JAMB UTME - Geography - 2021

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Urban settlements often supply manufactured goods to rural settlements. Manufactured goods are products that are made using raw materials and processes that transform these materials into finished products. Urban areas often have a higher concentration of factories and industries that produce these manufactured goods, which are then supplied to rural areas. This allows rural residents to access products that they may not be able to produce themselves, such as electronics, household appliances, and other consumer goods. By supplying these goods, urban settlements play an important role in supporting the economic development of rural areas.

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An example of a coastline of emergence is a raised beach. A coastline of emergence refers to a type of coastline that is formed when the land is rising relative to the sea level. This can be caused by tectonic activity or changes in the level of the land due to the melting of glaciers. When the land rises, the sea level falls, which exposes the previously submerged shoreline. This results in the formation of a raised beach, which is a distinctive feature of a coastline of emergence. A raised beach is a beach that is located above the current sea level, and it is typically characterized by a flat or gently sloping surface. Other features of a coastline of emergence may include sea cliffs, wave-cut platforms, and marine terraces. These features are formed by the erosion of the land by the sea when it was at a higher level, followed by the uplift of the land. An example of a coastline of emergence can be found along the coast of Norway. The Norwegian coastline has experienced significant uplift due to tectonic activity, which has resulted in the formation of raised beaches, sea cliffs, and marine terraces. In summary, a coastline of emergence is a type of coastline that is formed when the land rises relative to the sea level. One of the distinctive features of this type of coastline is a raised beach, which is a beach that is located above the current sea level. An example of a coastline of emergence can be found along the coast of Norway.

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Shale is a sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rocks are formed from layers of sediment, such as dead plants and animals, sand, or mud, that have been compacted and cemented together over time. Shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock that forms from the compression of clay and silt. It is usually dark in color and can be easily split into thin layers. Marble, on the other hand, is a metamorphic rock, which means it was formed from the alteration of an existing rock, often through heat, pressure, and chemical processes. It is a dense, crystalline rock that is prized for its beauty and used in construction and sculpture. Graphite is a naturally occurring form of carbon and is not a rock. Schist is a metamorphic rock that forms from the alteration of existing rocks, often through heat, pressure, and chemical processes. It is characterized by its foliated texture, with flat, sheet-like minerals that are aligned in a particular direction.

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The option that is not responsible for the concentration of industries in eastern United States of America is "inadequate capital". The concentration of industries in eastern United States is due to the availability of two important factors: a large market and abundant natural resources. The eastern region of the US has a large population that provides a ready market for industrial products. Additionally, the region has numerous natural resources such as coal, iron ore, and waterways that are necessary for industrial production. High technology can also contribute to the concentration of industries in eastern United States as it attracts skilled labor and supports innovation. However, it is not the primary factor responsible for the concentration of industries in the region. On the other hand, inadequate capital would hinder industrial growth and development. Therefore, it cannot be responsible for the concentration of industries in eastern United States.

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Seasonal changes are not caused by the earth's rotation. The earth's rotation is responsible for causing day and night, as the rotation of the earth on its axis causes the sun to appear to rise and set each day. It is also responsible for the deflection of winds and ocean currents. Seasonal changes, on the other hand, are caused by the tilt of the earth's axis as it revolves around the sun. The earth's axis is tilted at an angle of approximately 23.5 degrees, which causes different parts of the earth to receive different amounts of solar radiation as the earth orbits the sun. This results in the changes in temperature and weather patterns that we experience as the seasons. In summary, seasonal changes are not caused by the earth's rotation, but rather by the earth's tilt as it orbits the sun. The earth's rotation, however, does cause day and night and the deflection of winds and ocean currents.

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The condition of the lower atmosphere of a place over a short period is called weather. Weather describes the day-to-day atmospheric conditions, such as temperature, precipitation, wind, and humidity that occur in a specific location at a particular time. It can change rapidly and varies from place to place, even within the same region. In contrast, climate refers to the long-term average weather conditions of a region, including factors such as temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric pressure, over a period of many years.

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Kossou Dam is located on the Bandama River. The Bandama River is a major river in Ivory Coast, located in West Africa. The Kossou Dam is one of the largest dams on this river, and it is an important source of hydroelectric power for the country. The dam was built in the 1960s and is located about 60 kilometers north of the city of Yamoussoukro. The Bandama River is approximately 800 kilometers long and is the longest river entirely within Ivory Coast. It is an important source of water for irrigation and other agricultural activities, and it is also an important transportation route for goods and people. The Kossou Dam was built to harness the power of the Bandama River and generate electricity for the country. The dam has a capacity of 174 megawatts and is able to supply power to much of the country. In addition to generating electricity, the dam also helps to control flooding in the area and provides water for irrigation and other purposes. In summary, the Kossou Dam is located on the Bandama River in Ivory Coast. The Bandama River is an important source of water for irrigation and transportation, and the dam is an important source of hydroelectric power for the country.

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The surveying instrument used to set out lines at right angles to the main chain line is an optical square. An optical square is a simple, yet precise surveying instrument that consists of two mirrors that are set at exactly 90 degrees to each other. It is used to establish perpendicular lines or right angles to the main chain line during the surveying process. The instrument is set up by placing it on the ground with one mirror facing down the main chain line and the other mirror facing at right angles to the main chain line. To use the optical square, a surveyor would first set up the main chain line using a steel band or another measuring instrument. Once the main chain line has been established, the optical square is set up and aligned with the main chain line. The mirror facing down the main chain line reflects the view of the surveyor along the line, while the other mirror reflects the view at right angles to the main chain line. This allows the surveyor to set out lines at right angles to the main chain line with a high degree of accuracy. In summary, the optical square is a surveying instrument used to set out lines at right angles to the main chain line by reflecting views along the main chain line and at right angles to it.

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When the salinity of an ocean is high, the ocean water becomes more dense. This dense water tends to sink towards the bottom of the ocean and flow along the ocean floor towards areas where the salinity is lower. So, the correct answer is: the ocean water is dense and creeps at the bottom of the ocean towards low salinity areas.

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Enugu is not a precolonial town. Precolonial refers to the time period before the colonization of a particular area or region by European powers. In Nigeria, many towns and cities existed before the arrival of the Europeans, and these are referred to as precolonial towns. Ilorin, Bida, and Ibadan are all precolonial towns in Nigeria. They existed as independent kingdoms and city-states with their own unique cultures, traditions, and forms of governance long before the arrival of the Europeans. Enugu, on the other hand, was not a precolonial town. The town was founded in the early 20th century by the British colonial authorities as a coal mining settlement. While there were some settlements and villages in the area before the arrival of the British, Enugu did not exist as a town or city with a defined political and social structure until it was established by the colonial authorities.

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If the scale of a map is 2cm to 1km, it means that for every 2 centimeters on the map, there is a real-world distance of 1 kilometer. To find the ground distance between two towns on the map, we need to convert the distance on the map into a real-world distance. If the distance between the two towns on the map is 20cm, we can start by calculating how many kilometers it represents in the real world. Since the scale is 2cm to 1km, we can divide the distance on the map by 2 to get the real-world distance: 20 cm / 2 = 10 km Therefore, the ground distance between the two towns is 10 kilometers. So the answer is: 10km.

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One effect of the earth's revolution is that it determines a year. The earth takes approximately 365.24 days to complete one orbit around the sun, which is known as a year. As the earth moves around the sun, it also causes changes in the amount of sunlight that different parts of the planet receive, which in turn affects the seasons. The tilt of the earth's axis also plays a role in determining the seasons. As the earth moves in its orbit, different parts of the planet are tilted towards or away from the sun, which causes the variations in the amount of daylight and darkness we experience throughout the year. Therefore, while day and night, dawn and twilight, and apparent sunrise and sunset are also effects of the earth's rotation, the revolution primarily determines a year.

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In the desert region, the most prominent agent of erosion is wind. The wind in the desert can pick up sand and other loose materials and carry them across the landscape, which can cause erosion over time. As the wind blows across the desert, it can pick up loose sand and other sediments and transport them from one location to another. This process, known as "deflation," can cause the erosion of the desert surface over time. In addition, the wind can also cause abrasion, which occurs when sand particles are carried by the wind and collide with other surfaces, such as rocks or other sediments. This can wear away the surface of the rocks or other materials over time, leading to erosion. Overall, wind erosion is a very important process in the desert environment and plays a significant role in shaping the landscape over time.

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The option that does not apply to the benefits of international trade to developing nations among those provided is "strains international trade relation". International trade has numerous benefits for developing nations, which include the following: 1. Encourages specialization in production: International trade allows developing nations to focus on producing goods and services that they have a comparative advantage in, such as natural resources or low-cost labor. This specialization leads to increased efficiency and productivity, which can result in higher economic growth and development. 2. Encourages healthy competition: International trade encourages healthy competition between nations, which drives innovation and technological advancements. Developing nations can learn from more developed nations and adopt best practices to improve their own production processes. 3. Enables nations to move from subsistence to mechanized economy: International trade provides access to capital, technology, and expertise that can help developing nations to modernize their economy and move away from subsistence farming or other traditional practices. Therefore, the correct option is that international trade does not strain international trade relations, but rather it can promote cooperation and collaboration between nations, leading to increased economic growth and development.

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The term that is defined as the total surrounding or medium of any organism in a given area is "environment". Environment refers to the sum total of all biotic and abiotic factors that affect an organism in a given area. Biotic components refer to all living organisms in an ecosystem, including plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria. Abiotic components, on the other hand, refer to all non-living factors, such as water, air, sunlight, temperature, soil, and minerals, that affect living organisms. An ecosystem is a community of living organisms, along with their non-living environment, that interact with each other. Therefore, an ecosystem is made up of both biotic and abiotic components, and it is a specific unit of the environment that can be studied as a distinct entity.

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The coastal regions of Sierra Leone record an annual rainfall of over 4,000 mm. Sierra Leone is a country located in West Africa, and its climate is generally tropical, with high temperatures and high humidity. The amount of rainfall that a place receives is determined by a number of factors, including its location and topography. The coastal regions of Sierra Leone are characterized by a dense forest and a humid climate, which is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean. The prevailing winds from the ocean bring moisture and result in high levels of rainfall. This region receives an annual rainfall of over 4,000 mm, which is one of the highest levels of rainfall in the world. The high rainfall is beneficial for agriculture, as it provides the necessary moisture for crops to grow. However, it can also result in flooding and landslides, which can be hazardous for the people living in the region. In summary, the coastal regions of Sierra Leone receive an annual rainfall of over 4,000 mm, which is a result of the region's location and its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean.

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The difference between the hottest and coldest daily temperature for a particular day is called the diurnal range of temperature. A combined maximum and minimum thermometer records both the highest and lowest temperatures that occur during a given period, typically a day. The highest temperature recorded is the maximum daily temperature, and the lowest temperature recorded is the minimum daily temperature. The diurnal range of temperature is the difference between these two values, indicating how much the temperature fluctuated over the course of the day. For example, if the highest temperature recorded was 30 degrees Celsius and the lowest temperature recorded was 15 degrees Celsius, then the diurnal range of temperature for that day would be 15 degrees Celsius.

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To determine the ground distance between the two towns on the map, we need to use the scale of the map. The scale tells us how many units of distance on the map (in this case, centimeters) correspond to one unit of ground distance (in this case, kilometers). For map a with a scale of 1:100,000, 1 centimeter on the map represents 100,000 centimeters or 1 kilometer on the ground. Therefore, 10 centimeters on the map represents 10 x 1 kilometer = 10 kilometers on the ground. For map b with a scale of 1:400,000, 1 centimeter on the map represents 400,000 centimeters or 4 kilometers on the ground. Therefore, 10 centimeters on the map represents 10 x 4 kilometers = 40 kilometers on the ground. So the correct answer is 10km, 40km.

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A major percentage of the world's exports of citrus fruits comes from the Mediterranean region. The Mediterranean region, which includes countries such as Spain, Italy, Greece, and Turkey, has a warm and sunny climate that is ideal for growing citrus fruits such as oranges, lemons, and grapefruits. These fruits are widely cultivated in the region, and a large portion of the production is exported to other countries. This region has long been known for its fertile soils and favorable growing conditions, making it one of the major citrus-producing areas in the world. In addition, the Mediterranean region has a long history of citrus cultivation and a strong tradition of producing high-quality fruit. So, while citrus fruits can be grown in other regions such as the tropical and cool temperate regions, the Mediterranean region remains the largest exporter of these fruits.

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Coal is the rock that is organically formed. Coal is formed from the remains of ancient plants and trees that died millions of years ago. Over time, these organic materials were buried under layers of sediment and rock, which subjected them to intense pressure and high temperatures. This process caused the organic matter to transform into coal, a black or brown rock that is primarily composed of carbon. In contrast, Gypsum, Grit, and Shale are all rocks that are formed through inorganic processes. Gypsum is formed from the evaporation of saline water, grit is a sandstone that is formed from the accumulation of sand particles, and shale is formed from the accumulation of mud and silt. In summary, coal is the only rock that is formed through organic processes, while gypsum, grit, and shale are formed through inorganic processes.

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Cement factories are usually located near sources of raw materials. Raw materials such as limestone, clay, shale, and other minerals are used to produce cement. These materials are usually found in abundance in certain geological formations or deposits. Transporting these raw materials over long distances can be costly and time-consuming, so it makes sense for cement factories to be located as close as possible to the sources of these materials. This helps to keep production costs low and ensures a steady supply of raw materials for the factory. Additionally, being close to the raw materials can also help to reduce the environmental impact of the factory. If the raw materials have to be transported over long distances, this can lead to increased emissions from transportation vehicles, which can contribute to air pollution and climate change. Therefore, to ensure the efficient and sustainable production of cement, it is common for cement factories to be located near sources of raw materials.

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Contour ploughing is a way of controlling soil erosion. Soil erosion is the process of the removal of topsoil by agents such as wind or water. When the topsoil is removed, it leads to the loss of important nutrients and organic matter that are necessary for plant growth. Soil erosion also leads to the degradation of the soil structure, making it difficult for plants to grow. Contour ploughing involves ploughing furrows along the contours of a slope rather than up and down. This helps to slow down the runoff of water and reduce soil erosion. By ploughing along the contour, the furrows act as a barrier that traps water and allows it to soak into the soil. This helps to improve the water-holding capacity of the soil, which is essential for plant growth. In summary, contour ploughing is an effective way of controlling soil erosion because it helps to slow down the runoff of water and reduce soil loss.

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The type of water left in the soil after excess water has been drained off following heavy rainfall is known as field capacity. Field capacity refers to the amount of water that the soil can hold after excess water has drained away and the soil particles have become saturated. This water is held in the soil by a combination of gravity and the attraction between water molecules and soil particles. In other words, field capacity is the point at which the soil is neither too wet nor too dry, and it is the maximum amount of water that can be stored in the soil and still be available for plants to use.

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The correct answer is "Colonial ties." One of the primary reasons for the high volume of trade between Nigeria and developed countries is the historical and economic ties that Nigeria shares with many of these nations. Nigeria was a British colony until it gained independence in 1960, and as a result, it has maintained strong trade relationships with the UK and other former British colonies. These relationships have been fostered over many years through cultural, social, and economic ties. In addition, many developed countries have invested heavily in Nigeria's natural resources, such as oil, which has further strengthened the trade relationships between Nigeria and these countries. This has led to the development of a large export market for Nigerian products, such as crude oil and natural gas. Therefore, the correct answer is "Colonial ties," as it has been a significant reason for the high volume of trade between Nigeria and developed countries.

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The term that fits the given definition is "watershed." A watershed is a highland area that separates the headwaters of rivers that flow in different directions but originate from the same mountainous source. Think of it as a dividing line that determines which direction rainwater will flow. Rain that falls on one side of the watershed will flow into one river, while rain that falls on the other side will flow into a different river. This separation is important because it affects the water quality and quantity of each river, and it can have significant impacts on the ecosystems that depend on those rivers.

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