JAMB UTME - Geography - 2003

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The C-horizon in a soil profile can be described as the zone relatively unaffected by soil-forming processes. This layer is located beneath the A and B horizons and is composed of partially weathered parent material. It is usually the deepest layer and lacks the characteristics of the upper layers, such as organic matter, humus, and nutrients, as it has not been subjected to the same degree of weathering and leaching. Therefore, the C-horizon is considered to be the layer with the least biological activity and is also referred to as the "parent material."

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The rock with the least carbon content is sandstone. Sandstone is a sedimentary rock made up of sand-sized grains of mineral, rock, or organic material. Unlike coal and lignite, which are formed from plant matter, and marble, which is a metamorphic rock formed from limestone, sandstone does not contain any significant amount of carbon. To understand this, imagine sand at the beach - it's made up of tiny particles of minerals that have eroded from rocks and carried by water or wind to the beach. Similarly, sandstone is formed from the accumulation of sand-sized particles that have been deposited and cemented together over time. Because sandstone does not contain plant or animal matter, it does not have significant carbon content. Overall, sandstone is a rock that is primarily composed of mineral grains and has little to no carbon content.

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The process whereby a plant community is replaced by another is known as succession. Succession occurs when there are changes in the physical and biological environment of an area, leading to the establishment of new plant species over time. In simple terms, imagine a barren land, and gradually, over time, some plants start to grow there. These plants are pioneers, and they help to create a suitable environment for other plants to grow. As these new plants grow, they change the conditions of the soil, light, and water in the area, making it more favorable for other plant species to colonize and establish themselves. This cycle continues until the plant community changes, leading to the replacement of one plant community by another. Overall, succession is a natural process that occurs in most ecosystems and is essential for maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem stability.

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Open-cast mining often leads to the degradation of the topsoil. This is because the top layer of soil, which is rich in nutrients and organic matter, is typically removed during the mining process, leaving behind a barren and infertile landscape. Additionally, the removal of vegetation and the disruption of natural drainage patterns can further contribute to soil degradation. While open-cast mining may involve the production of fertile soils as a byproduct of the mining process, this is not the primary outcome, and the degradation of topsoil is more common. The mining activities may also impact wildlife habitats and cause the extinction of certain animals, but this is not directly related to the effects on the soil.

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A landform that may result mainly from wind erosion is a "deflation hollow". Wind erosion can cause removal of loose surface materials such as sand, clay, and silt. Deflation hollows are formed when wind removes finer particles from a larger area, leaving a depression or hollow behind. These hollows are commonly found in arid and semi-arid regions with loose sedimentary deposits.

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Based on the geographic features shown on the map, it is most likely that the main occupation of the people in the area is farming. The map shows a river, which indicates a reliable source of water for irrigation and other farming needs. Additionally, the area appears to have relatively flat and open land, which is suitable for agriculture. While fishing could also be a possibility due to the presence of the river, it is less likely since the map does not show any significant bodies of water beyond the river that would support a fishing industry. Lumbering and mining are also less likely as they typically require specific types of terrain and resources that are not evident on the map.

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In humid tropical regions, the major soil type is latosol. Latosols, also known as oxisols, are formed in tropical and subtropical regions with high rainfall and high temperatures. They are typically deep, highly weathered soils that are rich in iron and aluminum oxides. The constant rainfall and high temperatures cause minerals and nutrients to be leached from the soil, leading to a low nutrient content and a high acidity level. This type of soil is not very suitable for agriculture without proper management, as the low nutrient content can make it difficult for plants to grow. However, latosols are important for their role in supporting diverse tropical ecosystems, and are found in areas such as the Amazon rainforest and other tropical regions around the world. Podzols, chernozems, and lithosols are not typically found in humid tropical regions.

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The Lagos area has emerged as the most prominent destination for internal migration because it is highly industrialized and highly urbanized. Lagos, the largest city in Nigeria, is known for its bustling economy and vibrant urban culture. The city is a major commercial and financial center, with a diverse range of industries such as manufacturing, banking, and telecommunications. It is also home to several major ports, making it an important hub for trade and commerce. Due to its industrialization and urbanization, Lagos offers a wide range of economic opportunities and a high standard of living for many people. This has made it a highly attractive destination for internal migration, with many people moving to the city in search of better job prospects and a higher quality of life.

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The duration of sunshine is measured by the Campbell-Stokes recorder. The Campbell-Stokes recorder is a simple and low-cost device that measures the amount of sunshine duration in a day. The device consists of a glass sphere that acts as a magnifying lens and focuses the sun's rays onto a card, which is mounted on a recording drum. As the sun moves across the sky, the card is burnt by the focused rays of sunlight, leaving a trace or burn mark on the card. The length of the burn marks left on the card corresponds to the duration of sunshine for that particular day. To use the Campbell-Stokes recorder, it needs to be placed in an open area, preferably on a flat and level surface, and away from any obstructions that may cast shadows. The recorder is oriented in a way that the glass sphere faces the sun, and the recording drum rotates with the movement of the sun. Overall, the Campbell-Stokes recorder is an effective and straightforward tool for measuring the duration of sunshine, and it has been used for many years by meteorologists and climatologists around the world.

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One major characteristic of rural settlements is that they are homogeneous. This means that the population is often relatively small, and the people share similar lifestyles, traditions, and cultures. Rural settlements are typically composed of people who engage in similar economic activities, such as farming, forestry, or fishing. The buildings and houses in rural settlements are also often similar in style and construction, reflecting the shared heritage and traditions of the community. Additionally, rural settlements may have fewer amenities and services compared to urban areas, but they often offer a sense of community and closeness that is not found in larger cities.

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Manufacturing industries contribute to national development by adding value to local products. They take raw materials and transform them into finished goods that have more value in the market, thereby contributing to the growth of the economy. This process creates jobs, stimulates innovation, and helps to diversify the economy. By producing a variety of goods, manufacturing industries also provide consumers with choices and help to improve their standard of living. Additionally, manufacturing industries can contribute to national development by building industrial estates, which can attract further investment and create additional economic activity in the surrounding areas.

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The reindeer and the camel are commonly used as beasts of burden in the polar region and the Sahara Desert. Reindeer are used by the indigenous people of the Arctic regions, such as the Sami people, for transportation and as a source of food and clothing. They are well adapted to the cold, snowy conditions of the polar region and can pull sleds over long distances. Camels, on the other hand, are well adapted to the hot and dry conditions of the desert. They can travel long distances without water and can carry heavy loads across the sandy terrain of the Sahara Desert and other desert regions. Therefore, the reindeer and the camel are commonly used as beasts of burden in the polar region and the Sahara Desert, respectively.

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Soil conservation can be achieved through stripe-cropping, which is a farming practice that involves planting crops in alternating strips or bands of different crops. This helps to prevent soil erosion and nutrient depletion, as the different crops help to stabilize the soil and reduce runoff. Stripe-cropping can also help to reduce the spread of pests and diseases, as different crops attract different insects and pathogens. Other practices that can help with soil conservation include using cover crops, reducing tillage, maintaining proper soil pH and nutrient levels, and avoiding overgrazing. In contrast, floriculture and monoculture can actually have negative impacts on soil conservation, as these practices can lead to soil depletion and erosion. Mechanization can also have negative impacts if not properly managed, as heavy machinery can damage soil structure and increase compaction.

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The two most important determinants of air temperature of a region are latitude and altitude. Latitude refers to the distance of a location from the equator. The closer a location is to the equator, the more direct sunlight it receives throughout the year, leading to higher temperatures. Conversely, locations closer to the poles receive less direct sunlight and therefore have lower temperatures. Altitude refers to the elevation of a location above sea level. As altitude increases, the air becomes less dense and expands, which leads to a decrease in temperature. Therefore, locations at higher altitudes have lower temperatures than those at lower altitudes, all other factors being equal. Other factors such as wind, air mass, evaporation, sunshine hours, rainfall, and humidity can also affect air temperature to some extent, but latitude and altitude are the two most important determinants.

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To calculate the longitudinal difference between the two stations, we need to know the time difference between the two stations when the event occurs. Since station Z is ahead of station X in terms of time, we can calculate the time difference by subtracting the start time of the event (11:00 am) at station X from the time it appears on the screen at station Z (5.00 am). 5.00 am minus 11.00 am gives us a time difference of 6 hours. To convert this time difference to a longitudinal difference, we need to know that the Earth rotates 360 degrees in 24 hours. Therefore, the Earth rotates 15 degrees per hour (360/24=15). Multiplying 6 hours by 15 degrees per hour, we get a longitudinal difference of 90 degrees between the two stations. Therefore, the answer is option B) 90°.

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Two settlements are intervisible if one can be seen from the other without obstruction, even if the distance between them is far. Based on this definition, the pair of settlements that are intervisible is Bikun and Abuojo. This means that if you are standing in Bikun, you can see Abuojo without any obstacles blocking your view. It does not matter if the distance between the two settlements is great or not, as long as they can be seen from one another without obstruction, they are considered intervisible.

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The factor that best explains the large concentration of population in Java is fertile soils. Java is one of the most densely populated islands in the world, with a population of over 140 million people. The island has a tropical climate and is home to several active volcanoes, which have contributed to the formation of nutrient-rich soils that are ideal for agriculture. The availability of fertile soils has made Java an important agricultural region, and has supported the growth of a large population. The island is known for its production of rice, tea, coffee, and other crops. While nearness to the sea, large mineral deposits, and industrial agglomeration may also have played a role in the development of Java, the availability of fertile soils is the primary factor that has driven the island's population growth.

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If the distance between two places on a map is 2cm while the distance on land is 4km, the scale of the map is 1: 200 000. The scale of a map is the relationship between the distance on the map and the actual distance on the ground. It is usually expressed as a ratio, such as 1:50,000 or 1:100,000. In this case, we can use the fact that the distance on the map is 2cm and the distance on the ground is 4km to determine the scale. To do this, we need to convert the distance on the map to kilometers, since the distance on the ground is given in kilometers. If 2cm on the map represents 4km on the ground, then 1cm on the map represents 2km on the ground (since 4km is twice as long as 2km). Therefore, the scale of the map is 1cm to 2km, which can be expressed as a ratio of 1:200,000 (since 1cm is 1/200,000 of 200,000cm, which equals 2km).

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The group of factors that is most likely to influence industrial location is raw materials, energy, and market. Raw materials are the basic materials used in the manufacturing of products. Industries need to be located near the source of raw materials to reduce transportation costs and to ensure a constant supply of materials. For example, a steel plant needs to be located near iron ore mines to access the raw materials needed to produce steel. Energy is another critical factor that influences industrial location. Industries require a lot of energy to operate, so they need to be located near a reliable source of energy. For example, industries located near coal mines or oil fields can easily access the energy resources they need to operate. Finally, market access is a critical factor in industrial location. Industries need to be located near their markets to reduce transportation costs and to ensure a steady supply of customers. For example, a car factory located near a major city has easy access to a large market for its products. Overall, the group of factors that is most likely to influence industrial location is raw materials, energy, and market. These factors are critical for ensuring the efficient operation of industries and their ability to meet the demands of their customers.

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Iron ore mining in Africa is carried out in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Namibia, and Sierra Leone. Iron ore is an important mineral resource in Africa and is widely distributed in various countries. However, these three countries are known to have significant iron ore deposits and active mining operations. The Democratic Republic of Congo has one of the largest iron ore reserves in Africa, with the potential to become a major global producer. Namibia also has significant iron ore deposits, particularly in the central region of the country. Sierra Leone is another important producer of iron ore in Africa, with large deposits located in the Tonkolili district. These countries play a key role in the global iron ore market and contribute to the development of their respective economies.

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Softwood from coniferous forests is mainly used as raw material for the production of pulp and paper. Pulp and paper production is one of the major industrial uses of softwood. Coniferous trees, such as spruce, pine, and fir, are rich in cellulose fibers, which are essential for making paper products. The wood is processed in mills, where it is chipped, pulped, and bleached to remove impurities and create a clean fiber that can be used for papermaking. While softwood can be used for other purposes, such as poles and planks for construction, animal feed and fiber, and non-alcoholic beverages, these uses are not as common as pulp and paper production. Therefore, softwood from coniferous forests is primarily used as raw material for the production of pulp and paper.

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The towns that owe their origin and growth to the presence of localized mineral resources are Jos and Enugu. Jos is known for its tin mining activities, while Enugu is associated with coal mining. These mineral resources played a significant role in the development of the towns, attracting people from different parts of the country to work in the mines or provide related services. The growth of the towns was also facilitated by the construction of infrastructure such as railways and roads to transport the minerals to other parts of the country. While other towns in Nigeria may have had mining activities, Jos and Enugu are the ones that owe their origin and growth primarily to the presence of localized mineral resources. Port Harcourt and Onitsha are not known for mining activities but are important commercial centers for trade and commerce. Kano is known for its agricultural activities, while Abeokuta is known for its historic significance and traditional industries.

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Bush burning affects the atmosphere directly by adding to carbon(IV) oxide accumulation. When biomass (e.g., trees, grass, etc.) burns, carbon stored in the biomass is released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming. This process of burning biomass and releasing CO2 into the atmosphere is a major cause of climate change. In addition, bush burning can also indirectly affect the atmosphere by leaving the land surface bare, leading to soil erosion and further releasing carbon stored in the soil. While bush burning can add ashes to the soil, which can have some benefits, the direct impact on the atmosphere is the release of CO2.

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The planting of eucalyptus trees on the Jos Plateau is primarily to provide windbreakers. Eucalyptus trees are fast-growing and have a dense canopy that can act as a barrier against strong winds, which can help to prevent soil erosion and protect other vegetation in the area. While they may also provide firewood and have some soil reclamation benefits, their main purpose on the Jos Plateau is to serve as windbreakers. However, eucalyptus trees are not typically used to prevent desertification because they are not native to the region and may consume a lot of water, which can further degrade the soil.

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The pattern of rural population distribution in a region is mainly determined by the quality of the land. The quality of the land is an important factor in determining the distribution of rural populations. Regions with fertile land that can support agriculture and livestock tend to have higher rural populations. In contrast, areas with poor soil quality or unsuitable terrain may have lower rural populations. The size of the land is also an important factor, but it is not the primary factor. A large area of land with poor soil quality may have a lower rural population than a smaller area with fertile land. The quality of the population and the size of the population are not significant determinants of rural population distribution. The quality of the population is a subjective measure and may not have a direct impact on rural population distribution. Similarly, the size of the population may have an impact on the overall population density of a region but may not affect the pattern of rural population distribution. Therefore, the quality of the land is the most important factor in determining the pattern of rural population distribution in a region.