JAMB UTME - Geography - 2021

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The correct full meaning of GIS is Geographic Information System. GIS is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage and present spatial or geographical data. It combines hardware, software, and data to create digital maps that can be used to analyze and visualize information related to geographic locations. GIS technology is used in a wide range of applications such as urban planning, natural resource management, emergency response, and many others. In summary, GIS stands for Geographic Information System and it is a system used to capture, store, analyze, and present spatial data related to geographic locations.

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Urban settlements often supply manufactured goods to rural settlements. Manufactured goods are products that are made using raw materials and processes that transform these materials into finished products. Urban areas often have a higher concentration of factories and industries that produce these manufactured goods, which are then supplied to rural areas. This allows rural residents to access products that they may not be able to produce themselves, such as electronics, household appliances, and other consumer goods. By supplying these goods, urban settlements play an important role in supporting the economic development of rural areas.

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A line joining all points of equal salinity is an isohaline. In simpler terms, salinity refers to the amount of salt in water, and an isohaline is a line on a map that connects all the points in a body of water that have the same level of salinity. So, if you were to take a water sample at each point along an isohaline, you would find that they all have the same amount of salt in them. Isohalines are important in oceanography and marine biology because changes in salinity can affect the behavior and distribution of marine organisms, as well as ocean currents and other physical processes.

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The option "London - Moscow - Baghdad" is not a sea route. This is a land route as it does not involve any sea transportation. The other three options are sea routes as they involve transportation by sea between the cities mentioned.

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The term that is defined as the total surrounding or medium of any organism in a given area is "environment". Environment refers to the sum total of all biotic and abiotic factors that affect an organism in a given area. Biotic components refer to all living organisms in an ecosystem, including plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria. Abiotic components, on the other hand, refer to all non-living factors, such as water, air, sunlight, temperature, soil, and minerals, that affect living organisms. An ecosystem is a community of living organisms, along with their non-living environment, that interact with each other. Therefore, an ecosystem is made up of both biotic and abiotic components, and it is a specific unit of the environment that can be studied as a distinct entity.

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Cement factories are usually located near sources of raw materials. Raw materials such as limestone, clay, shale, and other minerals are used to produce cement. These materials are usually found in abundance in certain geological formations or deposits. Transporting these raw materials over long distances can be costly and time-consuming, so it makes sense for cement factories to be located as close as possible to the sources of these materials. This helps to keep production costs low and ensures a steady supply of raw materials for the factory. Additionally, being close to the raw materials can also help to reduce the environmental impact of the factory. If the raw materials have to be transported over long distances, this can lead to increased emissions from transportation vehicles, which can contribute to air pollution and climate change. Therefore, to ensure the efficient and sustainable production of cement, it is common for cement factories to be located near sources of raw materials.

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A settlement located where two rivers meet is called a confluence town. A confluence is a point where two or more rivers meet and flow together as one. Settlements located at confluences are called confluence towns because they are situated at a unique and strategic location where two rivers meet. Confluence towns have historically been important for transportation, trade, and agriculture, as well as for strategic and military reasons. They are often located at the intersection of major river systems, making them important hubs for transportation and commerce. The availability of water from two rivers can also make confluence towns ideal locations for farming and irrigation. Therefore, a settlement located where two rivers meet is called a confluence town.

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The correct answer is "Colonial ties." One of the primary reasons for the high volume of trade between Nigeria and developed countries is the historical and economic ties that Nigeria shares with many of these nations. Nigeria was a British colony until it gained independence in 1960, and as a result, it has maintained strong trade relationships with the UK and other former British colonies. These relationships have been fostered over many years through cultural, social, and economic ties. In addition, many developed countries have invested heavily in Nigeria's natural resources, such as oil, which has further strengthened the trade relationships between Nigeria and these countries. This has led to the development of a large export market for Nigerian products, such as crude oil and natural gas. Therefore, the correct answer is "Colonial ties," as it has been a significant reason for the high volume of trade between Nigeria and developed countries.

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Creativity of people in the area is not a factor that favours industrial concentration in Western Nigeria. Industrial concentration refers to the clustering of industries in a particular geographic location. There are several factors that can influence the concentration of industries in an area. In the case of Western Nigeria, three key factors that favour industrial concentration are the availability of raw materials, closeness to major importing and exporting ports, and a good road network. The availability of raw materials is a major factor that influences the location of industries. Industries require access to raw materials to produce goods and services, and if these raw materials are readily available in a particular area, it makes sense for industries to cluster there. Closeness to major importing and exporting ports is also an important factor that can influence industrial concentration. If industries are located close to major ports, they have easier access to the global market and can more easily import raw materials and export finished products. A good road network is also important for industrial concentration. If an area has good roads, it is easier for goods and services to be transported in and out of the area. This can help to reduce transportation costs and increase efficiency, which can be especially important for industries that rely on just-in-time manufacturing and delivery. Creativity of people in the area, while important in terms of innovation and entrepreneurship, is not a direct factor that influences industrial concentration. Other factors such as access to capital, labour force availability, and government policies may play a more important role in promoting industrial concentration. In summary, the availability of raw materials, closeness to major ports, and a good road network are important factors that favour industrial concentration in Western Nigeria. Creativity of people in the area, while important for innovation and entrepreneurship, is not a direct factor that influences industrial concentration.

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The condition of the lower atmosphere of a place over a short period is called weather. Weather describes the day-to-day atmospheric conditions, such as temperature, precipitation, wind, and humidity that occur in a specific location at a particular time. It can change rapidly and varies from place to place, even within the same region. In contrast, climate refers to the long-term average weather conditions of a region, including factors such as temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric pressure, over a period of many years.

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Shale is a sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rocks are formed from layers of sediment, such as dead plants and animals, sand, or mud, that have been compacted and cemented together over time. Shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock that forms from the compression of clay and silt. It is usually dark in color and can be easily split into thin layers. Marble, on the other hand, is a metamorphic rock, which means it was formed from the alteration of an existing rock, often through heat, pressure, and chemical processes. It is a dense, crystalline rock that is prized for its beauty and used in construction and sculpture. Graphite is a naturally occurring form of carbon and is not a rock. Schist is a metamorphic rock that forms from the alteration of existing rocks, often through heat, pressure, and chemical processes. It is characterized by its foliated texture, with flat, sheet-like minerals that are aligned in a particular direction.

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The option that is not responsible for the concentration of industries in eastern United States of America is "inadequate capital". The concentration of industries in eastern United States is due to the availability of two important factors: a large market and abundant natural resources. The eastern region of the US has a large population that provides a ready market for industrial products. Additionally, the region has numerous natural resources such as coal, iron ore, and waterways that are necessary for industrial production. High technology can also contribute to the concentration of industries in eastern United States as it attracts skilled labor and supports innovation. However, it is not the primary factor responsible for the concentration of industries in the region. On the other hand, inadequate capital would hinder industrial growth and development. Therefore, it cannot be responsible for the concentration of industries in eastern United States.

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Enugu is not a precolonial town. Precolonial refers to the time period before the colonization of a particular area or region by European powers. In Nigeria, many towns and cities existed before the arrival of the Europeans, and these are referred to as precolonial towns. Ilorin, Bida, and Ibadan are all precolonial towns in Nigeria. They existed as independent kingdoms and city-states with their own unique cultures, traditions, and forms of governance long before the arrival of the Europeans. Enugu, on the other hand, was not a precolonial town. The town was founded in the early 20th century by the British colonial authorities as a coal mining settlement. While there were some settlements and villages in the area before the arrival of the British, Enugu did not exist as a town or city with a defined political and social structure until it was established by the colonial authorities.

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Seasonal changes are not caused by the earth's rotation. The earth's rotation is responsible for causing day and night, as the rotation of the earth on its axis causes the sun to appear to rise and set each day. It is also responsible for the deflection of winds and ocean currents. Seasonal changes, on the other hand, are caused by the tilt of the earth's axis as it revolves around the sun. The earth's axis is tilted at an angle of approximately 23.5 degrees, which causes different parts of the earth to receive different amounts of solar radiation as the earth orbits the sun. This results in the changes in temperature and weather patterns that we experience as the seasons. In summary, seasonal changes are not caused by the earth's rotation, but rather by the earth's tilt as it orbits the sun. The earth's rotation, however, does cause day and night and the deflection of winds and ocean currents.

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Geo-referencing in GIS is the process of assigning spatial locations (coordinates) to a dataset, such as an image, map, or survey data, so that it can be viewed, analyzed, and compared with other spatial datasets. The main objective of geo-referencing is to integrate datasets from different sources that have different coordinate systems, projections, and scales into a common reference framework. This enables users to overlay, compare, and analyze different spatial datasets accurately and effectively. Geo-referencing involves aligning the data to a known reference system, such as a map or satellite imagery, and assigning a spatial location to each data point. This process involves identifying control points, which are specific locations that appear in both the data and the reference system, and using them to determine the transformation that is needed to align the data with the reference system. Once the data has been geo-referenced, it can be used for data acquisition, data management, manipulation, and analysis in GIS. Geo-referenced datasets can be used for a wide range of applications, including natural resource management, urban planning, environmental monitoring, and disaster management.

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The difference between the hottest and coldest daily temperature for a particular day is called the diurnal range of temperature. A combined maximum and minimum thermometer records both the highest and lowest temperatures that occur during a given period, typically a day. The highest temperature recorded is the maximum daily temperature, and the lowest temperature recorded is the minimum daily temperature. The diurnal range of temperature is the difference between these two values, indicating how much the temperature fluctuated over the course of the day. For example, if the highest temperature recorded was 30 degrees Celsius and the lowest temperature recorded was 15 degrees Celsius, then the diurnal range of temperature for that day would be 15 degrees Celsius.

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The correct arrangement of the layers of the earth's crust from the surface to the interior is "sial, sima, mantle, and core." The outermost layer of the earth is called the crust, which is divided into two types: the continental crust and the oceanic crust. The continental crust is made up of a type of rock called "sial," which stands for "silicon" and "aluminum." This layer is relatively thicker and less dense than the oceanic crust. The oceanic crust, on the other hand, is made up of a type of rock called "sima," which stands for "silicon" and "magnesium." This layer is relatively thinner and denser than the continental crust. Beneath the crust is the mantle, which is made up of solid, dense rock. The mantle is the thickest layer of the earth and is responsible for convection currents that drive plate tectonics. The temperature and pressure in the mantle increase with depth. Finally, the core of the earth is located at the center of the planet and is made up of two parts: the outer core and the inner core. The outer core is made up of liquid iron and nickel, while the inner core is made up of solid iron and nickel. The core is the hottest and densest part of the planet, and it is responsible for generating the earth's magnetic field. In summary, the correct arrangement of the layers of the earth's crust from the surface to the interior is sial, sima, mantle, and core.

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One effect of the earth's revolution is that it determines a year. The earth takes approximately 365.24 days to complete one orbit around the sun, which is known as a year. As the earth moves around the sun, it also causes changes in the amount of sunlight that different parts of the planet receive, which in turn affects the seasons. The tilt of the earth's axis also plays a role in determining the seasons. As the earth moves in its orbit, different parts of the planet are tilted towards or away from the sun, which causes the variations in the amount of daylight and darkness we experience throughout the year. Therefore, while day and night, dawn and twilight, and apparent sunrise and sunset are also effects of the earth's rotation, the revolution primarily determines a year.

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When the salinity of an ocean is high, the ocean water becomes more dense. This dense water tends to sink towards the bottom of the ocean and flow along the ocean floor towards areas where the salinity is lower. So, the correct answer is: the ocean water is dense and creeps at the bottom of the ocean towards low salinity areas.

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Algeria is located in North Africa. North Africa is a region of the African continent that includes several countries such as Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, and Western Sahara. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Sahara Desert to the south. Zaire, also known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is located in Central Africa. Rwanda is located in East Africa. Namibia is located in Southern Africa. Therefore, the correct answer is Algeria.

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The correct answer is "Onitsha in Anambra state." Ogbunike Cave is a popular tourist destination in Nigeria, known for its beautiful natural caves and rock formations. It is located in Ogbunike, a small town in Anambra state, in the southeastern part of the country. Onitsha, which is one of the largest cities in Anambra state, is located just a few kilometers from Ogbunike and is the closest major city to the Ogbunike Cave tourist center. The town of Ogbunike can be accessed via the Onitsha-Owerri expressway, and the cave is only a short distance from the town center. Therefore, the correct answer is "Onitsha in Anambra state" since it is the nearest major city to the tourist center of Ogbunike Cave.

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Attitude is not an element of climate. Climate refers to the long-term patterns of temperature, precipitation, wind, and air pressure in a particular area. Attitude refers to a person's feelings or opinions about something, and does not relate to the physical characteristics of the climate.

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