JAMB UTME - Government - 2011

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The organ of the United Nations responsible for approving its annual budget is the General Assembly. This is the main deliberative body of the UN and includes representatives from all member states. Each year, the General Assembly meets to review and approve the proposed budget for the UN, which includes funding for various programs, activities, and operations. The General Assembly also has the power to make decisions on other important issues, such as the admission of new member states and the election of non-permanent members of the Security Council.

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The Action Group crisis of 1963 led to the formation of a new political party known as the United Peoples Party (UPP).

The UPP was formed in the then Western Region by Chief S.L. Akintola with his supporters when he was dismissed from the Action Group.

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The rules and regulations of the civil service are called General Order.

The rules and regulations guiding the behavior and career of workers at both federal and state levels are written down in a book known as the General Order (G.O). The G.O covers all the functions of the civil servants from recruitment to retirement, promotion, transfer, discipline, channels of communication, allowances, training courses, various levels, handling of public funds, etc.

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One essential duty of a citizen to his state is to pay his tax. Taxes are the main source of revenue for the government, which it needs to fund public services like infrastructure, education, healthcare, and security. By paying taxes, citizens contribute to the development of their state and help the government provide these necessary services to everyone. It is therefore essential that citizens fulfill this duty promptly and honestly. Failure to pay taxes can result in legal consequences, which can be detrimental to both the citizen and the state. Thus, paying taxes is not only a legal obligation but also a moral responsibility of citizens towards their state.

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Private ownership of the means of production is central to capitalism. This means that the resources and tools used to create goods and services, such as land, factories, and equipment, are owned by individuals or private companies, rather than by the state or the people as a whole. Under capitalism, businesses operate to generate profits for their owners or shareholders, and markets determine the prices of goods and services. The idea is that individuals are free to compete in the market, offering goods and services at varying prices, and consumers are free to choose which products to buy based on their preferences and budgets. In contrast, under communism, the means of production are owned and controlled by the state, with the goal of creating a classless society and eliminating exploitation. Under feudalism, land and resources were owned by lords or nobles, who allowed peasants to work the land in exchange for protection and a share of the crops. Fascism is a political ideology that emphasizes authoritarianism, nationalism, and the subjugation of individual rights to the interests of the state.

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Ghana is Unitary State. A Unitary state is one in which the central government is supreme and possesses a complete governmental power.

The central government is all powerful and there is only one central legislature that makes laws for the whole country. It then stands to reason that the central government is the only source from which power Emanets.

Examples of countries operating unitary system of government include: Britain, Italy, France, Belgium, New Zealand, Sweden, Gambia, Sierra Leone, Ethiopia Togo, Cameroun, Kenya, Ghana under Nkurumah, etc.

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In an electoral process, a franchise refers to the right to vote. It means that eligible citizens have the opportunity to participate in the democratic process by choosing their representatives through a ballot box. The term franchise is often used interchangeably with the term suffrage. Having the franchise is a fundamental aspect of democracy, as it allows citizens to have a say in how their country is governed.

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The Yoruba traditional system of government was monarchical. The Yoruba people of West Africa had a system of government in which a king or queen, known as an Oba, ruled over the people and made decisions for the kingdom. The Oba was believed to have a divine right to rule and was considered the highest authority in the land. The monarchy was a system of government that was passed down through the royal family and was supported by a council of elders and other important members of the community.

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The Secretary General of the United Nations is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council. This means that the Security Council, which is composed of the five permanent member countries (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States), makes a recommendation for who should be the next Secretary General. The recommendation is then passed to the General Assembly, which is made up of all 193 member countries of the United Nations, for approval. The Secretary General is appointed for a five-year term and can be re-appointed for an additional term.

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Under the pre-colonial Sokoto Caliphate system, the next in command to the Sultan was the Galadima. The Galadima was the chief advisor to the Sultan and was responsible for overseeing the administration of the caliphate. The Galadima was also in charge of the military and was responsible for maintaining order and security in the caliphate. The Sokoto Caliphate was a powerful Islamic state that existed in what is now Nigeria in the 19th century, and the Galadima played a critical role in its governance and administration.

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Akwa Ibom State was created during the regime of General Ibrahim Babangida in 1987. Katsina State, on the other hand, was created during the regime of General Yakubu Gowon in 1967. General Ibrahim Babangida was the Military President of Nigeria from 1985 to 1993. During his regime, he initiated a policy of decentralization which led to the creation of several states in Nigeria. Akwa Ibom was one of the states created as a result of this policy. General Yakubu Gowon was the Military Head of State of Nigeria from 1966 to 1975. During his regime, the country was divided into twelve states, one of which was Katsina State. In conclusion, Akwa Ibom State was created during the regime of General Ibrahim Babangida, while Katsina State was created during the regime of General Yakubu Gowon.

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Rilwan Lukman was a Secretary General of OPEC.

He assumed the office as Nigerian and served from January 1,1995-31st December 2000

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Togo was the country which pioneered the idea of ECOWAS alongside Nigeria.

The origin of ECOWAS can be traced to the 1972 when Nigeria's Head of State by then, General Yakubu Gowon and the President of Togo, Gnassingbe Eyadema, had so many meetings about the importance of forming an economic organization for West African States. At last they succeeded to convince other West African leaders about the need to have an economic union. The efforts of these two West African heads of states respectively were rewarded with success when 15 heads of state and government in West Africa came together in Lagos, the capital of Nigeria on 28th May, 1975 and signed the 65-article ECOWAS Treaty.

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A major weakness of confederation is its tendency towards a lack of centralized authority. Confederations are often made up of independent states or regions that come together for a common purpose, but each member retains a significant degree of autonomy. This can lead to confusion and inefficiency, as different members may have conflicting interests or priorities. Without a strong central authority to coordinate and enforce policies, confederations may struggle to make decisions or take action in a timely and effective manner. In extreme cases, this can lead to secession or the dissolution of the confederation altogether. While confederations may provide some benefits, such as promoting local autonomy and cooperation between different regions, their lack of centralized authority can be a major hindrance to effective governance and decision-making.

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Members of a parliament are required to report the proceedings of the house to their constituencies. Constituencies are the geographical areas that elect a representative to the parliament. Members of parliament are accountable to their constituents and are expected to keep them informed about the activities and decisions of the parliament. By reporting back to their constituencies, parliamentarians can obtain feedback from their constituents and address their concerns in the parliament. Reporting to other entities, such as local government chairmen, traditional rulers or political parties, is not a primary duty of members of parliament.

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A feature of democracy is popular consultation. Democracy is a form of government in which power is ultimately derived from the people, and decisions are made through some form of participatory process. In a democratic system, citizens have the right to vote and participate in the decision-making process, either directly or through representatives. Popular consultation is a core feature of democracy because it allows for the voices and opinions of citizens to be heard and taken into account. This helps to ensure that decisions made by the government are reflective of the will of the people and are therefore more likely to be accepted and supported. In a democratic system, popular consultation can take many forms, such as voting in elections, participating in public forums or town hall meetings, or engaging in online discussions and surveys. Ultimately, the goal of popular consultation is to ensure that the government is accountable to the people it serves and that the needs and interests of citizens are represented in the decision-making process.

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The Igbo society was the one which was described as Acephalous.

It was a typical example of a non-centralized or acephalous society before the coming of European political system in Nigeria. It had no single centralized authority as was the case with the Hausa/Fulani or Yoruba.

The Igbos maintained an egalitarian as well as democratic society. Every adult belonged to the Amala meeting where everybody expressed his views or opinion.

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The component units of the Nigerian Federation are the federal, state, and local governments, as well as the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). The federal government is responsible for issues that affect the entire country, such as foreign affairs, defense, and national security. The state governments have powers to make laws and govern their respective states, while the local governments are responsible for the administration of affairs at the grassroots level. The Federal Capital Territory is the administrative and political capital of Nigeria, where the federal government is headquartered. In conclusion, the component units of the Nigerian Federation are the federal, state, and local governments, as well as the Federal Capital Territory.

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A main feature of the parliamentary system is that the executive is appointed by the legislature. In a parliamentary system, the legislature (also known as parliament) is responsible for selecting the executive (also known as the government). This means that the head of government (such as a prime minister) is usually a member of the legislature and is selected by other members of the legislature. The executive is accountable to the legislature, as it must maintain the confidence of the legislature to remain in power. If the executive loses the confidence of the legislature, the legislature can remove it from power through a vote of no confidence. This system is different from a presidential system, where the executive is elected separately from the legislature and is not accountable to it in the same way. The parliamentary system is designed to ensure that the executive remains accountable to the people through their representatives in the legislature.

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The development of attitudes and beliefs about a political system is political socialization. Political socialization refers to the process through which individuals learn about and develop attitudes and beliefs about political systems, institutions, and issues. This process occurs throughout a person's life, and it is influenced by a range of factors, including family, education, media, and personal experiences. Political socialization plays an important role in shaping an individual's political beliefs and values, and it is a key factor in determining political behavior and participation. Through political socialization, individuals learn about the political system and the role they can play in it, and they develop a sense of political identity and commitment. In simple terms, political socialization is the process through which people learn about politics and develop their beliefs and attitudes about the political system. It is a key factor in shaping how people think about and participate in politics.

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In a socialist economy, private accumulation of wealth is either prohibited or limited. A socialist economy is an economic system in which the means of production, distribution, and exchange are owned and controlled by the state or the community as a whole. The goal of a socialist economy is to achieve greater social and economic equality by distributing wealth and resources more fairly among the population. In order to achieve this goal, private accumulation of wealth is restricted or prohibited in a socialist economy. This means that individuals and companies cannot accumulate unlimited amounts of wealth through private enterprise. Instead, the government or the community controls the distribution of resources and determines how much wealth each individual is allowed to accumulate. The extent to which private accumulation of wealth is restricted or prohibited can vary depending on the specific type of socialist economy. In some cases, private enterprise is allowed but heavily regulated, while in others it is completely prohibited. Overall, the main goal of a socialist economy is to promote greater social and economic equality by limiting the accumulation of wealth by individuals or corporations.

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Opinion polls are organized to find out the feelings of people about particular issues and policies. An opinion poll is a survey conducted by an organization or a government to gather information about what people think or feel about a particular topic. Opinion polls are often used to understand public opinion on a wide range of issues, including politics, social issues, and consumer preferences. Opinion polls are designed to gather data on how people feel about a particular issue or policy. The questions asked in an opinion poll are carefully crafted to elicit specific responses that can be analyzed and used to understand the opinions of the population. The results of opinion polls can be used to inform government policy, guide marketing strategies, or simply to provide a snapshot of public opinion on a particular issue. Overall, opinion polls are an important tool for understanding public opinion on a wide range of issues. They provide valuable information for decision-makers, journalists, and the general public, and help to ensure that the voices of the people are heard and taken into account.

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From all indication, none of the above option is the correct answer.

The movement was founded in April 1955. The purpose of the organization as stated in the Havana Declaration of 1979 is to ensure the national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries'' in their struggle against imperialism, colonialism, non-colonialism and all forms of foreign egression, etc. between 1955 and 1979, the members grew from 25 to 117 Member countries.

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Under the 1999 Constitutions of the Federal Republic of Nigeria , the appointment and posting of members of election tribunal on the elections conducted by INEC is the responsibility of the President,Court of Appeal.

According to the Constitution of Federal Republic of Nigeria (Promulgation) 1999 No. 24 A1099:

1. A National Assembly Election Tribunal shall consist of a Chairman and Four other members.

2. The Chairman shall be a Judge of High Court and the four other members shall be appointed from among judges of high court, Kadis of a Sharia Court of Appeal, Judges of a Customary Court of Appeal or other members of the judiciary not below the ran of a Chief Magistrate.

3. The Chairman and other members shall be appointed by the President of the Court of Appeal in consultation with the Chief Judge of the Stat, Grand Kadi of the Sharia Court of Appeal of the State or the President of the Customary Court of Appeal of the State, as the case may be.

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The principle of federal character was adopted in order to promote equitable allocation of positions and appointments among people of various regions in a country. The principle of federal character is a policy that seeks to ensure that all regions of a country are fairly represented in the distribution of political appointments, public resources, and other opportunities. It is intended to promote national unity, integration, and a sense of belonging among the various ethnic groups that make up a country. In Nigeria, for example, the principle of federal character is enshrined in the constitution and requires that appointments to certain key positions in government, such as the president, ministers, heads of federal agencies, and top civil service positions, must reflect the country's ethnic and regional diversity. The principle of federal character helps to ensure that all regions of a country have a fair chance to participate in the governance and decision-making processes of the country. It promotes inclusiveness and helps to prevent feelings of marginalization or exclusion among certain groups of people. The other options, appointments between the North and the South, opportunities between the males and females, and revenue between groups in the country, are not the main objectives of the principle of federal character. Although they may be important issues in their own right, they are not the primary focus of this policy.

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The League of Nations is the international organization that existed before the Second World War. The League of Nations was established in 1920 after the First World War, with the aim of promoting international cooperation, peace, and security. It was the first international organization with a global mandate to maintain peace and resolve conflicts between nations. The League of Nations was headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, and had 58 member countries at its peak. Unfortunately, the League of Nations failed to prevent the outbreak of the Second World War, and was dissolved in 1946 after the formation of the United Nations (UN) in 1945. Therefore, among the options listed, the only international organization that existed before the Second World War is the League of Nations.

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In a nation, sovereignty is vested in the state. Sovereignty is the supreme authority or power to govern a country, and the state is the entity that exercises this power. The state is responsible for making and enforcing laws, maintaining order, and protecting the rights and welfare of its citizens. While the state is made up of individuals, including elites and members of the electorate, it is the entity itself that holds sovereignty, rather than any particular group within it. The state derives its legitimacy from the consent of the governed, meaning that it is established and sustained by the people it governs.

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In pre-colonial Igboland, autocratic rule was made difficult by the absence of a centralized system of authority. Unlike some other societies in Africa that had centralized political structures, Igboland was organized around small, independent communities that were largely autonomous. Each community had its own set of leaders, including a council of elders and a chief or king, but there was no overall ruler or central government that controlled the entire region. The absence of a centralized system of authority meant that decisions had to be made through consensus and consultation among the various leaders and members of the community. This made it difficult for any one person to wield absolute power or become an autocrat. In conclusion, the absence of a centralized system of authority in pre-colonial Igboland made autocratic rule difficult.

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The system based on hierarchies of land ownership is called feudalism. In this system, the king owned all the land and granted parts of it to his nobles (lords), who in turn granted parts of it to their own vassals (knights). The peasants who lived and worked on the land were not considered owners, but instead owed labor and taxes to their lord in exchange for protection and the right to live on the land. The hierarchy of land ownership created a social and economic structure in which power and wealth were concentrated in the hands of a few at the top, while the majority of people were subjugated to their lords. Feudalism was prevalent in medieval Europe from around the 9th to the 15th century.

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The answer is The Executive. The Executive branch of government performs quasi-legislative functions by creating regulations and rules that have the force of law. These regulations are created by executive agencies to provide more specific guidance on how to implement the laws passed by the legislative branch. The regulations created by the Executive are binding and enforceable, just like laws passed by the legislative branch. However, unlike the legislative branch, the Executive branch can create these regulations without the need for new legislation to be passed, allowing for quicker implementation of policies. This quasi-legislative function is an important aspect of the Executive's role in ensuring that the laws passed by the legislative branch are effectively enforced.

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UPN was the first to be formed when the ban on politics was lifted in 1978.

On September 31, 1978, General Obasanjo lifted ban partisan politics after 12 years of military rule. Unity Party of Nigeria was then formed on September 22, 1978 by Chief Obafemi Awolowo.

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Rhodesia was the former name of Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe is a country located in southern Africa and it was previously known as Rhodesia, named after the British colonialist Cecil Rhodes. The country gained independence from Britain in 1980 and officially changed its name to Zimbabwe.

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Following the reform of the Native Authority system in Northern Nigeria, traditional rulers became Chief-in-Council. The Native Authority system was established by the British colonial government as a way of governing the northern region of Nigeria through traditional rulers, who were recognized as the custodians of the customs and traditions of their communities. Under the Native Authority system, traditional rulers had considerable power and authority over their subjects, but they were also subject to the authority of the British colonial government. In 1954, the British colonial government introduced reforms to the Native Authority system, which included the creation of the Chief-in-Council system. Under this system, traditional rulers were organized into councils, and the chiefs collectively made decisions on matters affecting their communities. This system allowed for greater participation and representation by the traditional rulers, and it remains a key feature of the traditional governance system in northern Nigeria today.

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The adoption of non-alignment as a principle of Nigeria's foreign policy was aimed at insulating Nigeria against having to take sides in the Cold War. Non-alignment is a foreign policy approach in which a country seeks to maintain neutrality and avoid aligning itself with any major power blocs or alliances. During the Cold War, the world was divided into two major power blocs: the Western bloc led by the United States and the Eastern bloc led by the Soviet Union. Many countries were pressured to align themselves with one of these blocs, but Nigeria chose to adopt a policy of non-alignment. By doing so, Nigeria aimed to avoid becoming entangled in the Cold War and to maintain its independence and neutrality. This allowed Nigeria to pursue its own interests and priorities without being dictated to by either of the major power blocs. Furthermore, by adopting non-alignment, Nigeria was able to build relationships with countries from both the Western and Eastern blocs, which helped to expand its influence and build its leadership role in Africa.

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An advantage of delegated legislation is that technical issues are handled by experts. This means that when the legislative body, such as a parliament, delegates the power to make laws to another entity, such as a government agency, it allows experts in the field to address specific and complex issues that may arise. These experts have the necessary knowledge and expertise to create detailed rules and regulations that can effectively address specific problems, rather than relying on the legislative body, which may not have the same level of expertise. This can lead to more effective and efficient policy implementation.

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Under the 1963 Republican Constitution, the power of judicial review was vested in the Supreme Court. This means that the Supreme Court had the authority to interpret the constitutionality of laws and actions taken by the government. If a law or action was found to be unconstitutional, the Supreme Court had the power to declare it null and void. This power of judicial review is a critical part of the checks and balances system in a democratic society, as it allows the judicial branch to act as a check on the legislative and executive branches, ensuring that they do not exceed their constitutional authority.

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The main achievement of the nationalists in Nigeria was the political liberation of the nation. This means that they worked towards gaining independence from British colonial rule, which they eventually achieved in 1960. The nationalists fought for self-governance and the right of Nigerians to determine their own future. They led protests, formed political parties, and negotiated with the British authorities to secure independence. This achievement paved the way for the building and economic liberation of the nation as Nigerians took charge of their own affairs and began to shape their own destiny.

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The earliest classification of constitutions was the work of Aristotle. Aristotle was a Greek philosopher who lived in the 4th century BCE. He was a student of Plato and the tutor of Alexander the Great. Aristotle wrote a book called "Politics" where he analyzed different types of constitutions that existed in his time. He classified constitutions based on the number of rulers and the purpose of the government. According to Aristotle, there were three main types of constitutions: monarchy, aristocracy, and polity. Monarchy is a government ruled by one person, aristocracy is a government ruled by a few people, and polity is a government ruled by many people. Aristotle also identified three corrupt forms of these constitutions: tyranny (corrupt monarchy), oligarchy (corrupt aristocracy), and democracy (corrupt polity). Aristotle's classification of constitutions has been very influential throughout history and is still studied today. It laid the groundwork for modern political science and the study of constitutions.

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Ending a session of parliament by royal proclamation means the dissolution of parliament.

Dissolution is the official term for the end of a Parliament. After the Prime Minister has decided to call for a general election, he or she seeks a dissolution from the Queen. This is known as a Royal Proclamation which dissolves the parliament and also sets the data which dissolves the parliament will meet after the election.

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An example of a public corporation in Nigeria is the Nigerian Television Authority (NTA). Public corporations in Nigeria are organizations that are owned and controlled by the government and are established for the purpose of providing public services or carrying out public functions. The NTA is one such public corporation, as it is owned and controlled by the Nigerian government and its purpose is to provide television broadcasting services to the public. The NTA is responsible for the production and transmission of television programs, and it plays a key role in providing information and entertainment to the Nigerian public. As a public corporation, it is accountable to the government and is subject to government regulations and oversight. In simple terms, the Nigerian Television Authority is a company that is owned and controlled by the Nigerian government and provides television broadcasting services to the public.

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The type of party system in practice is primarily defined by the number of political parties in a country. The number of political parties is a key factor that determines the level of competition and diversity within the political system. The structure and manner in which the parties operate are also important, but these factors are often influenced by the number of parties. For example, in a two-party system, the parties may have a more hierarchical structure and operate in a more adversarial manner, whereas in a multi-party system, the parties may have a more decentralized structure and operate in a more collaborative manner. The relationship between the parties and the electorate is also important, as it can influence the level of trust and legitimacy that the parties have in the eyes of the voters. However, this relationship is also influenced by the number of parties and the overall political context in which they operate.

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Constitutionalism refers to strict adherence to a constitution. It is the principle that all actions of government and its officials must be in accordance with the provisions of the constitution. Constitutionalism is a key aspect of democracy, as it ensures that the government is limited in its powers and that individual rights are protected. It also ensures that the rule of law is upheld, and that no one, including those in power, is above the law. While the process of drafting and amending a constitution are important steps in establishing constitutionalism, the most crucial aspect is the strict adherence to the constitution.

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In Nigeria, privatization and commercialization policies were introduced to divest the government of major control of commercial ventures. Privatization is the transfer of ownership and control of government-owned enterprises to private individuals or organizations. Commercialization, on the other hand, involves making government-owned enterprises operate on a more commercial and profit-oriented basis. These policies were introduced in Nigeria in the 1980s and 1990s as part of a broader economic reform program aimed at promoting private sector-led growth and reducing the role of government in the economy. The main objective of the privatization and commercialization policies in Nigeria was to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of government-owned enterprises, reduce their reliance on government funding, and encourage private sector investment in the economy. This was expected to lead to increased economic growth and development, as well as create more job opportunities for the citizens. By divesting the government of major control of commercial ventures, the policies aimed to reduce government interference and improve the competitiveness of the private sector. This, in turn, was expected to improve the overall economic performance of the country and reduce the burden on government resources. Therefore, the correct option is that these policies were introduced to divest government major control of commercial ventures. The other options, hand over the control of commercial ventures to citizens, increase the asset base of government, and allow government control of the private sector, are not the main objectives of privatization and commercialization policies in Nigeria.

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The Code of Conduct Bureau was essentially established to reduce corruption in public life.

The Code of Conduct Bureau works with its own Code of Conduct Tribunal, where corrupt public officers are punished according to the gravity of the offence including dismissal from the office, forfeiture of any property acquired in abuse or corruption of office.

As already has indicated above the essence of the existence of Code of Conduct Bureau is to maintain national ethics, eliminate corruption and then encourage productivity in the polity.

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Indirect rule encouraged exploitation and oppression. Indirect rule was a form of colonial administration in which local traditional leaders were given authority to govern on behalf of the colonial power. This approach was used in some African and Asian colonies in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Under indirect rule, colonial powers relied on the existing social and political structures in the colony, rather than creating new administrative systems. This often meant that traditional rulers were given power to enforce colonial policies, such as taxation and forced labor, on their own people. This system encouraged the exploitation and oppression of the local population, as the traditional rulers were often incentivized to cooperate with the colonial powers in order to maintain their own status and privileges. Indirect rule was criticized for exacerbating existing power imbalances and contributing to the rise of nationalist movements as a response to colonialism.

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Political behaviour is governed by political ideology.

Ideology means a set of ideas that an economic or political system is based on. For instance Marxist/Capitalist ideology.

It is also a set of beliefs especially one held by a particular group of people that influences the way such people behave.

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The major external factor that promoted nationalism in Nigeria was Pan-Africanism.

Pan-Africanism efforts geared towards total emancipation of all black people throughout the world gingered the people into action against colonialism. The movement assisted African nationalist to articulate their demands and strongly supported their struggle for political independence.

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The approval of treaties and agreements of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is the responsibility of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government. This is the highest decision-making body of ECOWAS, made up of the heads of state and government from all 15 member countries. The Assembly is responsible for making important decisions on the direction and policies of ECOWAS, including the approval of treaties and agreements that the organization has signed. By having the heads of state and government make these decisions, ECOWAS ensures that the decisions made are representative of the collective interests of its member countries.

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The presidential system of government was introduced in Nigeria with the Constitution of 1979. Before this time, Nigeria had operated a parliamentary system of government, but the military government that took power in 1966 abolished this system and ruled the country through a series of military regimes. In 1979, a new civilian government was established and a new constitution was enacted that created a presidential system of government. This system featured a strong executive presidency with a president who serves as both head of state and head of government, and a bicameral legislature consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives. The 1979 constitution was later amended, and a new constitution was enacted in 1999, which retained the presidential system of government that had been introduced in 1979. So, the correct option is 1979.

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Pressure groups "harmonize different individual concerns" through interest aggregation. This means that a pressure group brings together a number of individuals who have similar concerns or interests, and combines their efforts to achieve a common goal. By working together, the group is able to have a stronger voice and more impact than if each individual acted alone. The group can use this collective power to influence decision makers and bring about change.