JAMB UTME - Geography - 1992

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The state of equilibrium reached by the vegetation of an area when it is left undisturbed for a long period of time is called its climax. This means that the vegetation has fully developed and is in balance with the environmental conditions of the area. The climax community is the final stage of ecological succession, where the dominant plant species have stabilized and there is little or no further change in the composition of the plant community. The climax community is different for different regions, depending on factors such as climate, soil type, and other environmental factors.

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The major pastoral ethnic groups in Africa are the Fulani, Masai, and Tuareg. These groups are primarily nomadic and rely on the rearing of livestock for their livelihood. The Fulani are found in West Africa, the Masai in East Africa, and the Tuareg in North Africa. They have a long history of living in harmony with their environment and adapting to the challenges of a pastoral lifestyle.

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Subsistence farming refers to a type of agriculture where farmers grow crops and rear animals for their own consumption rather than for sale. Rotational bush farming, permanent cultivation, and mixed farming are all forms of subsistence farming commonly practiced in West Africa. In rotational bush farming, farmers clear a section of the bush, cultivate it for a few years, and then move to another section while the former regenerates. Permanent cultivation involves cultivating a piece of land continuously without allowing it to regenerate or fallow. Mixed farming involves growing different crops and rearing animals in the same field to maximize yield and reduce risk. Plantation agriculture, on the other hand, is not a form of subsistence farming. It involves the large-scale cultivation of cash crops such as cocoa, coffee, rubber, and palm oil for export to other countries. Plantation agriculture requires large tracts of land, specialized equipment, and a ready market for the crops, which makes it difficult for subsistence farmers to engage in. Therefore, the correct answer is plantation agriculture.

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Rapid urbanization in Nigeria has led to a negative consequence of the growth of slums. This means that as more people migrate from rural to urban areas, there is a higher demand for housing, leading to an increase in informal settlements and slums in cities. These slums are characterized by poor living conditions, lack of basic amenities, and overcrowding. They often lack proper sanitation, access to clean water, and basic healthcare services, leading to an increase in diseases and health problems. Additionally, rapid urbanization has also led to the deterioration of city transport systems, as the infrastructure struggles to keep up with the demands of the growing population.

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The most urbanized part of Nigeria is the south-west. This is because it is the region with the highest concentration of cities such as Lagos, Ibadan, Abeokuta, and Oyo. Lagos, which is the largest city in Nigeria and one of the fastest-growing cities in Africa, is also located in the south-west region. The region's proximity to the sea and its historical significance as the hub of commercial activities in Nigeria have contributed to its urbanization. The south-west region is also home to a large number of industries and educational institutions, which have further fueled its urbanization.

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A major world population problem is that countries which have very large populations and very high population growth rates are generally those which are least able to provide for the population. This means that these countries are often struggling with issues such as poverty, unemployment, food shortages, and inadequate healthcare. The rapid increase in population further exacerbates these problems and makes it difficult for governments to provide basic services and infrastructure for their citizens. As a result, people living in these countries often have low standards of living and face many challenges in their daily lives.

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An aneroid barometer produces a continuous record of atmospheric pressure. An aneroid barometer consists of a small, flexible metal box called an aneroid cell, which is made of a partially evacuated capsule. Changes in atmospheric pressure cause the capsule to expand or contract, which is then recorded by a needle on a dial. Unlike a mercury barometer, an aneroid barometer is portable and can be used to measure atmospheric pressure at different locations. Therefore, it is an ideal instrument for producing a continuous record of atmospheric pressure over a period of time.

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The most critical cause of desertification in Nigeria is excessive pressure of land use. This occurs when there is an overuse or exploitation of the land, leading to a reduction in vegetation cover, erosion, and ultimately, desertification. Examples of activities that contribute to excessive pressure of land use include overgrazing, deforestation, and improper agricultural practices such as continuous cultivation without adequate soil conservation measures. As a result, the land becomes less productive, and the ecosystem becomes vulnerable to desertification.

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To determine the approximate gradient of the slope marked L-K, we need to know the vertical rise and horizontal run of the slope. Since we don't have that information, we can estimate the gradient by using the average slope of the entire hillside. From the figure, we can see that the hillside rises from about 25m to 480m over a horizontal distance of about 1700m. Gradient = vertical rise / horizontal run Therefore, the gradient of the hillside is approximately (480-25)/1700 = 0.255. To estimate the gradient of the slope marked L-K, we can compare it to the average gradient of the hillside. From visual inspection, the slope marked L-K appears steeper than the rest of the hillside. Therefore, we can estimate the gradient of the slope marked L-K to be about 1:19.

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Broad-leaved evergreen trees, lianas, and epiphytes are commonly found in the tropical rainforest vegetation. The tropical rainforest has a high annual rainfall and high humidity, which provides a favorable environment for the growth of these types of plants. Broad-leaved evergreen trees are common in the tropical rainforest due to the warm and moist climate, while lianas use the trees as support to climb towards sunlight. Epiphytes are non-parasitic plants that grow on other plants, such as trees, and they obtain their nutrients from the air, rain, and debris that accumulate around them. Therefore, the correct answer is: Tropical rainforest.

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The statement that is true about the relationship between urban and rural areas is that they are interdependent. Urban centers and rural areas are connected in various ways and rely on each other to function efficiently. For instance, rural areas provide agricultural produce and raw materials to urban centers, while urban centers offer job opportunities, industrial products, and services to rural areas. Additionally, urban centers depend on rural areas for food supply and other essential commodities, while rural areas rely on urban centers for access to modern facilities such as healthcare, education, and technology. Therefore, the relationship between urban and rural areas is mutually beneficial and interdependent.

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The greatest hydro-electric power potential in Nigeria is found in the Niger-Benue trough. The Niger-Benue trough is a geological formation that stretches from the southeast to the northwest of Nigeria. It has several rivers and water bodies that have the potential to generate hydro-electric power. Some of the major dams in Nigeria such as Kainji, Shiroro, and Jebba are located in this region, and they generate a significant portion of Nigeria's electricity.

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One of the major environmental problems facing agriculture and forestry in North America that can be attributed to modern industrial development is acid rain. Acid rain is a type of rain that contains high levels of acidic components, such as sulfuric and nitric acid, which are formed from emissions of industrial activities, like power plants and factories. Acid rain can have harmful effects on crops, trees, and soil, which can lead to decreased productivity and biodiversity. Additionally, acid rain can cause damage to buildings, monuments, and infrastructure. Therefore, controlling acid rain is an important environmental issue in North America.

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The fertility of soil in tropical rainforests is maintained by the abundant supply of litter. The rainforest has a high level of biodiversity, and the decomposition of dead organic matter and the recycling of nutrients is critical to the ecosystem's health. The hot and wet climate of the rainforest allows for rapid decay of dead plant and animal material, creating a layer of organic matter on the forest floor called litter. This litter is rich in nutrients and is quickly absorbed by the roots of the vegetation, replenishing the soil with essential nutrients. As a result, the soil in tropical rainforests is incredibly fertile, making it an ideal environment for a diverse range of flora and fauna to thrive.

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The major wheat producing regions of the world are characteristically extensive continental plains with loamy soils. This is because wheat thrives best in regions with temperate climates, moderate rainfall, and deep, fertile, and well-drained soils. Such regions are commonly found in extensive continental plains with loamy soils, such as the Great Plains of North America, the Pampas of South America, and the steppes of Russia and Kazakhstan. These regions provide the ideal conditions for wheat cultivation, making them the largest producers of wheat in the world.

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The location of most of the light manufacturing industries in Africa is determined primarily by the location of markets. This is because the main aim of light manufacturing industries is to produce goods that are affordable and accessible to the masses. By locating closer to markets, the manufacturers can save on transportation costs and provide cheaper products to consumers. Additionally, being located closer to markets allows for easier access to customers, which is beneficial for sales and marketing purposes. While raw materials, railways terminals, and labor are important factors in the location of manufacturing industries, the proximity to markets is usually the most important determinant in the location of light manufacturing industries in Africa.

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The older fold mountains are much lower in elevation and less rugged than the younger ones largely because they have experienced a longer period of denudation. Denudation is the process of wearing away the surface of the Earth through the combined action of weathering, erosion, and transportation. Over time, the older mountains have been subjected to a longer period of these processes, resulting in their lower elevation and less rugged appearance compared to the younger fold mountains that have not been subjected to the same level of denudation.

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The industrial development of the Black Sea region of Ukraine is based mainly on coal and iron ore. The region is rich in mineral resources, especially coal and iron ore, which have been extensively exploited for industrial purposes. The coal deposits of the Donets Basin are among the largest in the world, and the iron ore reserves in the Krivoy Rog Basin are also significant. These resources have supported the growth of heavy industries such as steel production and heavy machinery manufacturing in the region.

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The planet Venus has no satellite. A satellite is a natural or artificial object that orbits a planet, and Venus does not have any of these orbiting around it.

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The St. Lawrence Great Lakes Waterways is a major transportation route that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes in North America. Among the options given, the group of products that is transported in large quantities on this waterway is Wheat, iron ore, and crude oil. This is because the Great Lakes region is a major producer of wheat and iron ore, and crude oil is transported from western Canada to eastern Canadian refineries through this waterway. Bananas, bauxite, cattle, and cotton are not commonly transported on this waterway.

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A good overland transportation system promotes economic development because it fosters interregional trade. When there is a good road network, goods and services can easily be transported from one region to another. This allows for the exchange of goods and services between regions, which can help to stimulate economic growth. Additionally, a good transportation system can help to reduce the cost of transportation, making it more affordable for people to move goods and services. This can result in increased trade and economic activity, which can help to create jobs and generate income.

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The difference in the readings on the dry and wet bulb thermometers is used to determine the relative humidity. The dry bulb thermometer measures the ambient temperature, while the wet bulb thermometer measures the temperature with the influence of moisture. By comparing the readings of the two thermometers, we can calculate the relative humidity, which is the amount of moisture in the air relative to the maximum amount of moisture the air can hold at that temperature.

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The process of settlement nucleation refers to the development and clustering of settlements in a particular area. Certain features of the physical environment can enhance this process. Of the options provided, the set of features that enhance the nucleation of settlements are route intersections and wet points. Route intersections refer to locations where two or more routes (such as roads or footpaths) meet, making them important hubs for trade and transportation. Wet points refer to areas with a reliable source of water, which is essential for human settlement and agriculture. Both of these features make a location more attractive for settlement, as they provide essential resources and facilitate trade and communication. Settlements that develop at these locations can grow rapidly and become important centers of population and economic activity. Fertile broad plains and natural harbours can also enhance settlement nucleation, but to a lesser extent. Narrow valleys and rugged highlands may hinder settlement nucleation by limiting the amount of available land and making transportation more difficult. Dissected plains may also be less attractive for settlement as they are typically less fertile and more difficult to navigate. Therefore, of the options provided, the set of features that enhance the nucleation of settlements are route intersections and wet points.

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The movement of some industries from Europe to South East Asia in recent times is mainly due to lower production costs in South East Asia. This is because South East Asian countries have lower labour costs, which translate into lower production costs for businesses. Additionally, South East Asian countries may offer tax incentives or lower regulatory costs, which further reduce production costs. Therefore, companies can save money by moving their operations to South East Asia, where they can produce goods at a lower cost and increase profits.

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The stratification of sedimentary rocks is mainly caused by the deposition of rock particles in layers. Sedimentary rocks are formed from the accumulation and compaction of mineral and organic particles that settle on the earth's surface or at the bottom of water bodies. The layers of sedimentary rocks are formed by the gradual accumulation of these particles over time. As more particles settle, they bury the previous layer, and the pressure from the new layer causes the particles to compact and cement together, forming a solid rock. This process repeats over time, resulting in multiple layers of rocks with different characteristics, such as color, texture, and composition. Therefore, the stratification of sedimentary rocks is mainly due to the deposition of rock particles in layers.

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