions of authority. It also protects the rights and freedoms of individuals, as the law provides a framework for resolving disputes and upholding individual rights.

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U.S.S.R came to Nigeria’s aid during the civil war to build her bilateral relationship with Nigeria.

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During the Babangida regime in Nigeria (1985-1993), the highest organ of the state was the Armed Forces Ruling Council (AFRC). The AFRC was a military government that was established after a successful coup d'état in 1985, and it was composed of the most senior military officers in the country. As the highest organ of the state, the AFRC had the power to make laws, govern the country, and make decisions on all matters relating to the Nigerian state. This included matters such as the economy, security, foreign policy, and social welfare. The AFRC was headed by General Ibrahim Babangida, who served as the military president during the regime. The council was responsible for making decisions on behalf of the government and the people of Nigeria, and its members held executive and legislative powers. Overall, the AFRC was the highest decision-making body during the Babangida regime, and its decisions had a significant impact on the lives of Nigerians during that time.

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Nigeria’s size and population is a credit which makes other African countries take refuge in it. Beside, Nigeria’s role in handling other African issues (i.e ) internal crises, attention to natural disaster e t c is second to none .

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The Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) has the power to prepare and maintain the register of voters. This means that INEC is responsible for creating and keeping an up-to-date list of all eligible individuals who are registered to vote in elections. This list includes important information about each voter, such as their name, address, and other relevant details. By maintaining the voter register, INEC is able to ensure that elections are conducted fairly and transparently, with all eligible voters having an opportunity to cast their ballots and have their voices heard.

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The option that is not the supreme organ of the OAU (Organization of African Unity) is "Appointment of staff." The supreme organ of the OAU is the Assembly of Heads of States and Government, which is made up of the heads of state or government of all member states and is responsible for making decisions on behalf of the organization. The Council of Ministers, which is made up of government ministers, also plays an important role in the OAU. The Administrative Secretary General is responsible for carrying out the day-to-day administrative work of the organization. "Appointment of staff" is not considered a supreme organ as it only refers to the process of hiring staff members, and is not responsible for making decisions on behalf of the organization.

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In a federal system of government, the primary responsibility for currency, armed forces, and national defense lies with the national or federal government, rather than with the individual state or local governments. This is typically included in what is known as the "exclusive list" or the list of powers that are reserved for the federal government, as opposed to the powers that are shared between the federal and state governments, or that are reserved for the state governments. The idea behind this division of powers is to ensure that there is a balance of power between the different levels of government, and to prevent any one level from having too much control or influence over the others.

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In the Presidential System of Government, the president is elected to office by the people through direct elections. This means that eligible citizens in the country have the opportunity to cast their votes and choose the candidate they want to become the next president. The candidate who receives the most votes in the election becomes the president and assumes the responsibilities and duties of the office. Unlike some other forms of government where leaders are appointed by a select group or chosen through other means, the presidential system gives the power to the people to select their own leader through a democratic process.

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The Igbo political system was based on a combination of Age Grades, Umunna, and Family Ties. Age Grades were groups of men of the same age who worked together and had common responsibilities. They were an important part of the political and social structure in Igboland. Umunna referred to the extended family or lineage, and was a key aspect of the political system. The head of the Umunna was responsible for making decisions and settling disputes within the group. Family ties also played a significant role in the political system, as families had their own leaders who made decisions on behalf of the family. These leaders had the responsibility of protecting their family's interests and maintaining the family's status within the community. In summary, the Igbo political system was based on a combination of Age Grades, Umunna, and Family Ties, with each component having its own unique role and responsibilities.

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Under a presidential system of government, the legislature and the executive are elected separately to a fixed term. This means that the people vote for their representatives in the legislative branch (such as the Congress or Parliament) and the head of the executive branch (the president) in separate elections, and these elected officials serve for a predetermined period of time, usually several years. The separation of powers in a presidential system is intended to ensure that no one branch of government becomes too powerful, and that each branch acts as a check on the others. The legislative branch is responsible for making laws, while the executive branch is responsible for enforcing them. This division of labor is meant to promote accountability, transparency, and the protection of individual rights. While there may be some overlap and cooperation between the branches of government, the president and the legislators are not appointed by each other, and they are not appointed for an indefinite period of time. Instead, they are elected by the people, and their terms in office are limited by law. This means that there are regular opportunities for citizens to hold their elected officials accountable and to make changes in government through the democratic process.

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In the Oyo traditional political system, the Alafin of Oyo was chosen by a group known as the Oyo Mesi. The Oyo Mesi were a council of chiefs and elders who were responsible for selecting and advising the Alafin, who was the king or ruler of the Oyo Empire. The Oyo Mesi played an important role in the political and social structure of the Oyo Empire, as they were responsible for maintaining the customs, traditions, and laws of the empire. The Alafin of Oyo was chosen based on his wisdom, leadership qualities, and ability to unite and govern the people of the empire.

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The United Kingdom is a good example of a country with a largely unwritten constitution. Unlike some other countries, such as the United States, the UK does not have a single written document that outlines the fundamental principles of its government and legal system. Instead, the UK's constitution is made up of a collection of laws, court decisions, parliamentary conventions, and other unwritten rules that have developed over time. The UK's unwritten constitution is based on the concept of parliamentary sovereignty, which means that the ultimate authority in the country rests with Parliament. Parliament can pass any law it chooses, and no other institution or branch of government can overrule its decisions. This gives Parliament a great deal of power and flexibility in shaping the country's legal and political landscape. One of the key advantages of an unwritten constitution is that it can adapt more easily to changing circumstances than a rigid, written document. The UK's constitution has evolved over centuries to meet the needs of a rapidly changing society, and has proven to be remarkably flexible and resilient in the face of political and social upheaval. However, critics argue that an unwritten constitution can also be more opaque and difficult to understand than a written one, and that it can leave important rights and principles vulnerable to erosion or abuse.

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It deliberately adopted thus just to counter indirect rule system embarked on by the British on Nigeria.

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The main attributes of a state are its population, territory, government, and sovereignty. Population refers to the people who live within the borders of the state. Territory refers to the land and natural resources that make up the physical boundaries of the state. Government refers to the system of laws and institutions that provide order and public services to the population. Sovereignty refers to the state's ability to exercise power and authority over its own territory without interference from other states. While the other options you mentioned are important components of a state, they are not its defining attributes. For example, the police and armed forces are part of the government, while federal and local governments are structures within the government. The press, legislature, executive, and judiciary are institutions within the government that help to maintain order and provide public services, but they are not defining attributes of a state.

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The system of indirect rule in the former Eastern Nigeria failed primarily because the colonial officers imposed warrant chiefs on the people, who were not accepted by the local communities. This led to a lack of cooperation between the colonial officers and the local chiefs, as well as a fragmented political structure. Additionally, the high incidence of taxation imposed by the colonial officers caused resentment among the local population. All of these factors contributed to the failure of the system of indirect rule in the former Eastern Nigeria.

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The main role of pressure groups is to influence the government and other decision-making bodies on behalf of a particular interest or cause. This influence may come in the form of lobbying, campaigning, protests, and other forms of activism. The ultimate goal of pressure groups is to bring about changes in laws, policies, or practices that they believe will benefit their members or advance their cause. However, it's important to note that while some pressure groups may resort to unethical or illegal means to achieve their objectives, the majority rely on legitimate and peaceful methods to advance their goals.

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A pressure group is not an international organization. In simple terms, a pressure group is a collection of individuals or organizations that come together to influence public policy or government decisions. They do this by advocating for specific causes and using tactics such as lobbying, public demonstrations, and media campaigns to get their message across. The other organizations listed are all international organizations, which are groups of countries that come together for a common purpose, such as promoting peace, cooperation, and development. The Organization of African Unity (OAU) was a regional organization focused on African nations, while the United Nations Organization (UNO) is a global organization with a broad mandate to promote peace, security, and human rights around the world. The Commonwealth of Nations is a political association of 54 countries, mostly former territories of the British Empire, that work together on issues of common interest such as trade, cultural exchange, and democracy.

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The council constituted by Lord Lugard in 1914 had 36 members on seat. This council, officially called the Nigerian Council, was established by Lord Lugard, the first Governor-General of Nigeria, as an advisory body to assist him in the administration of the newly amalgamated country. The council consisted of 36 members, 23 of whom were British officials and 13 were Nigerian representatives. The Nigerian members were selected from the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria at the time - the Hausa, Yoruba, and Igbo. The council met regularly to discuss and make recommendations on various issues related to the governance of Nigeria, although the ultimate decision-making power remained with the Governor-General.

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In 1967, Nigeria created twelve (12) states. Prior to this time, Nigeria had only four regions (Northern, Eastern, Western, and Midwestern) but due to the need for administrative convenience and to address some political issues, the country was divided into twelve states. These states were made up of different regions and ethnic groups with each state having its own capital and governance structure. This move was aimed at decentralizing power and bringing the government closer to the people. The twelve states created in 1967 were later increased to nineteen in 1976 and then to twenty-one in 1987.

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Citizenship refers to the legal status of an individual as a member of a state. It grants certain rights, privileges, and responsibilities to the person, such as the right to vote, the right to work and live in the country, and the obligation to pay taxes and abide by the laws of the state. Citizenship can be acquired through birth, descent, marriage, or naturalization, depending on the laws of the country. It is an important concept that plays a significant role in determining an individual's rights and responsibilities within a state.