JAMB UTME - Government - 2024

The first constitution to introduce a presidential system was the 

Détails de la réponse

To answer the question about which constitution first introduced a presidential system, it is important to understand that a presidential system is a form of government where the president is the head of state as well as the head of government, and there is a distinct separation between the executive and legislative branches.

The constitution that introduced the presidential system for the first time in Nigeria was the 1979 Constitution. This constitution marked a significant departure from the previously used parliamentary system, adopting a system more similar to that of the United States. In the 1979 Constitution of Nigeria, the president was given executive powers, separating this role from the legislature, which was a distinct shift in governance structure. This move aimed to enhance checks and balances, and prevent the concentration of power in a single branch of government.

In conclusion, the 1979 Constitution was pivotal in introducing the presidential system to Nigeria.

The rule of law is an essential ingredient of 

Détails de la réponse

The rule of law is an essential ingredient of democracy.

To understand why, let me explain the key concepts:

Rule of Law: It means that the laws of a country are applied equally and fairly to all its citizens. No one is above the law, not even leaders or government officials. It ensures justice, equality, and accountability within a society.

Democracy: It is a system of government where the power comes from the people. Citizens elect representatives to make decisions and create laws on their behalf. Democracy relies on principles such as freedom, equality, and transparency.

Now, let's see why the rule of law is crucial for democracy:

• Protection of Rights: In a democracy, the rule of law ensures that citizens' rights and freedoms are protected from abuse by the government or other individuals.
• Equality: Democracy is based on the principle that everyone is equal, and the rule of law enforces this by treating all individuals the same under the law.
• Limit on Power: The rule of law puts checks and balances on those in power, preventing them from making arbitrary decisions and ensuring they act according to the established laws.
• Accountability: In a democracy, leaders and government bodies are accountable to the people, and the rule of law is the mechanism that holds them accountable.

In summary, without the rule of law, a democracy cannot function effectively as it ensures that everyone is treated fairly, rights are upheld, and government power is kept in check.

The commander of the army under the Hausa/ Fulani pre-colonial administration was

Détails de la réponse

Under the Hausa/Fulani pre-colonial administration, the **commander of the army** was known as the Madawaki. The Hausa/Fulani societies in pre-colonial times had an organized political structure in which roles and titles were clearly defined. The Madawaki was charged with the responsibility of leading the army, planning military strategies, and ensuring the security and defense of the state.

In contrast, other titles like Waziri, Galadima, and Maaji were associated with different administrative or advisory roles. The Waziri acted as the chief adviser or prime minister to the ruler, the Galadima was responsible for the administration of a particular province or area, while the Maaji handled financial matters and the treasury. Each of these roles was crucial to the functioning of the state, but the primary responsibility for military leadership rested with the Madawaki.

The most effective instrument adopted by Nigeria against the East-West Cold War in the 1960s was

Détails de la réponse

In the context of Nigeria during the 1960s, the **most effective instrument** adopted by the country against the East-West Cold War was the **Non-alignment policy**. This policy aimed to maintain Nigeria's independence and neutrality by avoiding formal alliances with either of the two superpower blocs, the United States-led Western bloc or the Soviet Union-led Eastern bloc.

The **Non-alignment policy** provided several key benefits that contributed to its effectiveness:

Independence and Sovereignty: By not aligning with either superpower, Nigeria was able to maintain its sovereignty and make independent foreign policy decisions without the pressure or influence from either side.

Flexibility in Diplomacy: The policy allowed Nigeria to engage diplomatically with various nations, regardless of their ideological leanings. This enabled Nigeria to pursue bilateral relationships that were beneficial for its own national interest without being confined to a specific bloc.

Focus on Development: By adopting a stance of non-alignment, Nigeria could focus more on its domestic economic development and regional leadership within Africa, rather than getting entangled in the Cold War conflicts.

Overall, the **Non-alignment policy** effectively allowed Nigeria to navigate the geopolitical tensions of the Cold War while preserving its independence and focusing on its national interests and development goals.

The bipolar world was a major factor for the formation of

Détails de la réponse

The term "bipolar world" is often associated with the period during the Cold War, where the world was primarily divided into two major power blocs: the United States and its allies, representing the capitalist Western bloc, and the Soviet Union along with its allies, representing the communist Eastern bloc. This division created a tension-filled global environment where countries felt pressured to align with one of these superpowers.

The formation of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was significantly influenced by this bipolar world order. NAM emerged during the Cold War as countries, primarily from Asia, Africa, and Latin America, sought to maintain their independence and resist becoming pawns in the geopolitical power struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union. These countries desired to avoid being directly involved in the conflict between these two superpowers and instead focus on their own sovereignty, economic development, and social progress.

The philosophy of non-alignment promoted political and economic cooperation, peace, and mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity. It provided a platform that allowed member countries to stand united on certain issues without being categorized as belonging to either the Western or Eastern bloc. Thus, the bipolar dynamics of the global order encouraged these countries to form a movement where they could pursue a path free from the direct influence of the two superpowers.

The Nigerian Civil War was fought during the military regime of 

Détails de la réponse

The Nigerian Civil War, also known as the Biafran War, was fought during the military regime of Yakubu Gowon. This war lasted from 1967 to 1970. It began due to ethnic, political, economic, and religious tensions among the various regions of Nigeria.

Yakubu Gowon became the head of state after Major General Aguiyi Ironsi was assassinated in 1966. Gowon was tasked with keeping Nigeria united during a period of intense upheaval. When the Southeastern region, led by Colonel Odumegwu Ojukwu, declared independence as the Republic of Biafra in 1967, it led to a brutal and devastating conflict.

Gowon's administration focused on reunifying the country through military action, which eventually led to the surrender of Biafra in 1970. Under his leadership, efforts were made to rebuild and reconcile the nation following the end of hostilities. Thus, the Nigerian Civil War is closely associated with Yakubu Gowon's regime.

The right to vote and be voted for is

Détails de la réponse

The right to vote and be voted for is commonly referred to as a franchise or electoral right. This right is a vital aspect of a democratic society, allowing citizens to participate in choosing their government representatives and leaders. It ensures that the government reflects the will of the people. By voting, individuals express their preferences and influence the decision-making process within their country.

The terms franchise and electoral right can be used interchangeably in this context; however, the term "franchise" traditionally emphasizes the right to vote specifically, while "electoral right" may encompass broader participation in the electoral process, including being a candidate in elections.

While it is a form of freedom of expression, because through voting you express your choices, and it can be considered a fundamental human right in democratic societies, the specific term that directly identifies the right to vote and be elected is franchise.

The commission that conducted elections that ushered in the Fourth Republic in Nigeria is

Détails de la réponse

The commission responsible for conducting the elections that ushered in the Fourth Republic in Nigeria is the **Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC).

1. Background: Nigeria has had a series of transitions between different government structures, moving from military rule to democratic governance. The Fourth Republic, which is the current phase of Nigeria's democratic history, started in 1999.

2. Role of INEC: The Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) was established in 1998 and was given the responsibility of overseeing and conducting the elections that led to the transition to the Fourth Republic in 1999. INEC organized and supervised the elections for various political offices, including the presidency, which marked the beginning of civilian rule after a long period of military government.

3. **Importance:** The establishment of INEC and the successful conduct of the 1999 elections were crucial as they paved the way for democratic governance in Nigeria. INEC continues to be responsible for organizing elections in Nigeria, ensuring transparency and fairness in the electoral process.

In summary, INEC played a pivotal role in ushering in the Fourth Republic by conducting the elections that transitioned Nigeria from military rule to a democratic government in 1999.

A union of states with a common recognised authority is

Détails de la réponse

The term you are looking for is a federal system. In a federal system, a group of states, regions, or provinces come together to form a union under a common, central government that has authority over the entire nation. However, each state maintains its own government and has certain powers that are not overridden by the central authority. This system allows for a balance of power between the central government and the individual states. Examples of countries with a federal system include the United States, Canada, and Germany.

In contrast, a unitary system is one where a single central government holds most of the power, and any administrative divisions benefit from devolved powers that can be revoked by the central authority.

A representative system is a form of government where citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf, but it does not inherently describe the relationship between a central authority and regions or states.

A confederal system is a loose alliance of independent states where the central authority has limited power, and the individual states retain the majority of governmental power. It is essentially the opposite of a unitary system.

The party that controlled the government of South West States after the 1979 General Elections was 

Détails de la réponse

After the 1979 General Elections in Nigeria, the party that controlled the government of the South West states, which were predominantly Yoruba-speaking areas, was the **Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN)**.

The **Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN)** was founded by Chief Obafemi Awolowo, a prominent Yoruba leader and politician, who had a significant influence in the South West region. The UPN was known for its emphasis on progressive ideologies, including free education and social welfare programs, which resonated strongly with the people of the South West.

Due to the party's strong presence and organization in the region, the UPN won the majority of votes in the South West states, allowing them to form the government in those areas. This success can be attributed to both the popularity of its founder and the alignment of its policies with the needs and aspirations of the South West people.

An agent in which the state undertakes direct political socialisation is the 

Détails de la réponse

The agent in which the state undertakes direct political socialization is the school.

Here's why:

Schools play a crucial role in political socialization, which is the process of learning and internalizing the values, beliefs, and norms of a political culture. Unlike other agents, schools are often directly influenced and regulated by the state. They are used as formal settings where the government can introduce and emphasize civic education, national history, laws, and political systems.

This means that students learn about their country’s political system, responsibilities as citizens, and democratic principles through the curriculum designed and enforced by the educational authorities, which are typically linked to the state. Schools also celebrate national holidays and instill patriotic sentiments through various activities and programs.

On the other hand, the church may impart spiritual and moral values, the peer groups influence behavior and social norms, and the mass media shape public opinion. However, these are not typically under direct state control for political socialization.

Which local government reform in Nigeria prevented traditional rulers from engaging in politics?

Détails de la réponse

The local government reform in Nigeria that prevented traditional rulers from engaging in politics was the 1976 Reform.

Here's a simple explanation:

Prior to the 1976 reform, traditional rulers had significant influence and played active roles in both political and administrative affairs within their regions. This often created conflicts of interest and challenges in governance, as their roles were not clearly defined within the modern state structure.

The 1976 Local Government Reform was a significant restructuring of local governance. This reform aimed to establish a more uniform and systematic local government system throughout Nigeria. A vital aspect of this reform was to clearly define the roles and responsibilities of traditional rulers in order to separate traditional authority from political governance.

The reform stipulated that traditional rulers should no longer have executive or administrative roles in the formal local government system. This meant that they could not hold political office or engage in political activities, allowing for a clearer distinction between traditional roles and political governance.

Overall, the reform sought to create a more democratic and efficient local government structure by reducing political interference from traditional rulers, while still allowing them to preserve their cultural and traditional roles within their communities.

Shehu Shagari won the 1979 Presidential Election under 

Détails de la réponse

Shehu Shagari won the 1979 Presidential Election under the political party known as the National Party of Nigeria (NPN). This was a significant event in Nigerian history as it marked the transition from military rule to a civilian government. The NPN was known for its appeal across various regions of Nigeria and promoted a message of national unity. It was a dominant political force during the Second Republic of Nigeria, which began in 1979 after the military handed over power to the civilian government. The election of Shehu Shagari as President reflected the support and influence the NPN had at that time.

A form of government where the powers of the state is determined by the citizens is 

Détails de la réponse

The form of government where the powers of the state are determined by the citizens is Democracy.

In a Democracy, the power to make decisions about laws, policies, and the leadership of the country is vested in the hands of the people. This is typically done through various forms of participation such as voting in elections. When citizens vote for their leaders and on specific political issues, they exercise their power to shape the way the government operates.

A Democracy is characterized by several core principles:

• Popular Sovereignty: The authority of the government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives.
• Political Equality: Each citizen has an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives, regardless of their background or status.
• Protection of Rights: Democracies strive to protect the rights and freedoms of individuals, ensuring that everyone is treated equally under the law.
• Accountability: Elected officials are accountable to the people, and they can be replaced through free and fair elections if they do not perform their duties properly.

In contrast to other forms of government such as Monarchy, Aristocracy, and Autocracy, where power is held by one person or a specific group, a Democracy ensures that the power rests with the people, making it the most inclusive form of governance.

The June 12 election in Nigeria was annulled by the regime of 

Détails de la réponse

The June 12, 1993, presidential election in Nigeria, widely regarded as one of the country's fairest and freest elections, was annulled by the regime of **Ibrahim Babangida**. General Babangida was the military ruler of Nigeria from 1985 to 1993. Under his leadership, the country was in a political transition towards democracy.

The election saw **Chief Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola**, often referred to as M.K.O. Abiola, as the leading candidate. However, despite being a pivotal moment that could have ushered in democratic governance, the election results were never officially released, and the election was annulled on June 23, 1993, by Babangida's administration. This decision led to political unrest and was widely condemned both domestically and internationally.

There were several factors and speculations surrounding the annulment, such as allegations of electoral malpractice, but many believed it was due to military and political interest in maintaining power and control over Nigeria's political sphere. The annulment had far-reaching consequences, including political instability and eventually contributing to the continuation of military rule until democratic elections were finally held in 1999.

The famous Italian Fascist leader was

Détails de la réponse

The famous Italian Fascist leader was Benito Mussolini.

Benito Mussolini was an influential figure in early 20th-century Europe and the founder of Italian Fascism. He was born on July 29, 1883, in Predappio, Italy, and became the Prime Minister of Italy in 1922. Mussolini’s governance was characterized by the establishment of a dictatorship, as he dismantled democratic institutions and promoted a totalitarian state. Under Fascism, Mussolini sought to create a centralized autocratic government, where the nation-state and its values were held above individual rights.

Mussolini aligned with Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany before and during World War II, which ultimately led to Italy's involvement in the war. His reign ended in 1943, and he was eventually captured and executed by Italian partisans in 1945. Benito Mussolini remains a significant figure in history for his role in the development and spread of Fascist ideologies.

Which of these colonial constitutions in Nigeria endured for the longest period?

Détails de la réponse

The colonial constitution in Nigeria that endured for the longest period was the Clifford Constitution. It was introduced by Governor Hugh Clifford in 1922 and remained in effect until the introduction of the Macpherson Constitution in 1951. Therefore, the Clifford Constitution lasted approximately 29 years.

The Clifford Constitution is significant because it introduced the first electoral system, allowing Nigerians to elect representatives to the legislative council in Lagos and Calabar. This introduction marked the beginning of elective representation in Nigeria. The Clifford Constitution also laid the foundation for future constitutional developments by encouraging political consciousness and participation among Nigerians.

ECOWAS was established in

Détails de la réponse

The **Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)** was established on 28 May 1975. This establishment happened when a treaty was signed in Lagos, Nigeria, by the Heads of State and Government of 15 West African countries. The primary goal of ECOWAS is to promote economic integration and cooperation among its member states, which includes the free movement of goods, capital, and people, as well as the harmonization of policies and development of a unified economic space in the West African region.

Absence of a Red-tape is a merit of 

Détails de la réponse

The **absence of red tape** is typically considered a merit of a **unitary government structure**.

Here's why:

• In a **unitary structure**, there is a **centralized government** which holds the majority of the power.
• This centralized power means **decisions can be made quickly** and efficiently because there are **fewer layers of bureaucracy** to navigate through.
• In comparison, structures like the **federal** or **confederal governments** often involve multiple layers of government (e.g., federal, state, local) which can result in **more red tape**.
• **Red tape** refers to excessive regulation or rigid conformity to formal rules that can slow down decision-making and governmental processes.
• Thus, in this centralized system, the **streamlined processes** and **direct decision-making** reduce the **unnecessary bureaucratic delays** commonly associated with red tape.

Overall, the **unitary structure** is seen as an efficient means to enact policies and changes due to the **reduction of procedural hurdles** that are more common in other government structures.

The fragmented nature of the Igbo pre-colonial political system qualified it to be described as

Détails de la réponse

The pre-colonial Igbo political system is often described as acephalous in nature. This is because it lacked a centralized authority or head such as a king or chief, which is common in centralized political systems. Instead, the Igbo society was organized around individual communities or villages, each of which had its own set of rules and governance structures. These communities were largely independent and operated through a system of direct democracy.

In the Igbo culture, governance was conducted through a council of elders, age grades, and other traditional institutions. Decisions were made collectively, often through consensus, rather than by a single ruler. This decentralized and balanced approach to governance can also be described as fragmented because power and authority were spread out over various age groups and societal institutions, rather than being concentrated in one central figure or body.

Overall, the Igbo political system exemplified a grassroots and community-centered approach to decision-making, which allowed for a high degree of autonomy and flexibility within each village or community.

The rationale behind the adoption of a federal system of government in Nigeria is to 

Détails de la réponse

The adoption of a federal system of government in Nigeria is primarily motivated by the need to promote autonomy of states and promote unity in diversity.

Promote the Autonomy of States:
Nigeria is a country with various ethnic groups and cultures. The federal system allows each state, which may represent a particular ethnic or cultural group, to have some degree of self-governance. This means that states can make decisions best suited to their local circumstances, as they have control over certain areas such as education, healthcare, and infrastructure development. By fostering autonomy, the federal system helps prevent dominance by a single ethnic group and allows for more nuanced governance that can address the specific needs and aspirations of different regions.

Promote Unity in Diversity:
Nigerian society is highly diverse, with over 250 ethnic groups. A federal system accommodates this diversity by ensuring that different groups have representation and participation in governance. This system helps in managing diversity by allowing various ethnic groups to coexist peacefully under a central government while maintaining their unique identities and rights. It encourages cooperation and collaboration amongst the states, which contributes to national unity. By integrating diverse groups into a single political framework, the federal system helps to strengthen national identity and cohesion, thus promoting unity.

Ultimately, the federal system in Nigeria seeks to balance the need for a strong central government while respecting the cultural and ethnic diversity that characterizes its population. This balance helps maintain peace, stability, and development across the nation.

The party system that Nigeria operated in the aborted Third Republic is 

Détails de la réponse

Nigeria operated a two-party system during the aborted Third Republic. This system involves having only two major political parties that dominate the political landscape, often leading to simpler choices for voters. In the case of Nigeria's Third Republic, the government officially sanctioned and recognized two political parties:

• Social Democratic Party (SDP)
• National Republican Convention (NRC)

In this system, both parties competed for political power, emulating a structure seen in several Western democracies, such as the United States. The goal was to create a more stable and efficient political environment by reducing the complexities and conflicts that can arise from multiple parties. Unfortunately, this attempt was short-lived because the Third Republic was prematurely ended by a military coup before the system could become entrenched.

The Nigerian Youth Movement pursued its objectives through the use of 

Détails de la réponse

The Nigerian Youth Movement (NYM) played a significant role in advocating for the rights and interests of Nigerians during the colonial period. They pursued their objectives through a mix of **protest**, **newspapers**, and **strike actions**. Here’s a simple explanation:

• Protest: The NYM organized and engaged in peaceful protests to voice their grievances against colonial policies. These protests were aimed at drawing attention to unjust practices and demanding reforms in governance and civil rights.


• Newspapers: The movement made effective use of newspapers to spread their ideas and rally support. Through editorials, articles, and opinion pieces, they communicated their messages and informed the public about the need for change, thereby reaching a wider audience beyond their immediate members.


• Strike Actions: The NYM also engaged in or supported strike actions, which were powerful tools to disrupt colonial economic activities and demand better working conditions and policies. Strikes were a way to exert pressure on the authorities to address their concerns.

The combination of these strategies helped the Nigerian Youth Movement to effectively pursue their objectives and lay the groundwork for future political activism in Nigeria. They demonstrated the power of organized advocacy in challenging unjust systems.

The leader of the Oyo Mesi in the Yoruba pre-colonial political system was

Détails de la réponse

In the Yoruba pre-colonial political system, the **Oyo Mesi** was a powerful council of chiefs that had significant influence over the governance of the Oyo Empire. The leader of the Oyo Mesi was known as the **Bashorun**. The Bashorun held a position of great authority and was the most senior member of the Oyo Mesi. This individual was responsible for advising the king, known as the Alaafin of Oyo, and played a crucial role in the checks and balances within the political structure.

The Oyo Mesi, including the Bashorun, acted as a form of counterbalance to the monarchial power of the Alaafin, ensuring that the king did not rule as an autocrat. In times when the king lost the confidence of the Oyo Mesi, it was the Bashorun's responsibility to perform specific rituals that could potentially lead to the deposition of the king. Therefore, the role of the Bashorun as the leader of the Oyo Mesi was vital to maintaining the political stability and governance of the empire.

Aggregate view of individuals in a society is referred to as

Détails de la réponse

The term used to describe the aggregate view of individuals in a society is called public opinion. Public opinion represents the collective attitudes, beliefs, and preferences on a particular topic or issue held by the general population, usually in the context of political, social, or economic matters.

Public opinion is often measured through surveys and polls, and it provides insights into what people think, feel, and believe at a given point in time. Understanding public opinion helps policymakers, leaders, and organizations gauge the mood of the society, predict future trends, and make informed decisions.

One of the internal factors that led to the rise and growth of nationalism in Nigeria was

Détails de la réponse

One of the internal factors that contributed significantly to the rise and growth of nationalism in Nigeria was the return of ex-service men after World War II. These men had served alongside soldiers from other nations, gaining exposure to international ideas and practices. Here is a simple explanation:

• During World War II, many Nigerians served in the British military forces. This gave them the opportunity to travel overseas, interact with people from different countries, and witness a broader perspective on governance and rights.
• Upon returning home, these ex-servicemen were often faced with a lack of opportunities and poor economic conditions, despite their sacrifices during the war.
• This dissatisfaction led them to become more vocal and proactive in demanding better rights, conditions, and ultimately, self-governance for Nigerians. They played a crucial role in political mobilization and organization.
• Their experiences and discontent became a shared sentiment among many educated Nigerians, paving the way for a united nationalist movement aimed at ending colonial rule.

In summary, the return of ex-service men was a catalyst in fostering a stronger sense of national identity and solidarity among Nigerians, fueling the desire for independence and self-governance.

naturalised citizen can lose his citizenship if found guilty of 

Détails de la réponse

A naturalized citizen is someone who has obtained citizenship by fulfilling the legal criteria set by a country. However, even after becoming a citizen, certain serious offenses can lead to the revocation of one's citizenship.

The offense that can lead to the loss of citizenship for a naturalized citizen is treason. Treason is defined as the act of betraying one's own country by attempting to overthrow the government or harming the nation's sovereignty.

This is because treason signifies a fundamental betrayal of the nation's trust and security. Countries take this offense very seriously, as it poses a direct threat to national security and the well-being of its citizens.

On the other hand, offenses such as evading taxes, electoral violence, or loitering, although potentially serious, do not typically result in the loss of citizenship. These crimes are usually addressed through other legal penalties like fines, imprisonment, or other corrective measures.

The principle of civil service that guarantees the employment of public workers is 

Détails de la réponse

The principle of civil service that guarantees the employment of public workers is permanence.

Permanence refers to the idea that civil servants have stable and long-term employment. Once they are appointed to a civil service position, they usually remain in that position or within the civil service system for most of their working life, provided they perform satisfactorily and comply with the rules and regulations of public service. This stability means they are not subject to frequent job changes, political transitions, or arbitrary dismissals.

The concept of permanence helps maintain a professional and efficient bureaucracy. Civil servants can focus on implementing policies and serving the public rather than worrying about job security. It also helps to ensure that the institution retains skilled and experienced personnel over time.

Public corporations can be controlled by

Détails de la réponse

The courts can declare any act made by some corporations illegal or unconstitutional. This is done when they are breaching the Act upon which they are set up. 

Price stability in the international oil market is the major objective of the

Détails de la réponse

The major objective of **price stability in the international oil market** is primarily associated with the **Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)**.

OPEC is an organization consisting of oil-producing countries, and its primary aim is to **coordinate and unify the petroleum policies** of its member countries. This coordination ensures that the oil market is stable, prices are reasonable, and there is a consistent supply of oil to consumers.

OPEC achieves this by determining the **production levels** of its member countries. By doing so, it can either increase or decrease oil production to influence oil prices. For instance, if there is too much oil in the market, leading to falling prices, OPEC may choose to lower production to stabilize or increase prices.

This function is not a direct objective of organizations such as the **United Nations (UN)**, which focuses on maintaining international peace and security, or the **World Trade Organization (WTO)**, which addresses trade rules between countries. Similarly, the **African Union (AU)** concentrates on regional integration and development within Africa.

Public corporations in Nigeria are established through 

Détails de la réponse

Public corporations in Nigeria are established through an Act of Parliament. This process involves the creation and passage of a specific law by the legislative body, which in Nigeria is the National Assembly.

Here's a simple way to understand this:

• When there's a need for a new public corporation to handle national issues like utilities, transportation, or broadcasting, a proposal is made in the form of a bill.
• This bill is then discussed, debated, and voted on by the members of the National Assembly, which consists of two houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives.
• Once both houses approve the bill, it is sent to the President for assent. After the President's approval, it becomes an Act of Parliament.
• This Act legally establishes the public corporation, specifying its duties, powers, and organizational structure.

In essence, an Act of Parliament is the formal legislative process through which public corporations in Nigeria are established, allowing them to function under the legal framework provided by the law.

The electoral process in a representative government does NOT include

Détails de la réponse

In a representative government, the electoral process is fundamentally about ensuring that citizens have a clear path to select their representatives. This includes conducting free and fair elections where all eligible voters can participate without undue influence or barriers. An independent electoral commission is also essential as it ensures that the process is managed fairly, transparently, and impartially.

Additionally, a free press plays a pivotal role in keeping the electorate informed. It allows for the dissemination of information and offers a platform for public discussion, ensuring voters understand the choices available to them.

However, registration of birth is not a direct part of the electoral process. While birth registration is important for documenting an individual's existence and identity, it is not a step in the process of organizing or conducting elections. It is more of a civil registration system that helps in establishing the identity for various purposes, which can indirectly relate to voter identification, but it is not an electoral activity in itself.

Thus, registration of birth is the element that does not directly belong to the electoral process in a representative government.

Which of these is a major challenge of public corporations in Nigeria?

Détails de la réponse

A major challenge of public corporations in Nigeria is political interference. Public corporations in Nigeria often face significant challenges due to political interference for several reasons:

• Decision Making: Politicians sometimes influence decisions in public corporations to align with their political interests rather than focusing on efficiency or profitability. This can lead to misallocation of resources and hinder the corporation's ability to achieve its objectives.
• Appointment of Personnel: Political interventions can lead to appointments based on favoritism rather than merit. This results in having unqualified personnel in leadership positions, which can negatively affect the management and operations of the corporation.
• Lack of Autonomy: Due to continuous political interference, public corporations often lack the autonomy needed to execute their mandates effectively. This can lead to delays and inefficiencies in service delivery.
• Policy Inconsistency: Frequent changes in government can bring about policy shifts that disrupt the operations of public corporations. This instability can affect long-term planning and development.

In conclusion, political interference poses a significant challenge because it undermines the ability of public corporations to operate efficiently, make strategic decisions, and focus on their core missions, leading to poor service delivery and financial performance.

The judgement that ceded and transferred Bakassi legal title from Nigeria to Cameroon was delivered by 

Détails de la réponse

The judgement that ceded and transferred the Bakassi Peninsula's legal title from Nigeria to Cameroon was delivered by the International Court of Justice (ICJ). This court is the primary judicial branch of the United Nations, whose role is to settle legal disputes submitted by states and give advisory opinions on legal matters. The ICJ's decision was based on various historical treaties and agreements as well as international law, following a lengthy legal process. In October 2002, the ICJ ruled that the territory legally belonged to Cameroon, and this led to the eventual transfer of the disputed region. Understanding this jurisdiction and the case's global significance can help comprehend international territorial disputes and the function of the ICJ.

A major instrument designed to promote the workings of Nigerian federalism is

Détails de la réponse

A major instrument designed to promote the workings of Nigerian federalism is the Federal Character Commission.

The Federal Character Commission (FCC) is tasked with ensuring that there is equal representation and diversity across all sectors of the Nigerian government, which is crucial for maintaining balance in a federal system like Nigeria's. Nigeria is a multicultural and multi-ethnic nation, and federalism here demands that every ethnic group feels represented and included in government affairs.

The FCC works to ensure that appointments and the distribution of resources reflect the geographic diversity of the country. It aims to eliminate any form of dominance by a particular region or group over others, thus promoting fairness and inclusivity. This is key to fostering national unity and stability, as it helps to prevent regional and ethnic tensions by giving all groups a sense of participation in the federation.

By focusing on equitable inclusion, the Federal Character Commission plays a vital role in enhancing social cohesion, which is essential for the effective functioning of Nigerian federalism.

The power of prerogative of mercy rests with the 

Détails de la réponse

The power of prerogative of mercy is vested in the executive branch of government. This power allows the head of the executive, usually the president or governor, to exercise mercy in the case of criminal offenders. This can include granting pardons, reducing sentences, or commuting penalties. The purpose is to provide a means to achieve justice or compassion beyond the scope of the judiciary.

Key Points:

• The prerogative of mercy is primarily exercised by figures such as the president or governors.
• It is a discretionary power that can be used to correct judicial errors, provide relief in exceptional situations, or reward rehabilitation and good behavior.
• This power is part of the executive functions and is often included in the constitution or statutes of a country.

Nigeria played fundamental roles in the creation of 

Détails de la réponse

Nigeria has played significant roles in the creation and sustenance of some key international organizations. Let's discuss these contributions in simple terms.

ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States):
Nigeria was a major architect in the formation of ECOWAS, which was established in 1975. The country recognized the need for economic cooperation among West African countries to foster regional development, stability, and to improve living standards. Nigeria's leadership and dedication were crucial in bringing together sixteen West African countries to create ECOWAS. It aimed to promote economic integration, free trade, and cooperation in various fields such as agriculture, culture, and industry.

OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries):
Although Nigeria was not one of the founding members of OPEC when it was formed in 1960, Nigeria joined OPEC in 1971. Nigeria's role has since become essential due to its position as one of Africa's largest oil producers. Through OPEC, Nigeria has been involved in decisions affecting global oil prices and oil policies, reflecting the interests of oil-exporting countries.

UN (United Nations):
Nigeria became a member of the United Nations in 1960, shortly after gaining independence. While Nigeria was not involved in the founding of the UN, it has played an active role as a member. Nigeria has contributed to peacekeeping missions, provided diplomatic support, and worked within the UN framework to address global issues such as poverty, health, and security. Nigeria’s participation is vital, given its status as a significant nation on the African continent.

Commonwealth:
Nigeria joined the Commonwealth of Nations in 1960 following its independence from British colonial rule. As a member, Nigeria participates in activities to foster cooperation among member states in areas such as democracy, human rights, and development. It has also hosted Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings. Although it didn't play a role in the creation, Nigeria has been an active and influential member.

Before a treaty can be binding on a country, it has to be approved by the

Détails de la réponse

Before a treaty can be binding on a country, it typically has to be approved by the legislature. This is because the legislative branch of government is usually responsible for making laws and approving international agreements. The process involves a few key steps. First, the treaty is negotiated and signed by members of the executive branch, such as the president or prime minister and other officials. However, signature alone does not mean the treaty is fully accepted. To ensure that the treaty is consistent with the country's laws and policies, the legislature must review and ratify it.

Once the legislature has examined the treaty, they may hold debates and discussions to assess its implications. They need to ensure that the treaty aligns with the country's national interest and legal framework. If the legislature agrees, they will give their consent, thereby making the treaty legally binding. This legislative approval process allows for checks and balances in government, ensuring that the treaty undergoes thorough scrutiny by representatives of the people.

The judiciary is not directly involved in the treaty approval process; instead, they interpret laws and may address any legal disputes regarding treaties. The military does not play a role in approving treaties; their role is more about implementing defense-related strategies and policies that may arise from such treaties once they are enacted.

Recruitment and promotion of civil servants in Nigeria remain the responsibility of 

Détails de la réponse

The responsibility for the recruitment and promotion of civil servants in Nigeria falls under the **Civil Service Commission**. This Commission is an essential governmental body specifically tasked with overseeing and managing the employment lifecycle of civil servants within the public sector. This includes their **recruitment**, **promotion**, **disciplinary actions**, and **retirement**.

The **Civil Service Commission** is designed to ensure that there is a **fair and transparent** process in the management of civil servants, which is crucial for upholding the principles of **meritocracy** and **efficiency** in public service. They are responsible for setting **guidelines**, conducting **interviews**, administering **exams**, and executing **promotional reviews** to ensure that the principles of a **professional and accountable civil service** are maintained.

In summary, while there are other commissions for specific sectors such as the **Federal Character Commission**, **National Universities Commission**, and the **Federal Judicial Commission**, it is the **Civil Service Commission** that is primarily concerned with the affairs of civil servants in terms of recruitment and promotion. Their work plays a critical role in maintaining a **competent and equitable** public service system in Nigeria.

Formation of political parties in Nigeria is one of the features of 

Détails de la réponse

The formation of political parties in Nigeria is one of the features of the Clifford Constitution that was introduced in 1922. This constitution facilitated the establishment of legislative councils and allowed for the election of Nigerian members, although on a limited scale, to the legislative council in Lagos and Calabar. This political framework became a significant breeding ground for political activism.

One of the notable outcomes of this constitution was the emergence of political parties. The most significant of these was the **Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP)**, founded by Herbert Macaulay in 1923. This was the first political party in Nigeria, marking the birth of organized political movements that aimed to represent the interests of Nigerians in governance.

In summary, the Clifford Constitution laid down the groundwork for political participation and introduced elements of electoral democracy, such as electing members to the legislative councils. This setting provided the necessary motivation and structure for the formation of early political parties in Nigeria.