JAMB UTME - Geography - 2021

Akọwa Nkọwa

Akọwa Nkọwa

Akọwa Nkọwa

When the salinity of an ocean is high, the ocean water becomes more dense. This dense water tends to sink towards the bottom of the ocean and flow along the ocean floor towards areas where the salinity is lower. So, the correct answer is: the ocean water is dense and creeps at the bottom of the ocean towards low salinity areas.

Akọwa Nkọwa

The type of water left in the soil after excess water has been drained off following heavy rainfall is known as field capacity. Field capacity refers to the amount of water that the soil can hold after excess water has drained away and the soil particles have become saturated. This water is held in the soil by a combination of gravity and the attraction between water molecules and soil particles. In other words, field capacity is the point at which the soil is neither too wet nor too dry, and it is the maximum amount of water that can be stored in the soil and still be available for plants to use.

Akọwa Nkọwa

If the scale of a map is 2cm to 1km, it means that for every 2 centimeters on the map, there is a real-world distance of 1 kilometer. To find the ground distance between two towns on the map, we need to convert the distance on the map into a real-world distance. If the distance between the two towns on the map is 20cm, we can start by calculating how many kilometers it represents in the real world. Since the scale is 2cm to 1km, we can divide the distance on the map by 2 to get the real-world distance: 20 cm / 2 = 10 km Therefore, the ground distance between the two towns is 10 kilometers. So the answer is: 10km.

Akọwa Nkọwa

The importance of highlands in Nigeria does not include being a source of minerals. Highlands are elevated areas of land that are generally located at higher altitudes than the surrounding areas. In Nigeria, there are several highland areas, including the Jos Plateau and the Mambilla Plateau. These highlands have several important features and benefits. One of the key benefits of highlands is that they occupy good land that is suitable for agriculture. The higher altitudes often mean cooler temperatures, which can be beneficial for certain crops. Additionally, the soil in highland areas may be richer and more fertile, which can result in higher crop yields. Highlands can also serve as settlement sites, as they are often more defensible than lowland areas. Historically, many highland areas in Nigeria have been used as sites for forts and other defensive structures. Another important feature of highlands is that they are often the source of rivers. The high elevations allow for the accumulation of water, which can then flow downhill and form rivers and other bodies of water. These rivers can be important sources of water for irrigation, as well as for domestic and industrial use. While highlands may contain minerals, they are not typically a major source of mineral resources in Nigeria. Mineral resources in Nigeria are more commonly found in other areas, such as the Niger Delta and the Jos Plateau. In summary, highlands in Nigeria are important for their suitability for agriculture, their historical use as settlement sites, and their role as sources of rivers. While they may contain minerals, this is not typically their primary importance.

Akọwa Nkọwa

Akọwa Nkọwa

Akọwa Nkọwa

Geo-referencing in GIS is the process of assigning spatial locations (coordinates) to a dataset, such as an image, map, or survey data, so that it can be viewed, analyzed, and compared with other spatial datasets. The main objective of geo-referencing is to integrate datasets from different sources that have different coordinate systems, projections, and scales into a common reference framework. This enables users to overlay, compare, and analyze different spatial datasets accurately and effectively. Geo-referencing involves aligning the data to a known reference system, such as a map or satellite imagery, and assigning a spatial location to each data point. This process involves identifying control points, which are specific locations that appear in both the data and the reference system, and using them to determine the transformation that is needed to align the data with the reference system. Once the data has been geo-referenced, it can be used for data acquisition, data management, manipulation, and analysis in GIS. Geo-referenced datasets can be used for a wide range of applications, including natural resource management, urban planning, environmental monitoring, and disaster management.

Akọwa Nkọwa

Akọwa Nkọwa

Out of the given options, storms are not a landform producing agent. Landforms are natural features on the Earth's surface, such as mountains, valleys, and plains, that are created over long periods of time through the actions of various agents. These agents include natural forces such as water, wind, ice, and gravity. Waves, rivers, and glaciers are all agents that can shape the Earth's surface over time. Waves can erode coastlines and create features like sea cliffs and sea caves. Rivers can carve out valleys and canyons through erosion and transport sediment downstream. Glaciers can also erode and transport sediment, as well as create features such as moraines and U-shaped valleys. On the other hand, storms are not an agent that shapes the Earth's surface in a significant way. Storms are short-lived weather events that can cause erosion and deposition in some areas, but they are not powerful enough to create significant landforms on their own. However, storms can interact with other landforming agents like rivers and waves, exacerbating their effects and creating more dramatic changes to the landscape.

Akọwa Nkọwa

Enugu is not a precolonial town. Precolonial refers to the time period before the colonization of a particular area or region by European powers. In Nigeria, many towns and cities existed before the arrival of the Europeans, and these are referred to as precolonial towns. Ilorin, Bida, and Ibadan are all precolonial towns in Nigeria. They existed as independent kingdoms and city-states with their own unique cultures, traditions, and forms of governance long before the arrival of the Europeans. Enugu, on the other hand, was not a precolonial town. The town was founded in the early 20th century by the British colonial authorities as a coal mining settlement. While there were some settlements and villages in the area before the arrival of the British, Enugu did not exist as a town or city with a defined political and social structure until it was established by the colonial authorities.

Akọwa Nkọwa

Akọwa Nkọwa

To determine the ground distance between the two towns on the map, we need to use the scale of the map. The scale tells us how many units of distance on the map (in this case, centimeters) correspond to one unit of ground distance (in this case, kilometers). For map a with a scale of 1:100,000, 1 centimeter on the map represents 100,000 centimeters or 1 kilometer on the ground. Therefore, 10 centimeters on the map represents 10 x 1 kilometer = 10 kilometers on the ground. For map b with a scale of 1:400,000, 1 centimeter on the map represents 400,000 centimeters or 4 kilometers on the ground. Therefore, 10 centimeters on the map represents 10 x 4 kilometers = 40 kilometers on the ground. So the correct answer is 10km, 40km.

Akọwa Nkọwa

Akọwa Nkọwa

Algeria is located in North Africa. North Africa is a region of the African continent that includes several countries such as Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, and Western Sahara. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Sahara Desert to the south. Zaire, also known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is located in Central Africa. Rwanda is located in East Africa. Namibia is located in Southern Africa. Therefore, the correct answer is Algeria.

Akọwa Nkọwa

The option "London - Moscow - Baghdad" is not a sea route. This is a land route as it does not involve any sea transportation. The other three options are sea routes as they involve transportation by sea between the cities mentioned.

Akọwa Nkọwa

The coastal regions of Sierra Leone record an annual rainfall of over 4,000 mm. Sierra Leone is a country located in West Africa, and its climate is generally tropical, with high temperatures and high humidity. The amount of rainfall that a place receives is determined by a number of factors, including its location and topography. The coastal regions of Sierra Leone are characterized by a dense forest and a humid climate, which is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean. The prevailing winds from the ocean bring moisture and result in high levels of rainfall. This region receives an annual rainfall of over 4,000 mm, which is one of the highest levels of rainfall in the world. The high rainfall is beneficial for agriculture, as it provides the necessary moisture for crops to grow. However, it can also result in flooding and landslides, which can be hazardous for the people living in the region. In summary, the coastal regions of Sierra Leone receive an annual rainfall of over 4,000 mm, which is a result of the region's location and its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean.

Akọwa Nkọwa

Kossou Dam is located on the Bandama River. The Bandama River is a major river in Ivory Coast, located in West Africa. The Kossou Dam is one of the largest dams on this river, and it is an important source of hydroelectric power for the country. The dam was built in the 1960s and is located about 60 kilometers north of the city of Yamoussoukro. The Bandama River is approximately 800 kilometers long and is the longest river entirely within Ivory Coast. It is an important source of water for irrigation and other agricultural activities, and it is also an important transportation route for goods and people. The Kossou Dam was built to harness the power of the Bandama River and generate electricity for the country. The dam has a capacity of 174 megawatts and is able to supply power to much of the country. In addition to generating electricity, the dam also helps to control flooding in the area and provides water for irrigation and other purposes. In summary, the Kossou Dam is located on the Bandama River in Ivory Coast. The Bandama River is an important source of water for irrigation and transportation, and the dam is an important source of hydroelectric power for the country.

Akọwa Nkọwa

One effect of the earth's revolution is that it determines a year. The earth takes approximately 365.24 days to complete one orbit around the sun, which is known as a year. As the earth moves around the sun, it also causes changes in the amount of sunlight that different parts of the planet receive, which in turn affects the seasons. The tilt of the earth's axis also plays a role in determining the seasons. As the earth moves in its orbit, different parts of the planet are tilted towards or away from the sun, which causes the variations in the amount of daylight and darkness we experience throughout the year. Therefore, while day and night, dawn and twilight, and apparent sunrise and sunset are also effects of the earth's rotation, the revolution primarily determines a year.

Akọwa Nkọwa

Attitude is not an element of climate. Climate refers to the long-term patterns of temperature, precipitation, wind, and air pressure in a particular area. Attitude refers to a person's feelings or opinions about something, and does not relate to the physical characteristics of the climate.

Akọwa Nkọwa

Akọwa Nkọwa

Akọwa Nkọwa

Shale is a sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rocks are formed from layers of sediment, such as dead plants and animals, sand, or mud, that have been compacted and cemented together over time. Shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock that forms from the compression of clay and silt. It is usually dark in color and can be easily split into thin layers. Marble, on the other hand, is a metamorphic rock, which means it was formed from the alteration of an existing rock, often through heat, pressure, and chemical processes. It is a dense, crystalline rock that is prized for its beauty and used in construction and sculpture. Graphite is a naturally occurring form of carbon and is not a rock. Schist is a metamorphic rock that forms from the alteration of existing rocks, often through heat, pressure, and chemical processes. It is characterized by its foliated texture, with flat, sheet-like minerals that are aligned in a particular direction.

Akọwa Nkọwa

Akọwa Nkọwa

Akọwa Nkọwa

Coal is the rock that is organically formed. Coal is formed from the remains of ancient plants and trees that died millions of years ago. Over time, these organic materials were buried under layers of sediment and rock, which subjected them to intense pressure and high temperatures. This process caused the organic matter to transform into coal, a black or brown rock that is primarily composed of carbon. In contrast, Gypsum, Grit, and Shale are all rocks that are formed through inorganic processes. Gypsum is formed from the evaporation of saline water, grit is a sandstone that is formed from the accumulation of sand particles, and shale is formed from the accumulation of mud and silt. In summary, coal is the only rock that is formed through organic processes, while gypsum, grit, and shale are formed through inorganic processes.

Akọwa Nkọwa

The term that is defined as the total surrounding or medium of any organism in a given area is "environment". Environment refers to the sum total of all biotic and abiotic factors that affect an organism in a given area. Biotic components refer to all living organisms in an ecosystem, including plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria. Abiotic components, on the other hand, refer to all non-living factors, such as water, air, sunlight, temperature, soil, and minerals, that affect living organisms. An ecosystem is a community of living organisms, along with their non-living environment, that interact with each other. Therefore, an ecosystem is made up of both biotic and abiotic components, and it is a specific unit of the environment that can be studied as a distinct entity.

Akọwa Nkọwa

Akọwa Nkọwa

Monadnock of the USA is not a volcanic mountain. Volcanic mountains are formed when molten rock (magma) rises to the surface and erupts, building up layer upon layer of solidified rock and ash. Some examples of well-known volcanic mountains include Cotopaxi in Ecuador, Mount Fuji in Japan, and Mount Merapi in Sumatra. Monadnock, on the other hand, is a type of mountain called a monadnock or inselberg, which means "island mountain." These are isolated hills or mountains that rise abruptly from surrounding flat or gently sloping terrain and are often made of hard, resistant rock that has not been worn away by erosion. Monadnock is a monadnock and was formed through the uplift of a large mass of rock and the subsequent erosion of the surrounding land.

Akọwa Nkọwa

The vegetation zone in Nigeria that is best known for timber exploitation is the rain forest. The rain forest is a vegetation zone characterized by a dense growth of tall trees and high rainfall, which is conducive to the growth of large trees suitable for timber production. This type of vegetation is found in the southern part of Nigeria, particularly in states such as Cross River, Akwa Ibom, Rivers, and Delta. In these areas, there are many timber companies that engage in the logging and processing of timber from the rain forest. The timber industry is an important sector of the Nigerian economy, as timber is used for a variety of purposes such as construction, furniture making, and paper production. However, it is important to note that unsustainable logging practices can lead to deforestation and habitat loss, which can have negative impacts on biodiversity and the ecosystem. Therefore, it is important to ensure that logging activities are carried out in a sustainable manner, with measures taken to preserve the forest and its biodiversity for future generations.

Akọwa Nkọwa

Seasonal changes are not caused by the earth's rotation. The earth's rotation is responsible for causing day and night, as the rotation of the earth on its axis causes the sun to appear to rise and set each day. It is also responsible for the deflection of winds and ocean currents. Seasonal changes, on the other hand, are caused by the tilt of the earth's axis as it revolves around the sun. The earth's axis is tilted at an angle of approximately 23.5 degrees, which causes different parts of the earth to receive different amounts of solar radiation as the earth orbits the sun. This results in the changes in temperature and weather patterns that we experience as the seasons. In summary, seasonal changes are not caused by the earth's rotation, but rather by the earth's tilt as it orbits the sun. The earth's rotation, however, does cause day and night and the deflection of winds and ocean currents.

Akọwa Nkọwa

A major percentage of the world's exports of citrus fruits comes from the Mediterranean region. The Mediterranean region, which includes countries such as Spain, Italy, Greece, and Turkey, has a warm and sunny climate that is ideal for growing citrus fruits such as oranges, lemons, and grapefruits. These fruits are widely cultivated in the region, and a large portion of the production is exported to other countries. This region has long been known for its fertile soils and favorable growing conditions, making it one of the major citrus-producing areas in the world. In addition, the Mediterranean region has a long history of citrus cultivation and a strong tradition of producing high-quality fruit. So, while citrus fruits can be grown in other regions such as the tropical and cool temperate regions, the Mediterranean region remains the largest exporter of these fruits.

Akọwa Nkọwa

The correct arrangement of the layers of the earth's crust from the surface to the interior is "sial, sima, mantle, and core." The outermost layer of the earth is called the crust, which is divided into two types: the continental crust and the oceanic crust. The continental crust is made up of a type of rock called "sial," which stands for "silicon" and "aluminum." This layer is relatively thicker and less dense than the oceanic crust. The oceanic crust, on the other hand, is made up of a type of rock called "sima," which stands for "silicon" and "magnesium." This layer is relatively thinner and denser than the continental crust. Beneath the crust is the mantle, which is made up of solid, dense rock. The mantle is the thickest layer of the earth and is responsible for convection currents that drive plate tectonics. The temperature and pressure in the mantle increase with depth. Finally, the core of the earth is located at the center of the planet and is made up of two parts: the outer core and the inner core. The outer core is made up of liquid iron and nickel, while the inner core is made up of solid iron and nickel. The core is the hottest and densest part of the planet, and it is responsible for generating the earth's magnetic field. In summary, the correct arrangement of the layers of the earth's crust from the surface to the interior is sial, sima, mantle, and core.

Akọwa Nkọwa

Creativity of people in the area is not a factor that favours industrial concentration in Western Nigeria. Industrial concentration refers to the clustering of industries in a particular geographic location. There are several factors that can influence the concentration of industries in an area. In the case of Western Nigeria, three key factors that favour industrial concentration are the availability of raw materials, closeness to major importing and exporting ports, and a good road network. The availability of raw materials is a major factor that influences the location of industries. Industries require access to raw materials to produce goods and services, and if these raw materials are readily available in a particular area, it makes sense for industries to cluster there. Closeness to major importing and exporting ports is also an important factor that can influence industrial concentration. If industries are located close to major ports, they have easier access to the global market and can more easily import raw materials and export finished products. A good road network is also important for industrial concentration. If an area has good roads, it is easier for goods and services to be transported in and out of the area. This can help to reduce transportation costs and increase efficiency, which can be especially important for industries that rely on just-in-time manufacturing and delivery. Creativity of people in the area, while important in terms of innovation and entrepreneurship, is not a direct factor that influences industrial concentration. Other factors such as access to capital, labour force availability, and government policies may play a more important role in promoting industrial concentration. In summary, the availability of raw materials, closeness to major ports, and a good road network are important factors that favour industrial concentration in Western Nigeria. Creativity of people in the area, while important for innovation and entrepreneurship, is not a direct factor that influences industrial concentration.

Akọwa Nkọwa

The correct answer is "Colonial ties." One of the primary reasons for the high volume of trade between Nigeria and developed countries is the historical and economic ties that Nigeria shares with many of these nations. Nigeria was a British colony until it gained independence in 1960, and as a result, it has maintained strong trade relationships with the UK and other former British colonies. These relationships have been fostered over many years through cultural, social, and economic ties. In addition, many developed countries have invested heavily in Nigeria's natural resources, such as oil, which has further strengthened the trade relationships between Nigeria and these countries. This has led to the development of a large export market for Nigerian products, such as crude oil and natural gas. Therefore, the correct answer is "Colonial ties," as it has been a significant reason for the high volume of trade between Nigeria and developed countries.

Akọwa Nkọwa

Akọwa Nkọwa

An example of a coastline of emergence is a raised beach. A coastline of emergence refers to a type of coastline that is formed when the land is rising relative to the sea level. This can be caused by tectonic activity or changes in the level of the land due to the melting of glaciers. When the land rises, the sea level falls, which exposes the previously submerged shoreline. This results in the formation of a raised beach, which is a distinctive feature of a coastline of emergence. A raised beach is a beach that is located above the current sea level, and it is typically characterized by a flat or gently sloping surface. Other features of a coastline of emergence may include sea cliffs, wave-cut platforms, and marine terraces. These features are formed by the erosion of the land by the sea when it was at a higher level, followed by the uplift of the land. An example of a coastline of emergence can be found along the coast of Norway. The Norwegian coastline has experienced significant uplift due to tectonic activity, which has resulted in the formation of raised beaches, sea cliffs, and marine terraces. In summary, a coastline of emergence is a type of coastline that is formed when the land rises relative to the sea level. One of the distinctive features of this type of coastline is a raised beach, which is a beach that is located above the current sea level. An example of a coastline of emergence can be found along the coast of Norway.

Akọwa Nkọwa

The surveying instrument used to set out lines at right angles to the main chain line is an optical square. An optical square is a simple, yet precise surveying instrument that consists of two mirrors that are set at exactly 90 degrees to each other. It is used to establish perpendicular lines or right angles to the main chain line during the surveying process. The instrument is set up by placing it on the ground with one mirror facing down the main chain line and the other mirror facing at right angles to the main chain line. To use the optical square, a surveyor would first set up the main chain line using a steel band or another measuring instrument. Once the main chain line has been established, the optical square is set up and aligned with the main chain line. The mirror facing down the main chain line reflects the view of the surveyor along the line, while the other mirror reflects the view at right angles to the main chain line. This allows the surveyor to set out lines at right angles to the main chain line with a high degree of accuracy. In summary, the optical square is a surveying instrument used to set out lines at right angles to the main chain line by reflecting views along the main chain line and at right angles to it.

Akọwa Nkọwa

The term that fits the given definition is "watershed." A watershed is a highland area that separates the headwaters of rivers that flow in different directions but originate from the same mountainous source. Think of it as a dividing line that determines which direction rainwater will flow. Rain that falls on one side of the watershed will flow into one river, while rain that falls on the other side will flow into a different river. This separation is important because it affects the water quality and quantity of each river, and it can have significant impacts on the ecosystems that depend on those rivers.