JAMB UTME - Government - 2024

Lack of separation of power is a feature of 

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Lack of separation of power is primarily a feature of a military government.

In a typical democratic framework, like a presidential system or a cabinet system, power is usually divided among different branches: the executive, the legislative, and the judiciary. This division is known as the separation of powers. It ensures that no single entity has absolute control, and it balances the powers among various branches of government.

On the other hand, a military government usually centralizes power within a single authority or group, often led by military leaders. In such systems, the military might control the executive power and possibly influence or directly control legislative and judicial functions. This centralized control eliminates the typical checks and balances provided by a separation of powers, leading to a system where one group or leader may wield broad, unchecked authority.

Public corporations in Nigeria are established through 

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Public corporations in Nigeria are established through an Act of Parliament. This process involves the creation and passage of a specific law by the legislative body, which in Nigeria is the National Assembly.

Here's a simple way to understand this:

• When there's a need for a new public corporation to handle national issues like utilities, transportation, or broadcasting, a proposal is made in the form of a bill.
• This bill is then discussed, debated, and voted on by the members of the National Assembly, which consists of two houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives.
• Once both houses approve the bill, it is sent to the President for assent. After the President's approval, it becomes an Act of Parliament.
• This Act legally establishes the public corporation, specifying its duties, powers, and organizational structure.

In essence, an Act of Parliament is the formal legislative process through which public corporations in Nigeria are established, allowing them to function under the legal framework provided by the law.

Nigeria played fundamental roles in the creation of 

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Nigeria has played significant roles in the creation and sustenance of some key international organizations. Let's discuss these contributions in simple terms.

ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States):
Nigeria was a major architect in the formation of ECOWAS, which was established in 1975. The country recognized the need for economic cooperation among West African countries to foster regional development, stability, and to improve living standards. Nigeria's leadership and dedication were crucial in bringing together sixteen West African countries to create ECOWAS. It aimed to promote economic integration, free trade, and cooperation in various fields such as agriculture, culture, and industry.

OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries):
Although Nigeria was not one of the founding members of OPEC when it was formed in 1960, Nigeria joined OPEC in 1971. Nigeria's role has since become essential due to its position as one of Africa's largest oil producers. Through OPEC, Nigeria has been involved in decisions affecting global oil prices and oil policies, reflecting the interests of oil-exporting countries.

UN (United Nations):
Nigeria became a member of the United Nations in 1960, shortly after gaining independence. While Nigeria was not involved in the founding of the UN, it has played an active role as a member. Nigeria has contributed to peacekeeping missions, provided diplomatic support, and worked within the UN framework to address global issues such as poverty, health, and security. Nigeria’s participation is vital, given its status as a significant nation on the African continent.

Commonwealth:
Nigeria joined the Commonwealth of Nations in 1960 following its independence from British colonial rule. As a member, Nigeria participates in activities to foster cooperation among member states in areas such as democracy, human rights, and development. It has also hosted Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings. Although it didn't play a role in the creation, Nigeria has been an active and influential member.

The first constitution to introduce a presidential system was the 

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To answer the question about which constitution first introduced a presidential system, it is important to understand that a presidential system is a form of government where the president is the head of state as well as the head of government, and there is a distinct separation between the executive and legislative branches.

The constitution that introduced the presidential system for the first time in Nigeria was the 1979 Constitution. This constitution marked a significant departure from the previously used parliamentary system, adopting a system more similar to that of the United States. In the 1979 Constitution of Nigeria, the president was given executive powers, separating this role from the legislature, which was a distinct shift in governance structure. This move aimed to enhance checks and balances, and prevent the concentration of power in a single branch of government.

In conclusion, the 1979 Constitution was pivotal in introducing the presidential system to Nigeria.

The bipolar world was a major factor for the formation of

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The term "bipolar world" is often associated with the period during the Cold War, where the world was primarily divided into two major power blocs: the United States and its allies, representing the capitalist Western bloc, and the Soviet Union along with its allies, representing the communist Eastern bloc. This division created a tension-filled global environment where countries felt pressured to align with one of these superpowers.

The formation of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was significantly influenced by this bipolar world order. NAM emerged during the Cold War as countries, primarily from Asia, Africa, and Latin America, sought to maintain their independence and resist becoming pawns in the geopolitical power struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union. These countries desired to avoid being directly involved in the conflict between these two superpowers and instead focus on their own sovereignty, economic development, and social progress.

The philosophy of non-alignment promoted political and economic cooperation, peace, and mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity. It provided a platform that allowed member countries to stand united on certain issues without being categorized as belonging to either the Western or Eastern bloc. Thus, the bipolar dynamics of the global order encouraged these countries to form a movement where they could pursue a path free from the direct influence of the two superpowers.

An economic system that encourages state ownership and control of the means of production is

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An economic system that encourages state ownership and control of the means of production is socialism. In socialism, the government takes charge of operating and managing industries, businesses, and resources. The core idea is to distribute wealth and resources more equally among all members of society. The belief is that by having the state own and manage the means of production, rather than private individuals or corporations, resources can be used for the common good and help reduce economic inequality. While both socialism and communism involve government control, socialism is generally less extreme and allows for some level of private ownership and individual economic choice.

Shehu Shagari won the 1979 Presidential Election under 

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Shehu Shagari won the 1979 Presidential Election under the political party known as the National Party of Nigeria (NPN). This was a significant event in Nigerian history as it marked the transition from military rule to a civilian government. The NPN was known for its appeal across various regions of Nigeria and promoted a message of national unity. It was a dominant political force during the Second Republic of Nigeria, which began in 1979 after the military handed over power to the civilian government. The election of Shehu Shagari as President reflected the support and influence the NPN had at that time.

A union of states with a common recognised authority is

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The term you are looking for is a federal system. In a federal system, a group of states, regions, or provinces come together to form a union under a common, central government that has authority over the entire nation. However, each state maintains its own government and has certain powers that are not overridden by the central authority. This system allows for a balance of power between the central government and the individual states. Examples of countries with a federal system include the United States, Canada, and Germany.

In contrast, a unitary system is one where a single central government holds most of the power, and any administrative divisions benefit from devolved powers that can be revoked by the central authority.

A representative system is a form of government where citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf, but it does not inherently describe the relationship between a central authority and regions or states.

A confederal system is a loose alliance of independent states where the central authority has limited power, and the individual states retain the majority of governmental power. It is essentially the opposite of a unitary system.

The famous Italian Fascist leader was

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The famous Italian Fascist leader was Benito Mussolini.

Benito Mussolini was an influential figure in early 20th-century Europe and the founder of Italian Fascism. He was born on July 29, 1883, in Predappio, Italy, and became the Prime Minister of Italy in 1922. Mussolini’s governance was characterized by the establishment of a dictatorship, as he dismantled democratic institutions and promoted a totalitarian state. Under Fascism, Mussolini sought to create a centralized autocratic government, where the nation-state and its values were held above individual rights.

Mussolini aligned with Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany before and during World War II, which ultimately led to Italy's involvement in the war. His reign ended in 1943, and he was eventually captured and executed by Italian partisans in 1945. Benito Mussolini remains a significant figure in history for his role in the development and spread of Fascist ideologies.

Which local government reform in Nigeria prevented traditional rulers from engaging in politics?

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The local government reform in Nigeria that prevented traditional rulers from engaging in politics was the 1976 Reform.

Here's a simple explanation:

Prior to the 1976 reform, traditional rulers had significant influence and played active roles in both political and administrative affairs within their regions. This often created conflicts of interest and challenges in governance, as their roles were not clearly defined within the modern state structure.

The 1976 Local Government Reform was a significant restructuring of local governance. This reform aimed to establish a more uniform and systematic local government system throughout Nigeria. A vital aspect of this reform was to clearly define the roles and responsibilities of traditional rulers in order to separate traditional authority from political governance.

The reform stipulated that traditional rulers should no longer have executive or administrative roles in the formal local government system. This meant that they could not hold political office or engage in political activities, allowing for a clearer distinction between traditional roles and political governance.

Overall, the reform sought to create a more democratic and efficient local government structure by reducing political interference from traditional rulers, while still allowing them to preserve their cultural and traditional roles within their communities.

A major problem affecting Local government in Nigeria today is

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State Management Interference is one of the major problems affecting local government in Nigeria today.

The local government system was established as the third tier of government in Nigeria, meant to bring governance closer to the people and cater to their immediate needs. However, the reality on the ground often depicts a situation where the state's interference in local affairs hampers this purpose. This interference can manifest in several ways:

• Control Over Finances: In many cases, state governments exert control over the finances of local governments. This control can be through the allocation of federal funds, which are sent to the states before they are disbursed to local governments. State governments might divert these funds for their use or delay transfers, limiting the local governments' financial independence.
• Appointment of Key Officials: Often, state governors have significant influence over the selection of local government chairpersons and councillors. This influence can result in appointing individuals who serve the interests of the state government rather than those of the local community.
• Policy Directives: State governments sometimes impose policies on local governments without considering local peculiarities. This top-down approach can create a disconnect between local government actions and the actual needs of the local populace.
• Political Pressure: Local governments might face pressure to align with the political interests of the state government, which can lead to a lack of autonomy in making decisions that are beneficial to local residents.

The result of state management interference is that it often undermines the ability of local governments to function effectively and address local issues, rendering them less responsive to the needs of their communities.

Military intervention in Nigerian politics was first witnessed in 

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The first military intervention in Nigerian politics occurred in the year 1966. This intervention marked a significant and drastic shift in Nigeria's political landscape. Prior to this, Nigeria had functioned as a parliamentary democracy after gaining independence from British colonial rule in 1960.

In January 1966, Nigeria experienced its first military coup, which was led by a group of army officers. These officers were dissatisfied with the political climate at the time, which was characterized by alleged corruption, ethnic tension, and political instability within the civilian government.

During the coup, several political leaders, including the Prime Minister, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, were assassinated. This coup ultimately led to the suspension of the constitution and the end of the First Republic, paving the way for military rule in Nigeria.

The consequences of this intervention were far-reaching, as it started a series of coups and counter-coups in the years that followed, profoundly impacting Nigeria's political history and development. The military would go on to rule for many years, with brief interruptions by civilian administrations, until the eventual return to civilian rule in 1999.

Delegated legislation can be regulated through

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Delegated legislation refers to laws or regulations that are created by an individual or body under powers given to them by an Act of Parliament. It is an essential part of the legislative process as it allows for laws to be made without having to pass a new Act through Parliament.

There are several ways in which delegated legislation can be regulated effectively:

1. Ministerial Control: This involves the supervision and management of delegated legislation by the ministers who have been given the authority to create these laws. Ministers often have the power to approve, amend, or annul delegated legislation, ensuring that it aligns with the broader legislative intentions of the government.

2. Legislative Control: Parliament retains some degree of control over delegated legislation through various mechanisms. For example, delegated legislation may be subject to an affirmative resolution, requiring explicit approval by Parliament. Alternatively, there might be a negative resolution procedure, where the legislation automatically becomes law unless Parliament explicitly rejects it within a certain timeframe.

3. Executive Control: This refers to the oversight exercised by the executive branch, which includes government departments and agencies. They ensure that delegated legislation is consistent with existing policies and does not overstep the boundaries set by the parent Act. The executive may also conduct reviews and update the delegated legislation as necessary.

4. Judicial Control: The judiciary plays a crucial role in ensuring that delegated legislation is within the limits of the authority granted by the enabling Act. Courts can conduct judicial reviews to determine whether delegated legislation is valid. If a court finds that the legislation goes beyond the powers given or is unreasonable or oppressive, it can declare it invalid.

In conclusion, the regulation of delegated legislation is ensured through the combined efforts of ministerial, legislative, executive, and judicial controls, each serving as checks and balances to maintain proper legal and administrative order.

Strike action is mostly used by 

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Strike action is mostly used by pressure groups.

Pressure groups are organizations formed to influence public policy and decision-making. These groups often bring attention to social, economic, or political issues by advocating for changes through various forms of protest, including strike actions. Their key purpose is to create awareness and apply pressure on decision-makers, such as governments or corporations, to address their concerns.

For example, labor unions, which are a type of pressure group, commonly employ strikes as a means to demand better wages, improved working conditions, or labor rights from employers. By organizing a strike, these groups can effectively draw public attention to their cause, disrupt normal operations, and compel the concerned parties to negotiate or take action.

In contrast, political parties focus primarily on winning elections, traders are usually individual business people whose primary interest is commerce, and parliamentarians are lawmakers engaged in legislative duties. While these groups might support or oppose strike actions, they typically do not organize them. Therefore, the organizing and execution of strikes are most closely associated with pressure groups.

Public corporations can be controlled by

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The courts can declare any act made by some corporations illegal or unconstitutional. This is done when they are breaching the Act upon which they are set up. 

The Aburi Accord was a popular phrase during the administration of 

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The Aburi Accord was a popular phrase during the administration of General Yakubu Gowon. This accord refers to a series of negotiations and agreements that took place in January 1967 at Aburi, Ghana, involving representatives of the military government of Nigeria and regional leaders to address the growing political tensions in Nigeria.

The primary aim of the Aburi Accord was to resolve disagreements about the country's governance and to prevent a looming civil war. Key issues discussed included the decentralization of power, the military structure, and resource control. Unfortunately, the agreements made at Aburi were not fully implemented upon return to Nigeria, leading to further tensions.

The failure to adhere to the Aburi Accord was one of the factors that contributed to the outbreak of the Nigerian Civil War, also known as the Biafran War, in 1967. Therefore, the Aburi Accord is closely associated with General Yakubu Gowon's leadership during that critical time in Nigeria's history.

The party that controlled the government of South West States after the 1979 General Elections was 

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After the 1979 General Elections in Nigeria, the party that controlled the government of the South West states, which were predominantly Yoruba-speaking areas, was the **Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN)**.

The **Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN)** was founded by Chief Obafemi Awolowo, a prominent Yoruba leader and politician, who had a significant influence in the South West region. The UPN was known for its emphasis on progressive ideologies, including free education and social welfare programs, which resonated strongly with the people of the South West.

Due to the party's strong presence and organization in the region, the UPN won the majority of votes in the South West states, allowing them to form the government in those areas. This success can be attributed to both the popularity of its founder and the alignment of its policies with the needs and aspirations of the South West people.

Which of these is a major challenge of public corporations in Nigeria?

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A major challenge of public corporations in Nigeria is political interference. Public corporations in Nigeria often face significant challenges due to political interference for several reasons:

• Decision Making: Politicians sometimes influence decisions in public corporations to align with their political interests rather than focusing on efficiency or profitability. This can lead to misallocation of resources and hinder the corporation's ability to achieve its objectives.
• Appointment of Personnel: Political interventions can lead to appointments based on favoritism rather than merit. This results in having unqualified personnel in leadership positions, which can negatively affect the management and operations of the corporation.
• Lack of Autonomy: Due to continuous political interference, public corporations often lack the autonomy needed to execute their mandates effectively. This can lead to delays and inefficiencies in service delivery.
• Policy Inconsistency: Frequent changes in government can bring about policy shifts that disrupt the operations of public corporations. This instability can affect long-term planning and development.

In conclusion, political interference poses a significant challenge because it undermines the ability of public corporations to operate efficiently, make strategic decisions, and focus on their core missions, leading to poor service delivery and financial performance.

The right to vote and be voted for is

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The right to vote and be voted for is commonly referred to as a franchise or electoral right. This right is a vital aspect of a democratic society, allowing citizens to participate in choosing their government representatives and leaders. It ensures that the government reflects the will of the people. By voting, individuals express their preferences and influence the decision-making process within their country.

The terms franchise and electoral right can be used interchangeably in this context; however, the term "franchise" traditionally emphasizes the right to vote specifically, while "electoral right" may encompass broader participation in the electoral process, including being a candidate in elections.

While it is a form of freedom of expression, because through voting you express your choices, and it can be considered a fundamental human right in democratic societies, the specific term that directly identifies the right to vote and be elected is franchise.

The commission that conducted elections that ushered in the Fourth Republic in Nigeria is

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The commission responsible for conducting the elections that ushered in the Fourth Republic in Nigeria is the **Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC).

1. Background: Nigeria has had a series of transitions between different government structures, moving from military rule to democratic governance. The Fourth Republic, which is the current phase of Nigeria's democratic history, started in 1999.

2. Role of INEC: The Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) was established in 1998 and was given the responsibility of overseeing and conducting the elections that led to the transition to the Fourth Republic in 1999. INEC organized and supervised the elections for various political offices, including the presidency, which marked the beginning of civilian rule after a long period of military government.

3. **Importance:** The establishment of INEC and the successful conduct of the 1999 elections were crucial as they paved the way for democratic governance in Nigeria. INEC continues to be responsible for organizing elections in Nigeria, ensuring transparency and fairness in the electoral process.

In summary, INEC played a pivotal role in ushering in the Fourth Republic by conducting the elections that transitioned Nigeria from military rule to a democratic government in 1999.

A form of government where the powers of the state is determined by the citizens is 

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The form of government where the powers of the state are determined by the citizens is Democracy.

In a Democracy, the power to make decisions about laws, policies, and the leadership of the country is vested in the hands of the people. This is typically done through various forms of participation such as voting in elections. When citizens vote for their leaders and on specific political issues, they exercise their power to shape the way the government operates.

A Democracy is characterized by several core principles:

• Popular Sovereignty: The authority of the government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives.
• Political Equality: Each citizen has an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives, regardless of their background or status.
• Protection of Rights: Democracies strive to protect the rights and freedoms of individuals, ensuring that everyone is treated equally under the law.
• Accountability: Elected officials are accountable to the people, and they can be replaced through free and fair elections if they do not perform their duties properly.

In contrast to other forms of government such as Monarchy, Aristocracy, and Autocracy, where power is held by one person or a specific group, a Democracy ensures that the power rests with the people, making it the most inclusive form of governance.

The fundamental objective guiding a nation's foreign policy is 

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The fundamental objective guiding a nation's foreign policy is primarily its own national interest. Understanding a nation’s foreign policy involves comprehending the actions and decisions made by a country in its relations with other countries. Let's break this down in a simple way:

National Interest: This refers to the goals or ambitions of a nation. Each nation prioritizes its own security, economic well-being, and cultural values above all else. The foreign policy is crafted to promote the stability, prosperity, and welfare of its citizens. For instance, they might form alliances for security, engage in trade deals to boost their economy, or participate in international agreements that benefit their environment or public health.

Other interests like foreign interest, African interest, or colonial interest, while they may play a role in particular contexts or historical periods, are secondary concerns. Foreign interest might involve strategic diplomacy with other nations for mutual benefits, African interest may relate to regional partnerships or alliances within the continent for advanced cooperation, and colonial interest might pertain to historical ties or responsibilities resulting from a colonial past.

In conclusion, while a nation may consider external factors, the driving force of its foreign policy remains the national interest, which is principally focused on ensuring the best outcomes for its own country and people.

The political subjugation and economic exploitation of a people is known as

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The term that describes the political subjugation and economic exploitation of a people is colonialism.

Colonialism is a practice where a powerful country directly takes control of a weaker country or region. This control often involves sending settlers to occupy the land and rule it politically. The goal of colonialism is typically to extract resources, control trade routes, and exploit the local population for economic gain.

Under colonialism, the indigenous people of a region often suffer because their political freedom is taken away, and they are subjected to foreign rule. The colonizing power can impose its culture, language, and laws on the local population. Economically, the resources of the colonized region are often extracted and used for the benefit of the colonizing country, rather than for the development of the local population. This exploitation often leads to significant inequalities and unfair distribution of wealth.

To summarize, when we talk about political subjugation and economic exploitation of a people, we are referring to colonialism, as it encompasses both the loss of political control by the local populace and the economic exploitation of their resources and labor by a foreign power.

As a non-aligned state, Nigeria attended the second meeting of the non-Aligned Movement that took place in Cairo, Egypt in 

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Nigeria, as a non-aligned state, attended the second meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement, which took place in 1964 in Cairo, Egypt. The Non-Aligned Movement is an international organization of countries that aimed to remain independent or neutral in the rivalry between the major world powers during the Cold War, specifically between the United States and the Soviet Union. This meeting allowed countries like Nigeria to express their independence and promote their interests without aligning formally with either of the two superpower blocs of that time. By attending this meeting in 1964, Nigeria demonstrated its commitment to this stance of neutrality.

The June 12 election in Nigeria was annulled by the regime of 

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The June 12, 1993, presidential election in Nigeria, widely regarded as one of the country's fairest and freest elections, was annulled by the regime of **Ibrahim Babangida**. General Babangida was the military ruler of Nigeria from 1985 to 1993. Under his leadership, the country was in a political transition towards democracy.

The election saw **Chief Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola**, often referred to as M.K.O. Abiola, as the leading candidate. However, despite being a pivotal moment that could have ushered in democratic governance, the election results were never officially released, and the election was annulled on June 23, 1993, by Babangida's administration. This decision led to political unrest and was widely condemned both domestically and internationally.

There were several factors and speculations surrounding the annulment, such as allegations of electoral malpractice, but many believed it was due to military and political interest in maintaining power and control over Nigeria's political sphere. The annulment had far-reaching consequences, including political instability and eventually contributing to the continuation of military rule until democratic elections were finally held in 1999.

Pressure groups are different from political parties because they

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Pressure groups are different from political parties in the sense that while political parties analyse and contest elections and aggregate interests (i.e. bring together people who have differing interests together), pressure groups articulate the interest of people how share a common goal. 

The commander of the army under the Hausa/ Fulani pre-colonial administration was

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Under the Hausa/Fulani pre-colonial administration, the **commander of the army** was known as the Madawaki. The Hausa/Fulani societies in pre-colonial times had an organized political structure in which roles and titles were clearly defined. The Madawaki was charged with the responsibility of leading the army, planning military strategies, and ensuring the security and defense of the state.

In contrast, other titles like Waziri, Galadima, and Maaji were associated with different administrative or advisory roles. The Waziri acted as the chief adviser or prime minister to the ruler, the Galadima was responsible for the administration of a particular province or area, while the Maaji handled financial matters and the treasury. Each of these roles was crucial to the functioning of the state, but the primary responsibility for military leadership rested with the Madawaki.

The fragmented nature of the Igbo pre-colonial political system qualified it to be described as

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The pre-colonial Igbo political system is often described as acephalous in nature. This is because it lacked a centralized authority or head such as a king or chief, which is common in centralized political systems. Instead, the Igbo society was organized around individual communities or villages, each of which had its own set of rules and governance structures. These communities were largely independent and operated through a system of direct democracy.

In the Igbo culture, governance was conducted through a council of elders, age grades, and other traditional institutions. Decisions were made collectively, often through consensus, rather than by a single ruler. This decentralized and balanced approach to governance can also be described as fragmented because power and authority were spread out over various age groups and societal institutions, rather than being concentrated in one central figure or body.

Overall, the Igbo political system exemplified a grassroots and community-centered approach to decision-making, which allowed for a high degree of autonomy and flexibility within each village or community.

The main argument against the 1999 Constitution is that 

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The **1999 Constitution** of Nigeria is often criticized primarily because it was **imposed by the military**. Here is a simple explanation of this argument:

Imposed by the Military:

One of the primary criticisms of the 1999 Constitution is that it was crafted and enacted under the military regime of **General Abdulsalami Abubakar** without broad-based public participation or input. This means that it was not derived from a comprehensive democratic consensus but rather from a top-down decree format. Many critics argue that because it was imposed by the military, it lacks **legitimacy** and does not truly reflect the aspirations and desires of the Nigerian people.

Other points of argument can be discussed for a comprehensive understanding:

The Executive Have Immunity Clause:

This clause provides certain immunities for the president, vice president, governors, and deputy governors from civil or criminal prosecutions while in office. Critics argue that this provision grants too much protection to these officeholders and can be a shield against accountability.

It is Expensive to Operate:

The constitution provides for a large and complex government structure, with a **bicameral legislature, multiple layers of political offices**, and robust financial allocations for running these structures. Maintaining such a system is considered costly and may divert essential resources from pressing national developmental needs.

It Did Not Create Additional States:

Another argument is its failure to create additional states to correct perceived imbalances or foster further decentralization. Some groups feel underrepresented and believe that creating more states could enhance political representation and economic distribution.

In summary, while the most significant argument remains its military origin, other structural issues and ramifications inherent in the constitution contribute to the critiques it faces.

One of the functions of political party is

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One of the primary functions of a political party is the organisation of elections. Political parties are crucial in the democratic process, as they **help to organize and manage election campaigns** to ensure that their candidates have the best opportunity to be elected. This involves several steps, including candidate selection, organizing rallies, preparing campaign materials, and mobilizing voters to participate in the election. By effectively organizing elections, political parties can present their policies and candidates to the electorate, which allows citizens to make informed decisions about who they want to represent them in government. This process is essential for the functioning of democratic systems as it provides a structured way for citizens to engage politically and express their preferences.

The Commission that examines complaints of civil wrongs committed by government employees is 

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The Commission responsible for examining complaints of civil wrongs committed by government employees is the Public Complaints Commission. This body is often referred to as the "Ombudsman." It acts as a mediator between the public and the government.

The primary role of the Public Complaints Commission is to investigate complaints against administrative actions that were seen as unjust, unfair, or oppressive by government officials. It aims to ensure that government employees uphold standards of fairness and transparency in their dealings with the public. The commission seeks to remedy any wrong actions taken and recommends ways to avoid such issues in the future.

By addressing these complaints, the Commission helps maintain trust in public services by holding government employees accountable and striving to improve administrative processes for better public service delivery.

The productivity of public corporations is believed to be enhanced when there is 

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The productivity of public corporations is believed to be enhanced when there is less political interference. This is primarily because it allows the organization to function more efficiently and focus on its core objectives without being distracted by external political agendas. Here are the key reasons why less political interference leads to better productivity:

• Autonomy in Decision-Making: Corporations can make decisions based on professional analysis and expertise, rather than political pressure, which allows for more effective and strategic planning and execution.
• Consistency in Policies: A stable environment without frequent changes in policies due to political changes ensures that long-term projects have a greater chance of success.
• Merit-Based Personnel Decisions: Hiring, promotions, and other personnel decisions can be based on qualifications and performance rather than political connections, ensuring that the most competent individuals are in key roles.
• Focus on Performance Goals: Reduced political interference means that the corporation can stay focused on its primary objectives, such as improving service delivery and financial performance, rather than getting sidelined by political considerations.
• Improved Trust and Credibility: Both employees and the public tend to have more trust in an organization that operates transparently and professionally, which can enhance motivation and productivity.

In summary, an environment with less political interference fosters a culture where professional management can thrive, leading to enhanced productivity and better outcomes for the organization and its stakeholders.

The judgement that ceded and transferred Bakassi legal title from Nigeria to Cameroon was delivered by 

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The judgement that ceded and transferred the Bakassi Peninsula's legal title from Nigeria to Cameroon was delivered by the International Court of Justice (ICJ). This court is the primary judicial branch of the United Nations, whose role is to settle legal disputes submitted by states and give advisory opinions on legal matters. The ICJ's decision was based on various historical treaties and agreements as well as international law, following a lengthy legal process. In October 2002, the ICJ ruled that the territory legally belonged to Cameroon, and this led to the eventual transfer of the disputed region. Understanding this jurisdiction and the case's global significance can help comprehend international territorial disputes and the function of the ICJ.

Nigerian Ports Authority is an example of 

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The Nigerian Ports Authority (NPA) is an example of a Public Corporation.

To understand why, let's break down the term "Public Corporation". A public corporation is a state-owned enterprise established by the government to carry out specific functions, often of a commercial nature, for the benefit of the public. They are characterized by the following:

• Government Ownership: They are owned and funded by the government to provide certain essential services to the public.
• Operational Independence: While they are government-owned, public corporations often have a degree of operational autonomy. This means they can operate with some independence, similar to private companies, but within the legal frameworks set by the government.
• Service Provision: They provide goods and services that are necessary for public welfare, such as utilities, transportation, or other vital sectors, where the private sector might be inefficient or unable to provide these services universally.
• Commercial Activities: Although they serve public interests, public corporations may engage in commercial activities and charge for their services, akin to private companies.

The Nigerian Ports Authority fits this description because it is a government-owned organization responsible for managing and operating the ports in Nigeria. It ensures that the ports function efficiently, handling imports and exports crucial for the country's economy. While it performs this essential public service, it also engages in commercial activities by charging fees for its services in loading, unloading, and storage in the ports.

In summary, the NPA functions as a government-established entity that balances public service with commercial operations, typifying a Public Corporation.

naturalised citizen can lose his citizenship if found guilty of 

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A naturalized citizen is someone who has obtained citizenship by fulfilling the legal criteria set by a country. However, even after becoming a citizen, certain serious offenses can lead to the revocation of one's citizenship.

The offense that can lead to the loss of citizenship for a naturalized citizen is treason. Treason is defined as the act of betraying one's own country by attempting to overthrow the government or harming the nation's sovereignty.

This is because treason signifies a fundamental betrayal of the nation's trust and security. Countries take this offense very seriously, as it poses a direct threat to national security and the well-being of its citizens.

On the other hand, offenses such as evading taxes, electoral violence, or loitering, although potentially serious, do not typically result in the loss of citizenship. These crimes are usually addressed through other legal penalties like fines, imprisonment, or other corrective measures.

Dual citizenship was a feature of the 

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Dual citizenship was a feature of the French colonial system.

In the French colonial system, the concept of dual citizenship existed under the idea called "assimilation." This meant that individuals living in French colonies, if they adopted French culture, language, and law, could gain some rights similar to those of French citizens. However, this was not automatic and usually applied to a select group within the colonies.

The French had two main groups in their colonies: "citoyens," who were considered full French citizens and had extensive rights, and "sujets," who were subjects of the French Empire with fewer rights. Through the process of assimilation, a subject could become a citizen, thus obtaining French citizenship while retaining their original identity, thereby leading to the idea of dual citizenship.

This approach was somewhat unique to the French system compared to other colonial systems where such a concept did not prominently exist.

One of the internal factors that led to the rise and growth of nationalism in Nigeria was

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One of the internal factors that contributed significantly to the rise and growth of nationalism in Nigeria was the return of ex-service men after World War II. These men had served alongside soldiers from other nations, gaining exposure to international ideas and practices. Here is a simple explanation:

• During World War II, many Nigerians served in the British military forces. This gave them the opportunity to travel overseas, interact with people from different countries, and witness a broader perspective on governance and rights.
• Upon returning home, these ex-servicemen were often faced with a lack of opportunities and poor economic conditions, despite their sacrifices during the war.
• This dissatisfaction led them to become more vocal and proactive in demanding better rights, conditions, and ultimately, self-governance for Nigerians. They played a crucial role in political mobilization and organization.
• Their experiences and discontent became a shared sentiment among many educated Nigerians, paving the way for a united nationalist movement aimed at ending colonial rule.

In summary, the return of ex-service men was a catalyst in fostering a stronger sense of national identity and solidarity among Nigerians, fueling the desire for independence and self-governance.

Under the Hausa pre-colonial administration, the office of the Prime Minister is usually occupied by 

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In Hausa pre-colonial administration, the office of the Prime Minister was usually occupied by the Waziri. The Hausa societies during pre-colonial times had a well-structured and organized system of governance similar to a centralized form of government.

The Sarki, or king, was the head of the administration, but he had a council of officials to help with governance. Among these officials, the Waziri was considered the most important after the king. He played a significant role in administration, acting as the chief advisor and assistant to the Sarki. The Waziri was responsible for advising the Sarki on state matters and often managed day-to-day administrative duties, making him equivalent to what we might think of as a Prime Minister today.

The Galadima was usually responsible for the affairs of the city, and the Madawaki typically handled military matters, specifically relating to cavalry. Thus, the role of the Waziri was more aligned with the duties of a Prime Minister.

The Nigerian Civil War was fought during the military regime of 

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The Nigerian Civil War, also known as the Biafran War, was fought during the military regime of Yakubu Gowon. This war lasted from 1967 to 1970. It began due to ethnic, political, economic, and religious tensions among the various regions of Nigeria.

Yakubu Gowon became the head of state after Major General Aguiyi Ironsi was assassinated in 1966. Gowon was tasked with keeping Nigeria united during a period of intense upheaval. When the Southeastern region, led by Colonel Odumegwu Ojukwu, declared independence as the Republic of Biafra in 1967, it led to a brutal and devastating conflict.

Gowon's administration focused on reunifying the country through military action, which eventually led to the surrender of Biafra in 1970. Under his leadership, efforts were made to rebuild and reconcile the nation following the end of hostilities. Thus, the Nigerian Civil War is closely associated with Yakubu Gowon's regime.

Absence of a Red-tape is a merit of 

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The **absence of red tape** is typically considered a merit of a **unitary government structure**.

Here's why:

• In a **unitary structure**, there is a **centralized government** which holds the majority of the power.
• This centralized power means **decisions can be made quickly** and efficiently because there are **fewer layers of bureaucracy** to navigate through.
• In comparison, structures like the **federal** or **confederal governments** often involve multiple layers of government (e.g., federal, state, local) which can result in **more red tape**.
• **Red tape** refers to excessive regulation or rigid conformity to formal rules that can slow down decision-making and governmental processes.
• Thus, in this centralized system, the **streamlined processes** and **direct decision-making** reduce the **unnecessary bureaucratic delays** commonly associated with red tape.

Overall, the **unitary structure** is seen as an efficient means to enact policies and changes due to the **reduction of procedural hurdles** that are more common in other government structures.